CN34 tumour cells were isolated from the pleural effusion of a breast cancer patient treated at our institution, after written consent in accordance with Institutional Review Board (IRB) regulations. Brain metastatic populations from these cells and MDA-MB-231cells were obtained by consecutive rounds of in vivo selection in 6–7-week-old beige nude and athymic mice, respectively. All animal work was done in accordance with the MSKCC Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Methods for RNA extraction, labelling and hybridization for DNA microarray analysis have been described previously17 (link). Bioinformatics analyses with detailed descriptions can be found in the Methods. Knockdown and overexpression of candidate genes, and cetuximab inhibitor studies were performed as previously described6 (link). The in vitro BBB model was set up as previously described25 (link), and modified to enable tumour cell counting. Sambucus nigra lectin staining was performed using standard histochemical techniques, and quantified using Metamorph software analysis. The Methods section provides further information, including malignant cell isolation from pleural fluids, tumour cell extraction and cell culture protocols, animal inoculation and bioluminescence imaging, generation of retroviral gene knockdown and overexpression vectors, transfections and infections, RNA and protein expression, in vitro BBB transmigration assay, endothelial cell adhesion assay, and metastatic tissue staining and quantification.
Pleura
The pleura is the thin membrane that lines the inside of the chest cavity (parietal pleura) and covers the outside of the lungs (visceral pleura).
It plays a crucial role in respiratory mechanics by facilitating the sliding motion of the lungs during inhalation and exhalation.
The pleura produces a small amount of pleural fluid, which lubricates the surface and reduces friction between the two pleural layers.
Disorders affecting the pleura, such as pleural effusions, pleuritis, and mesothelioma, can have serious implications for respiratory function and overall health.
Researchers studying the pleura can utilize the PubCompare.ai platform to streamline their work, locating relevant protocols and leveraging AI-driven comparisons to identify the best approaches for their pleura-related research needs.
It plays a crucial role in respiratory mechanics by facilitating the sliding motion of the lungs during inhalation and exhalation.
The pleura produces a small amount of pleural fluid, which lubricates the surface and reduces friction between the two pleural layers.
Disorders affecting the pleura, such as pleural effusions, pleuritis, and mesothelioma, can have serious implications for respiratory function and overall health.
Researchers studying the pleura can utilize the PubCompare.ai platform to streamline their work, locating relevant protocols and leveraging AI-driven comparisons to identify the best approaches for their pleura-related research needs.
Most cited protocols related to «Pleura»
Animals
Biological Assay
Brain
Breast Carcinoma
Cell Adhesion
Cell Culture Techniques
Cells
Cell Separation
Cetuximab
Cloning Vectors
Crossbreeding
DNA Chips
Endothelial Cells
Endothelium
Ethics Committees, Research
Gene Knockdown Techniques
Genes
Infection
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees
Lectin
Mice, Nude
Microarray Analysis
Neoplasms
Patients
Pleura
Pleural Effusion
Population Group
Proteins
Retroviridae
Sambucus nigra
Tissues
Transfection
Vaccination
Bronchiectasis
Cyst
Fibrosis
Lung
Pleura
Pulmonary Emphysema
Pulmonologists
Radiologist
Reticular dysgenesis
Reticulum
Traction
Chest
Culicidae
Dissection
Heart
Inhalation
Isoflurane
Ligation
Mice, Laboratory
Muscle Tissue
Obstetric Delivery
Operative Surgical Procedures
Pericardium
Pleura
Respiration, Artificial
Silk
Skin
Surgeons
Sutures
Ultrasonography was performed by the same trained operator (DL) using an LogiQ7 (GE Healthcare, Little Chalfont, UK) equipped with a high resolution 10-MHz linear probe and a 7.5-MHz convex phased-array probe. Images were recorded for subsequent computer-assisted quantitative analysis performed by a trained investigator (AG), unaware of the ventilatory condition.
