Patients were enrolled within 15 months of recognition of four or more 1997 ACR classification criteria for SLE.19 (link) We included patients who either had two study visits or had died after their first study visit, that is, patients who had two data points to model statistically. There were no specific exclusion criteria other than failing to meet four ACR criteria and it being >15 months since diagnosis. We noted demographic features including age, gender, race/ethnicity, geographical region and years in post-secondary education. We also noted the number of ACR criteria fulfilled by the baseline visit. At each visit we also assessed the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI-2K)20 (link) and the SDI.21 (link) At each visit we recorded whether the patient was taking corticosteroids (yes or no). In addition to steroid use, we also recorded whether patients were taking AMs, immunosuppressives (ISs), or both AMs and ISs. Co-morbidities (recorded at each visit) included in our analysis were diabetes mellitus (physician confirmed diagnosis) and hypertension (systolic blood pressure >140 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure >90 mm Hg and/or taking antihypertensive medications). Baseline serological markers included antibodies to double-stranded DNA and C3 and C4 complement (in local clinical laboratories at each centre). Antibodies to cardiolipin, β-2-glycoprotein I and the lupus anti-coagulant were measured at a central laboratory at the Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation as previously described.22 (link) HRQOL was assessed using the Medical Outcomes Survey Short-Form 36 (SF-36). All patients provided written informed consent.
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Antibodies, Anticardiolipin
Antibodies, Anticardiolipin
Antibodies, Anticardiolipin are autoantibodies directed against cardiolipin, a phosopholipid found in cell membranes.
These antibodies are associated with antiphospholipid syndrome, a disorder characterized by vascular thrombosis and pregnancy complications.
Resaerch on Antibodies, Anticardiolipin can provide insights into the pathogenesis and diagnosis of this condition.
PubCompare.ai offers AI-driven analysis of the latest literature, preprints, and patents to optimzie research protocols and identify best methodologies for studying these important antibodies.
These antibodies are associated with antiphospholipid syndrome, a disorder characterized by vascular thrombosis and pregnancy complications.
Resaerch on Antibodies, Anticardiolipin can provide insights into the pathogenesis and diagnosis of this condition.
PubCompare.ai offers AI-driven analysis of the latest literature, preprints, and patents to optimzie research protocols and identify best methodologies for studying these important antibodies.
Most cited protocols related to «Antibodies, Anticardiolipin»
Adrenal Cortex Hormones
Antibodies
Antibodies, Anticardiolipin
Antihypertensive Agents
beta 2-Glycoprotein I
Clinical Laboratory Services
Coagulants
Component, C4 Complement
Diabetes Mellitus
Diagnosis
DNA, Double-Stranded
Ethnicity
Gender
High Blood Pressures
Immunosuppressive Agents
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
Lupus Vulgaris
Patients
Physicians
Pressure, Diastolic
Steroids
Systolic Pressure
Anti-dsDNA antibody
Antibodies, Anticardiolipin
Autoantibodies
Biological Assay
Cardiolipins
Cells
Clinical Laboratory Services
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Diagnosis
DNA, Double-Stranded
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Indirect Immunofluorescence
Medical Laboratory Personnel
Mercury
Microscopy, Fluorescence
Ribosomes
Serum
Test, Gel Diffusion
Two hundred and twenty-two patients with SLE (198 women and 24 men; mean age 51 years; range 18–88) taking part in the prospective follow-up programme KLURING (a Swedish acronym for ‘Clinical LUpus Register In Northeastern Gothia’) at the Rheumatology Clinic, Linköping University Hospital, Sweden were included between September 2008 and November 2012. This corresponds to about 95% of the expected SLE cases in the catchment area of Linköping and ≥98% of all known SLE cases. The patient material was recently described in detail.35 (link) A total of 178 patients (80%) met the ACR-82 criteria,3 (link) and 44 (20%) had a clinical diagnosis of SLE based on a history of abnormal ANA titre (specified below), and at least two typical organ manifestations at the time of diagnosis (referred to as the Fries’ criteria).36
37 (link) The presence of anticardiolipin antibodies of IgG and/or IgM class detected by ELISA and/or positive lupus anticoagulant test (not classified as an immunological criterion according to ACR-82) was found in 31 of the 44 individuals (70%) in the Fries’ group.