The convex probe was placed below the right costal margin along the mid-clavicular line, so that the ultrasound beam was perpendicular to the posterior third of the corresponding hemi-diaphragm, as previously described [13 (link)]. Patients were scanned along the long axis of the intercostal spaces, with the liver serving as an acoustic window. M-mode was then used to display diaphragm excursion, and three subsequent measurements were averaged. The values of diaphragm excursion in healthy individuals were reported to be 1.8 ± 0.3 cm during quiet breathing [13 (link)].
Diaphragm thickness was assessed in the zone of apposition of the diaphragm to the rib cage. The linear probe was placed above the right 10th rib in the mid-axillary line, as previously described [27 (link)]. The inferior border of the costophrenic sinus was identified as the zone of transition from the artifactual representation of normal lung to the visualization of the diaphragm and liver. In this area, the diaphragm is observed as a three-layered structure: a non-echogenic central layer bordered by two echogenic layers - the peritoneum and the diaphragmatic pleurae [27 (link)]. Three subsequent measures were averaged. The thickening fraction (TF) was calculated as follows:
The convex probe was placed below the right costal margin along the mid-clavicular line, so that the ultrasound beam was perpendicular to the posterior third of the corresponding hemi-diaphragm, as previously described [13 (link)]. Patients were scanned along the long axis of the intercostal spaces, with the liver serving as an acoustic window. M-mode was then used to display diaphragm excursion, and three subsequent measurements were averaged. The values of diaphragm excursion in healthy individuals were reported to be 1.8 ± 0.3 cm during quiet breathing [13 (link)].
Diaphragm thickness was assessed in the zone of apposition of the diaphragm to the rib cage. The linear probe was placed above the right 10th rib in the mid-axillary line, as previously described [27 (link)]. The inferior border of the costophrenic sinus was identified as the zone of transition from the artifactual representation of normal lung to the visualization of the diaphragm and liver. In this area, the diaphragm is observed as a three-layered structure: a non-echogenic central layer bordered by two echogenic layers - the peritoneum and the diaphragmatic pleurae [27 (link)]. Three subsequent measures were averaged. The thickening fraction (TF) was calculated as follows:
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Acoustics
Axilla
Clavicle
Costal Arch
Epistropheus
Liver
Lung
Patients
Peritoneum
Pleura
Rib Cage
Sinuses, Nasal
Ultrasonography
Vaginal Diaphragm
The initial CT examinations were performed in the supine position using one of two CT scanners: SOMATOM Definition AS+ or SOMATOM Perspective (Siemens Healthineers, Forchheim, Germany). Non-contrast Chest CTs were performed with the acquisition from the thoracic inlet to the diaphragm. The following parameters were used: detector collimation widths of 64×0.6 mm or 128×0.6 mm; and a tube voltage of 120 kV. The tube current was regulated by an automatic exposure control system (CARE Dose 4D; Siemens Healthineers). Images of 62/114 (54%) patients were reconstructed with a slice thickness of 5mm and an interval of 5 mm. Images in 52/114 (46%) patients were reconstructed with a slice thickness of 1mm and an interval of 1mm. Images were reconstructed with a pulmonary B70F kernel and a mediastinal B30f kernel (SOMATOM Definition AS+), or pulmonary B80s kernel and a mediastinal B30s kernel (SOMATOM Perspective).
All 114 patients underwent follow-up CT examinations using the same scanners as the initial CT scans. Images of all patients were reconstructed with a slice thickness of 1mm and an interval of 1 mm. Prior to the prospectively planned 6-month follow up scan, 83 of 114 patients (73%) had CT scans at 3 months after symptom onset to monitor the evolution of their lung disease.