Patients were consecutively recruited; most were prevalent cases (85%), but some (15%) had newly diagnosed SLE at the time of enrolment. Distribution of age at disease onset is demonstrated infigure 1 . The median disease duration by year 2012 was 12 years (mean 13.4; range 0–49). Disease severity/organ damage was estimated using the SLICC/ACR damage index (SDI) at the end of year 2011 or from the last observation made.38 (link) Two hundred and six (93%) of the patients were Caucasians. Ninety-two (41%) of the patients were prescribed antimalarials (AM) alone, 68 (31%) other disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs±AM and 128 (58%) oral glucocorticoids. IF-ANA staining patterns, anti-ENA reactivity and dsDNA antibodies were analysed on a routine basis at the Clinical immunology laboratory, Linköping university hospital and were extracted from medical records. In many patients, IF-ANA analysis was performed at several occasions over time but discrepant staining patterns were achieved in less than 5% of these cases. Herein, IF-ANA staining pattern from the time-point most adjacent to SLE onset was used for comparisons with clinical and laboratory features.
37 (link) The presence of anticardiolipin antibodies of IgG and/or IgM class detected by ELISA and/or positive lupus anticoagulant test (not classified as an immunological criterion according to ACR-82) was found in 31 of the 44 individuals (70%) in the Fries’ group.
Patients were consecutively recruited; most were prevalent cases (85%), but some (15%) had newly diagnosed SLE at the time of enrolment. Distribution of age at disease onset is demonstrated in
Antibodies, Anti-DNA
Antibodies, Anticardiolipin
Antimalarials
Antirheumatic Drugs, Disease-Modifying
Caucasoid Races
Clinical Laboratory Services
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Glucocorticoids
Lupus Coagulation Inhibitor
Lupus Vulgaris
Patients
Woman
Studies were selected if the prevalence of the abnormal test results for RPL was reported. Only studies which compared women with two pregnancy losses to women with three or more losses were included. Based on current reviews of the literature, the following evidence-based risk-factors for RPL were considered in this review: parental structural chromosomal abnormalities, uterine anomalies, APS, inherited thrombophilia and thyroid disorders. Results of parental chromosomal analysis were considered abnormal if significant rearrangements (e.g. balanced translocations and mosaics) were present. Studies were selected when chromosome analyses were performed with parental peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures. Studies for uterine anomalies were selected if diagnostic testing was performed by hysterosalpingography, hysteroscopy or sonohysterography. Congenital abnormalities (e.g. arcuate uterus, septate uterus, bicornuate uterus and unicornuate uterus) were considered as uterine anomalies.
APS was defined as the presence of thrombosis, pregnancy loss or female morbidity and persistent circulating antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). aPLs (lupus anticoagulant, IgM anticardiolipin antibodies, IgG anticardiolipin antibodies and beta-2 glycoprotein 1 antibodies) were considered to be present if a test was positive on two occasions >12 weeks apart (Miyakis et al., 2006 (link)).
Inherited thrombophilia was defined in four different sub-categories: Factor V Leiden mutation, prothrombin gene mutation, protein S deficiency and protein C deficiency. Factor V Leiden mutation was considered abnormal if there was a heterozygous or homozygous factor V Leiden G1691A mutation found. Prothrombin gene mutation was defined as heterozygous or homozygous mutations for the G20210A prothrombin (factor II) gene. Functional protein C activity less than 70% and functional protein S activity less than 70% were considered abnormal.
Thyroid disorders were defined as serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) <0.45 mU/L or TSH >4.5 mU/L with an abnormal free thyroxine level with or without the presence of thyroid peroxidase antibodies.
Studies were excluded when the population examined or the diagnostic methods used were not accurately defined. Only publications in English were considered in our selection.
APS was defined as the presence of thrombosis, pregnancy loss or female morbidity and persistent circulating antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). aPLs (lupus anticoagulant, IgM anticardiolipin antibodies, IgG anticardiolipin antibodies and beta-2 glycoprotein 1 antibodies) were considered to be present if a test was positive on two occasions >12 weeks apart (Miyakis et al., 2006 (link)).
Inherited thrombophilia was defined in four different sub-categories: Factor V Leiden mutation, prothrombin gene mutation, protein S deficiency and protein C deficiency. Factor V Leiden mutation was considered abnormal if there was a heterozygous or homozygous factor V Leiden G1691A mutation found. Prothrombin gene mutation was defined as heterozygous or homozygous mutations for the G20210A prothrombin (factor II) gene. Functional protein C activity less than 70% and functional protein S activity less than 70% were considered abnormal.
Thyroid disorders were defined as serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) <0.45 mU/L or TSH >4.5 mU/L with an abnormal free thyroxine level with or without the presence of thyroid peroxidase antibodies.
Studies were excluded when the population examined or the diagnostic methods used were not accurately defined. Only publications in English were considered in our selection.
Antibodies
Antibodies, Anticardiolipin
Antiphospholipid Antibodies
beta 2-Glycoprotein I
Bicornuate Uterus
Blood Culture
Chromosome Aberrations
Chromosomes
Congenital Abnormality
Diagnosis
factor V Leiden
Females
Gene Rearrangement
Genes
Heterozygote
Homozygote
Hysterosalpingography
Hysteroscopy
Lupus Coagulation Inhibitor
Lymphocyte
Mutation
Parent
Pregnancy
Protein C
Protein C Deficiency
Protein S
Protein S Deficiency
Prothrombin
Serum
Thrombophilia, hereditary
Thrombosis
Thyroid Diseases
thyroid microsomal antibodies
Thyrotropin
Thyroxine
Translocation, Chromosomal
Uterine Anomalies
Uterus
Uterus, Septate
Woman
Acclimatization
Antibodies, Anticardiolipin
Autoantibodies
Biological Assay
bioplex
Cells
Chemokine
Chromatin
Clinical Laboratory Services
Crithidia
Cytokine
Diagnosis
DNA, Double-Stranded
Ducks
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Enzymes
Immunosorbents
Pathologists
Plasma
Serum
TNFSF13B protein, human
Most recents protocols related to «Antibodies, Anticardiolipin»
Disease activity was assessed at each clinical visit using the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index-2K (SLEDAI-2K)25 (link) modified as per Thanou et al26 (link) allowing both cross-sectional disease activity measurement at time of cognitive testing and time-adjusted mean SLEDAI-2K calculated using all assessments since registry enrolment. Organ damage was measured annually using the SLICC-ACR Damage Index (SDI).27 (link) The SDI includes an item that captures whether cognitive dysfunction is present according to clinician assessment; we examined the concordance of this assessment with formal diagnosis of cognitive dysfunction on neuropsychological test battery.
Current medications, substance use (cannabis, cocaine and other recreational drugs) and alcohol use (weekly drinks) at the time of cognitive assessment were recorded. All medications were analysed in a binary fashion (present or absent at time of cognitive testing) except prednisolone for which time-adjusted mean dose was also calculated using all data since registry enrolment. Antiphospholipid antibodies were defined as the presence of either anti-cardiolipin antibodies, anti-beta-2-glycoprotein antibodies or lupus anticoagulant while antiphospholipid syndrome was defined as persistently elevated antiphospholipid antibodies and a clinical event.28 (link) Metabolic indices including BMI, elevated triglycerides, reduced HDL cholesterol, elevated arterial blood pressure (or drug therapy for hypertension) and elevated fasting glucose (or drug therapy for hyperglycaemia) were collected using methodology as previously described29 (link); the presence of metabolic syndrome was defined as having at least three out of these five criteria.30 (link)
Current medications, substance use (cannabis, cocaine and other recreational drugs) and alcohol use (weekly drinks) at the time of cognitive assessment were recorded. All medications were analysed in a binary fashion (present or absent at time of cognitive testing) except prednisolone for which time-adjusted mean dose was also calculated using all data since registry enrolment. Antiphospholipid antibodies were defined as the presence of either anti-cardiolipin antibodies, anti-beta-2-glycoprotein antibodies or lupus anticoagulant while antiphospholipid syndrome was defined as persistently elevated antiphospholipid antibodies and a clinical event.28 (link) Metabolic indices including BMI, elevated triglycerides, reduced HDL cholesterol, elevated arterial blood pressure (or drug therapy for hypertension) and elevated fasting glucose (or drug therapy for hyperglycaemia) were collected using methodology as previously described29 (link); the presence of metabolic syndrome was defined as having at least three out of these five criteria.30 (link)
Anti-Antibodies
Antibodies, Anticardiolipin
Antiphospholipid Antibodies
Antiphospholipid Syndrome