All CT images were reviewed in random order by three senior cardiothoracic radiologists (HSS, YQF, and JG, with 31, 13 and 10 years of experience in thoracic radiology, respectively) who were not aware of any clinical and laboratory findings or patient outcomes. The readers independently assessed the CT features using axial and multiplanar reconstructed images. The mediastinal window (center, 50; width, 350) and lung window(center, -600; width, 1200) were obtained from the picture archiving and communication system (Vue PACS, version 11.3.5.8902, Carestream Health, Canada). After independent evaluation, discussion and consensus resolved any disagreement. For each severe pneumonia patient, the predominant CT patterns according to the Fleischner Society glossary (19 (link)) were enumerated as follows: ground-glass opacities (GGO), consolidation, reticulation, emphysema, thickening of the adjacentpleura, pleural effusion, presence of nodules or masses, honey combing, bronchiectasis and interlobar pleural traction (retraction of the interlobar pleura toward the lesions). The CT evidence of fibrotic-like changes was defined as the presence of traction bronchiectasis, parenchymal bands(12 (link), 20 (link)), and/or honeycombing(19 (link))(Figure 2 ).
To quantify the extent of pulmonary abnormalities (total lesions, GGO, consolidation, reticulation and fibrotic-like changes), a semiquantitative CT score (21 (link)) was assigned on the basis of the area involved in each of the five lung lobes: 0, no involvement; 1, < 5% 2, 5%-25%;3, 26%-49%; 4, 50%-75%;and 5, >75%. The total CT severity score was calculated by summing the individual lobar scores (possible scores range from 0 to 25).
All 114 patients underwent follow-up CT examinations using the same scanners as the initial CT scans. Images of all patients were reconstructed with a slice thickness of 1mm and an interval of 1 mm. Prior to the prospectively planned 6-month follow up scan, 83 of 114 patients (73%) had CT scans at 3 months after symptom onset to monitor the evolution of their lung disease.
All CT images were reviewed in random order by three senior cardiothoracic radiologists (HSS, YQF, and JG, with 31, 13 and 10 years of experience in thoracic radiology, respectively) who were not aware of any clinical and laboratory findings or patient outcomes. The readers independently assessed the CT features using axial and multiplanar reconstructed images. The mediastinal window (center, 50; width, 350) and lung window(center, -600; width, 1200) were obtained from the picture archiving and communication system (Vue PACS, version 11.3.5.8902, Carestream Health, Canada). After independent evaluation, discussion and consensus resolved any disagreement. For each severe pneumonia patient, the predominant CT patterns according to the Fleischner Society glossary (19 (link)) were enumerated as follows: ground-glass opacities (GGO), consolidation, reticulation, emphysema, thickening of the adjacentpleura, pleural effusion, presence of nodules or masses, honey combing, bronchiectasis and interlobar pleural traction (retraction of the interlobar pleura toward the lesions). The CT evidence of fibrotic-like changes was defined as the presence of traction bronchiectasis, parenchymal bands(12 (link), 20 (link)), and/or honeycombing(19 (link))(
To quantify the extent of pulmonary abnormalities (total lesions, GGO, consolidation, reticulation and fibrotic-like changes), a semiquantitative CT score (21 (link)) was assigned on the basis of the area involved in each of the five lung lobes: 0, no involvement; 1, < 5% 2, 5%-25%;3, 26%-49%; 4, 50%-75%;and 5, >75%. The total CT severity score was calculated by summing the individual lobar scores (possible scores range from 0 to 25).
Atrial Premature Complexes
Biological Evolution
Bronchiectasis
CAT SCANNERS X RAY
Chest
Congenital Abnormality
Fibrosis
Honey
Lung
Lung Diseases
Mediastinum
Patients
Physical Examination
Pleura
Pleural Effusion
Pneumonia
Pulmonary Emphysema
Radiography, Thoracic
Radiologist
Radionuclide Imaging
Respiratory Diaphragm
Reticulum
Traction
X-Ray Computed Tomography
Most recents protocols related to «Pleura»
Protocol full text hidden due to copyright restrictions
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Axilla
Communicable Diseases
Diagnosis
Lung
Physicians
Pleura
Pleural Effusion
Radionuclide Imaging
Transducers
Ultrasonography
The lung nodule artificial-intelligence-assisted diagnosis system is based on a deep learning algorithm to achieve automatic segmentation of the range of ground glass nodules and recognition of typical signs (19 (link)–21 (link)). In the whole calculation process, the system automatically divides the range of the ground glass nodules and calculates the number of voxels corresponding to each CT value in the whole SSN. Each CT value and the corresponding number of voxels are stored as a LIST, and the LIST of the whole nodule is stored as a DICTIONARY. The information obtained is used to calculate the required index by the corresponding formula. First, the CT value threshold of −300 HU was used to distinguish the solid component from the ground glass component. The nodule volume, mean density, solid component volume, percentage of solid component, mass, mass of solid components, and other three-dimensional metrics were calculated based on the voxel method and the corresponding formulas, as follows (Figure 2
Solid mean density = (Only including xi ≥ -300HU).
Percentage of solid components= total number of voxel ≥ −300 HU (solid components)/total number of voxels (all tumor)
Mass= [nodule volume×(mean density +1,000)]/1,000.
Mass of solid components= [solid components volume× (solid mean density +1,000)]/1,000.
Then, the CT histograms were constructed based on the number of voxels corresponding to each CT value in the nodule range. Variance, skewness, kurtosis, entropy, and other density histogram-related indicators were automatically calculated by python coding and the corresponding formulae. Meanwhile, the typical signs detected and identified by the system were confirmed by two radiologists as morphological indicators, including lobar signs, spiculation signs, and pleural traction signs.
Solid mean density = (Only including xi ≥ -300HU).
Percentage of solid components= total number of voxel ≥ −300 HU (solid components)/total number of voxels (all tumor)
Mass= [nodule volume×(mean density +1,000)]/1,000.
Mass of solid components= [solid components volume× (solid mean density +1,000)]/1,000.
Then, the CT histograms were constructed based on the number of voxels corresponding to each CT value in the nodule range. Variance, skewness, kurtosis, entropy, and other density histogram-related indicators were automatically calculated by python coding and the corresponding formulae. Meanwhile, the typical signs detected and identified by the system were confirmed by two radiologists as morphological indicators, including lobar signs, spiculation signs, and pleural traction signs.
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Diagnosis
Entropy
Lung
Neoplasms
Pleura
Python
Radiologist
Traction
Patients in the PVB and RIB groups were intervened by ultrasound-guided nerve block in the lateral position with local anesthesia. The PVB was performed using the in-plane technique with a linear 4–10 MHz ultrasound probe (LOGIQe, GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI., U.S.A.). At the parasagittal view, subcutaneous tissues, T5 transverse processes, superior costotransverse ligament (SCTL), and pleura were visualized. An 18 G block needle was inserted vertically or slightly caudally into the paravertebral space (PVS) under the guidance of ultrasound. After the penetration of the SCTL, a slight aspiration was performed to ensure the avoidance of vessels or pleura. Then, 1–2 ml of normal saline was injected into the PVS, the pressure of which pushed down the pleura. The position of the needle tip was confirmed, and 0.4% ropivacaine (Zhejiang Xianju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Zhejiang, China) at 3 mg/kg was injected into the PVS.
A linear 4–10 MHz ultrasound probe (LOGIQe, GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI, U.S.A.) was placed on the medial border of the scapula between the 4th and 5th rib of the patients in the RIB group. In the ultrasound image, the trapezius muscle, rhomboid muscle, intercostal muscles, pleura, and lung were identified. Under the aseptic condition, an 18 G block needle was inserted laterally in the plane of the T5 level guided by an ultrasound probe with an in-plane technique. The vessel injection should be confirmed negative through aspiration, and 1–3 ml of normal saline was injected to divide the rhomboid and intercostal muscle, and 0.4% ropivacaine at 3 mg/kg was injected into the deep layer of the rhomboid muscle.
A linear 4–10 MHz ultrasound probe (LOGIQe, GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI, U.S.A.) was placed on the medial border of the scapula between the 4th and 5th rib of the patients in the RIB group. In the ultrasound image, the trapezius muscle, rhomboid muscle, intercostal muscles, pleura, and lung were identified. Under the aseptic condition, an 18 G block needle was inserted laterally in the plane of the T5 level guided by an ultrasound probe with an in-plane technique. The vessel injection should be confirmed negative through aspiration, and 1–3 ml of normal saline was injected to divide the rhomboid and intercostal muscle, and 0.4% ropivacaine at 3 mg/kg was injected into the deep layer of the rhomboid muscle.