beta 2-Glycoprotein I
Cannabis
Cocaine
Cognition
Cognition Disorders
Diagnosis
Disorders, Cognitive
Glucose
High Blood Pressures
High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
Hyperglycemia
Hypertriglyceridemia
Lupus Coagulation Inhibitor
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
Metabolic Syndrome X
Neuropsychological Tests
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Prednisolone
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Baseline data such as the age of onset, sex, and observational period were collected. The baseline organ manifestations of SLE were assessed by both the ACR-1997 criteria and the EULAR/ACR-2019 criteria. The disease activity of SLE, at baseline and after induction and maintenance therapy, was scored according to the SLE Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI-2K) [29 (link)]. Antibody status of anti-nuclear antibody, anti-dsDNA, anti-Ro/La, anti-U1-RNP, anti-Sm antibodies, lupus anticoagulant, and anti-cardiolipin antibody (aCL) was also collected, and standard clinical cutoffs were used to define their positive results. The presence of lupus nephritis (LN) was defined as proteinuria ≥ 0.5 g/24 h or biopsy-proven nephritis compatible with SLE according to EULAR/ACR2019 criteria renal domain [23 (link)]. Subtypes of LN were confirmed by renal biopsy review according to the classification of the International Society of Nephrology/Renal Pathology Society (ISN/RPS) guidelines [30 (link)]. Drug information on induction and maintenance therapy was collected. Organ damage accrual was calculated by Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) damage index (SDI) [31 (link)]. Disease flares were assessed according to the modified Safety of Estrogen in Lupus Erythematosus National Assessment (SELENA)-SLEDAI Flare Index without the physician global assessment (PGA) score [32 (link)].
Anti-Antibodies
Antibodies, Anticardiolipin
Antibodies, Antinuclear
Biopsy
DNA, Double-Stranded
Estrogens
Immunoglobulins
Kidney
Lupus Coagulation Inhibitor
Lupus Nephritis
Lupus Vulgaris
Nephritis
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Physicians
Safety
Therapeutics
Investigators, blinded to each other, independently assessed patients’ rheumatological status (PPS and MGT), carotid and femoral arteries by VUS (GK) and cardiovascular health (GCD), including SCORE classification and attainment of LDL cholesterol targets according to ESC recommendations.12 14 (link)
The following data were collected during participants’ first visit at our department: age, gender, weight, height, total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides and disease features including disease duration, use of medications (statins, antihypertensives, antiplatelets, hydroxychloroquine, immunosuppressants and glucocorticoids) and antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) [lupus anticoagulant (LA); IgG and IgM anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL); and IgG and IgM antibeta 2 glycoprotein I antibodies (β2GPI)] measured according to the Sydney classification criteria for APS.21 (link) Calculated measures included body mass index, cumulative glucocorticoid dose, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI-2K) score and lupus low disease activity state (LLDAS). LLDAS was defined as SLEDAI-2K score of ≤4 with no activity in major organ systems and no haemolytic anaemia or gastrointestinal activity, no new lupus disease activity compared with the previous assessment, a Safety of Estrogens in Lupus Erythematosus National Assessment physician global assessment (scale 0–3) score of ≤1, a current prednisolone (or equivalent) dose of ≤7.5 mg.day, and a standard maintenance dose of immunosuppressive drugs and approved biological agents.22 (link) BP was measured according to the ESC guidelines.23 (link)
VUS examination was performed by the same experienced operator at eight different anatomical sites of the walls of the carotid and common femoral arteries according to a well-established imaging protocol followed by our Cardiovascular Risk Research Laboratory15 17 (link) based on the Mannheim consensus.24 (link) Ultrasonography was performed with a high-resolution B-mode ultrasound device (Vivid 7 Pro; GE Healthcare, California, USA).