Full text: Click here
Asepsis
Bladder Detrusor Muscle
Blood Vessel
Intercostal Muscle
Ligaments
Local Anesthesia
Lung
Muscle Tissue
Needles
Nerve Block
Normal Saline
Patients
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Pleura
Pressure
Ropivacaine
Scapula
Subcutaneous Tissue
Transverse Processes
Trapezius Muscle
Ultrasonics
Ultrasonography
This study included 63 patients hospitalized for empyema treatment between January 2017 and July 2022 at Kakogawa Central City Hospital. Light’s classification was used to diagnose empyema [18 (link)]. In brief, 1) aspiration of grossly purulent material on thoracentesis and 2) at least one of the following: a) thoracentesis fluid with a positive Gram stain or culture, b) pleural fluid glucose <40 mg/dL, c) pH <7.2, or d)- lactate dehydrogenase >1000 IU/L [18 (link)]. The exclusion criteria were as follows: patients under 20 years old, those who did not undergo pleural puncture for some reason, those who did not wish to participate after the publication of this study, and those with missing data that were needed in this study. Patients with confirmed empyema underwent various tests such as blood tests, and were treated with antibiotics and chest tube drainage. They also underwent dental examinations, including panoramic dental radiography and oral photography, within days after hospitalization and dental treatments, if needed, during hospitalization.
This study was performed in accordance with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Boards (IRB) of Kakogawa Central City Hospital (Authorization number: 2020–46). The ethics committee approved the study and gave administrative permissions to access the data used in this study. As this was a retrospective study, the research plan was published on the homepage of the hospital according to the instructions of the IRB in accordance with the guaranteed opt-out opportunity.
This study was performed in accordance with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Boards (IRB) of Kakogawa Central City Hospital (Authorization number: 2020–46). The ethics committee approved the study and gave administrative permission
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Antibiotics, Antitubercular
Chest Tubes
Dental Care
Dental Health Services
Diagnosis
Drainage
Empyema
Ethics Committees
Ethics Committees, Research
Glucose
Gram's stain
Hematologic Tests
Hospitalization
Lactate Dehydrogenase
Light
Panoramic Radiography
Patients
Physical Examination
Pleura
Punctures
Radiography, Dental
Thoracentesis
The present study is a retrospective cohort study. Patients were divided into two groups: non-survivors and survivors at 3 months. The following variables from medical records were investigated: (1) patient factors (sex, presence of dysphagia, compromised-host, smoking history); (2) clinical findings factors, such as CRP, WBC, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), age, purulence of pleural fluid, infection source (community-acquired/hospital-acquired), serum albumin, OHAT score, and etiology (monomicrobial/polymicrobial/no growth); and (3) treatment methods. Dysphagia was defined as coughing when taking a meal or decreasing swallowing ability on evaluation by physicians and speech-language-hearing therapists [7 (link)]. Data on treatment and outcomes were also evaluated for each patient during hospitalization. A compromised-host was defined as a patient with any of the following diseases: rheumatoid arthritis, chronic kidney disease, malignancy, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases, and steroid use. We used two clinical risk scores: RAPID (total score; min:0 point, max:7 points) and OHAT (total score; min:0 point, max:16 points). The RAPID score was based on five common parameters (Table 1 ) [6 (link)]. Based on the results of the dental examinations, the presence of teeth with poor prognosis was retrospectively investigated using panoramic dental radiography. They were defined as teeth with abnormal radiographic findings (e.g., apical radiolucency larger than 3 mm in diameter, alveolar bone loss around more than half of the root, untreated root remnants, or vertically fractured roots) [19 ,20 ]. Medical records were used whether those teeth were extracted. Pleural fluid was collected by pleural puncture at the time of admission, and microbiological examinations were performed. Anaerobic containers were used to collect pleural fluid to detect anaerobic bacteria, and Gram staining and pleural fluid cultures were performed. Blood agar (Kohjin Bio Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan) and chocolate agar media (Kohjin Bio Co., Ltd.) were used to detect general bacteria. Anaero Columbia agar medium with hemin and vitamin K1 (Nippon Becton Dickinson Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) was used to detect anaerobic bacteria; any anaerobic bacteria were then cultivated at 35°C and 9% CO2. The causative pathogens were then identified in the pleural fluid culture.
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Agar
Alveolar Bone Loss
Bacteria
Bacteria, Anaerobic
BLOOD
Cacao
Cardiovascular Diseases
Chronic Kidney Diseases
Deglutition Disorders
Dental Health Services
Diabetes Mellitus
Hemin
Hospitalization
Infection
Malignant Neoplasms
Nervous System Disorder
Panoramic Radiography
pathogenesis
Patients
Physical Examination
Physicians
Plant Roots
Pleura
Prognosis
Punctures
Radiography, Dental
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Serum Albumin
Signs and Symptoms
Speech
Steroids
Survivors
Tooth
Tooth Root
Urea Nitrogen, Blood
Vitamin K1
X-Rays, Diagnostic
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MSTO-211H is a human malignant pleural mesothelioma cell line. It is a commonly used in vitro model for the study of mesothelioma.
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More about "Pleura"
The pleura is a thin, delicate membrane that plays a crucial role in respiratory mechanics.
It lines the inside of the chest cavity (parietal pleura) and covers the outside of the lungs (visceral pleura), facilitating the smooth sliding motion of the lungs during inhalation and exhalation.
This pleural membrane produces a small amount of pleural fluid, which lubricates the surface and reduces friction between the two pleural layers.
Disorders affecting the pleura, such as pleural effusions, pleuritis, and mesothelioma, can have serious implications for respiratory function and overall health.
Researchers studying the pleura can utilize the PubCompare.ai platform to streamline their work, locating relevant protocols and leveraging AI-driven comparisons to identify the best approaches for their pleura-related research needs.
The pleura is closely associated with other important respiratory structures and components, such as the FBS (fetal bovine serum), MeT-5A cell line, Penicillin, Streptomycin, MSTO-211H cell line, and Penicillin/streptomycin antibiotics.
These elements may be used in various pleura-related studies, including investigations of pleural fluid composition, cell culture experiments, and antimicrobial treatments.
Additionally, advanced diagnostic tools like the Vitek 2 system and BACTEC MGIT 960 system can be employed to analyze and monitor pleural conditions, providing valuable insights for researchers and clinicians.
By understanding the pleura's anatomical and functional aspects, as well as the various research tools and techniques available, scientists can explore the complexities of this crucial respiratory structure and develop more effective strategies for addressing pleural disorders.
It lines the inside of the chest cavity (parietal pleura) and covers the outside of the lungs (visceral pleura), facilitating the smooth sliding motion of the lungs during inhalation and exhalation.
This pleural membrane produces a small amount of pleural fluid, which lubricates the surface and reduces friction between the two pleural layers.
Disorders affecting the pleura, such as pleural effusions, pleuritis, and mesothelioma, can have serious implications for respiratory function and overall health.
Researchers studying the pleura can utilize the PubCompare.ai platform to streamline their work, locating relevant protocols and leveraging AI-driven comparisons to identify the best approaches for their pleura-related research needs.
The pleura is closely associated with other important respiratory structures and components, such as the FBS (fetal bovine serum), MeT-5A cell line, Penicillin, Streptomycin, MSTO-211H cell line, and Penicillin/streptomycin antibiotics.
These elements may be used in various pleura-related studies, including investigations of pleural fluid composition, cell culture experiments, and antimicrobial treatments.
Additionally, advanced diagnostic tools like the Vitek 2 system and BACTEC MGIT 960 system can be employed to analyze and monitor pleural conditions, providing valuable insights for researchers and clinicians.
By understanding the pleura's anatomical and functional aspects, as well as the various research tools and techniques available, scientists can explore the complexities of this crucial respiratory structure and develop more effective strategies for addressing pleural disorders.