The following data were collected during participants’ first visit at our department: age, gender, weight, height, total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides and disease features including disease duration, use of medications (statins, antihypertensives, antiplatelets, hydroxychloroquine, immunosuppressants and glucocorticoids) and antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) [lupus anticoagulant (LA); IgG and IgM anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL); and IgG and IgM antibeta 2 glycoprotein I antibodies (β2GPI)] measured according to the Sydney classification criteria for APS.21 (link) Calculated measures included body mass index, cumulative glucocorticoid dose, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI-2K) score and lupus low disease activity state (LLDAS). LLDAS was defined as SLEDAI-2K score of ≤4 with no activity in major organ systems and no haemolytic anaemia or gastrointestinal activity, no new lupus disease activity compared with the previous assessment, a Safety of Estrogens in Lupus Erythematosus National Assessment physician global assessment (scale 0–3) score of ≤1, a current prednisolone (or equivalent) dose of ≤7.5 mg.day, and a standard maintenance dose of immunosuppressive drugs and approved biological agents.22 (link) BP was measured according to the ESC guidelines.23 (link)
VUS examination was performed by the same experienced operator at eight different anatomical sites of the walls of the carotid and common femoral arteries according to a well-established imaging protocol followed by our Cardiovascular Risk Research Laboratory15 17 (link) based on the Mannheim consensus.24 (link) Ultrasonography was performed with a high-resolution B-mode ultrasound device (Vivid 7 Pro; GE Healthcare, California, USA).
Anemia, Hemolytic
Antibodies, Anticardiolipin
Antihypertensive Agents
Antiphospholipid Antibodies
beta 2-Glycoprotein I
Biological Factors
Body Regions
Cardiovascular System
Carotid Arteries
Cholesterol
Cholesterol, beta-Lipoprotein
Common Femoral Artery
Estrogens
Femoral Artery
Gender
Glucocorticoids
Glycoproteins
High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
Hydroxychloroquine
Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
Immunoglobulin M
Immunosuppressive Agents
Index, Body Mass
Lupus Coagulation Inhibitor
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
Lupus Vulgaris
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Pharmaceutical Preparations
Physicians
Prednisolone
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Triglycerides
Ultrasonics
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Patients with RPL consecutively referred to the Center for Recurrent Pregnancy Losses in Western Denmark (in the following called the RPL Center) from January 2016 to August 2022 were included. RPL was defined as two or more consecutive pregnancy losses. Patients with known chromosomal abnormalities (N=11), uterine malformations (N=12), or missing analysis for autoantibody or HLA-DRB1 (N=22) were excluded. All patients were diagnosed at the RPL Center and all participants had given an oral and written consent to the investigators for storing their data in an RPL database. During the diagnostic work-up, information on the general health, gynaecologic and obstetric history, and lifestyle was collected as well as a routine blood sample analyzed for several factors including p-MBL level, HLA-DRB1 genotype, and presence of APL antibodies (lupus anticoagulant (LA), anti-cardiolipin antibody (aCL), β2-glycoprotein-I (β2GPI) antibody), ANA, and anti-TPO. Patients were diagnosed as APL syndrome positive if they were positive for LA or had aCL or β2GPI antibody (levels ≥35 kU/I) detected twice three to four weeks apart. The patients’ ethnic origin was not noted in the database but the prevalence of non-Caucasians was estimated by the clinicians to be <2%. As patients referred to the RPL clinic are recommended not to get pregnant when waiting for their diagnostic work-up, only 10.2% of patients were pregnant in the first trimester at the time the blood sample was collected.
Antibodies
Antibodies, Anticardiolipin
Autoantibodies
beta 2-Glycoprotein I
BLOOD
Caucasoid Races
Chromosome Aberrations
Diagnosis
Ethnicity
Genotype
HLA-DRB1 Antigen
Immunoglobulins
Lupus Coagulation Inhibitor
Patients
Pregnancy
Syndrome
Uterine Anomalies
Age, sex, length of ICU stay, history of SLE, renal biopsy pathology, organ damage (including skin, serositis, arthritis, heart, kidney, blood, central nervous and other system damage) and type and dose of immunosuppressants in the 2 months before ICU admission were recorded. Laboratory indicators included CRP, TLC, CD3 + , CD4 + , CD8 + , CD20 + lymphocyte count, albumin, globulin, procalcitonin (PCT), interleukin-6 (IL-6), hemoglobin (Hgb), platelet (PLT), N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), complement C3, complement C4, antinuclear antibody (ANA), anti–double-stranded DNA antibody (anti-dsDNA), anticardiolipin antibody (ACL), lupus anticoagulant factor (LA), and proteinuria. The SLE Disease Activity Index (SLE-DAI) and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Assessment (APACHE) II scores were calculated. The diagnosis of pulmonary infection and severe pulmonary infection was based on diagnostic criteria developed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society (IDSA/ATS) [11 (link)]. Sepsis was defined according to the diagnostic criteria Sepsis 3.0 [12 (link)]. ARDS was defined according to the Berlin diagnostic criteria [13 (link)].
Albumins
Amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide
Anti-dsDNA antibody
Antibodies, Anticardiolipin
Antibodies, Antinuclear
Arthritis
Biopsy
Blood
Blood Platelets
Communicable Diseases
Complement 3
Component, C4 Complement
Creatinine
Diagnosis
DNA, Double-Stranded
Globulins
Heart
Hemoglobin
Immunosuppressive Agents
Infection
Interleukin-6
Kidney
Lung
Lupus Coagulation Inhibitor
Lymphocyte Count
Natriuretic Peptides
Nervousness
physiology
Procalcitonin
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult
Sepsis
Serositis
Serum
Skin
Urea Nitrogen, Blood
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Indirect immunofluorescence assay is a laboratory technique used to detect the presence of specific antibodies in a patient's sample. It involves the use of labeled secondary antibodies to visualize the binding of primary antibodies to their target antigens. The assay provides a qualitative or semi-quantitative assessment of antibody levels, which can be useful for the diagnosis and monitoring of various autoimmune, infectious, and other diseases.
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The Crithidia luciliae indirect immunofluorescence test is a laboratory diagnostic tool used for the detection of anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibodies. It is a standardized test that utilizes the protozoan Crithidia luciliae as the substrate for the indirect immunofluorescence assay.
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The Immunodotting assay is a diagnostic tool used in clinical laboratories. It is designed to detect and identify specific antibodies or antigens in a sample. The assay involves the application of a sample onto a membrane or strip, followed by the detection of target analytes through the use of labeled reagents. The core function of the Immunodotting assay is to provide a qualitative or semi-quantitative analysis of the presence and/or amount of the target molecules in the tested sample.
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MitoView Green is a fluorescent dye that selectively stains mitochondria in living cells. It is a small molecule that can passively diffuse across the cell membrane and accumulate in the mitochondria. MitoView Green exhibits bright green fluorescence upon binding to mitochondria, which can be detected using standard fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry techniques.
Anti-cardiolipin is a reagent used in laboratory settings for the detection and quantification of anticardiolipin antibodies. It serves as a key component in assays designed to analyze the presence and levels of these autoantibodies in biological samples.
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More about "Antibodies, Anticardiolipin"
Anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) are a type of autoantibody that target cardiolipin, a phospholipid found in cell membranes.
These antibodies are associated with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), a disorder characterized by vascular thrombosis and pregnancy complications.
Research on aCL can provide valuable insights into the pathogenesis and diagnosis of this condition.
The detection and measurement of aCL levels are commonly performed using various laboratory techniques, such as the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), the Crithidia luciliae indirect immunofluorescence test (CLIFT), and the immunodotting assay.
The BioPlex 2200 system and the ICE Syphilis assay are also used for aCL detection.
To visualize and analyze mitochondrial structures, researchers may utilize fluorescent dyes like MitoView Green and the APC-conjugated anti-TOM22 antibodies.
The FITC-conjugated polyclonal goat anti-human IgG antibody is often used to detect and localize aCL within samples.
By leveraging the latest literature, preprints, and patents, researchers can optimize their protocols and identify the best methodologies for studying aCL and related conditions.
PubCompare.ai offers AI-driven analysis to help researchers stay up-to-date and improve their research effeciency.
These antibodies are associated with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), a disorder characterized by vascular thrombosis and pregnancy complications.
Research on aCL can provide valuable insights into the pathogenesis and diagnosis of this condition.
The detection and measurement of aCL levels are commonly performed using various laboratory techniques, such as the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), the Crithidia luciliae indirect immunofluorescence test (CLIFT), and the immunodotting assay.
The BioPlex 2200 system and the ICE Syphilis assay are also used for aCL detection.
To visualize and analyze mitochondrial structures, researchers may utilize fluorescent dyes like MitoView Green and the APC-conjugated anti-TOM22 antibodies.
The FITC-conjugated polyclonal goat anti-human IgG antibody is often used to detect and localize aCL within samples.
By leveraging the latest literature, preprints, and patents, researchers can optimize their protocols and identify the best methodologies for studying aCL and related conditions.
PubCompare.ai offers AI-driven analysis to help researchers stay up-to-date and improve their research effeciency.