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Antibodies, Viral

Antibodies and Viral Agents: Exploring the Intersection of Immunology and Virology.
Antibodies are specialized proteins produced by the immune system to recognize and neutralize foreign substances, including viruses.
Viral agents, such as RNA or DNA viruses, are infectious particles that can hijack host cells and replicate, often causing disease.
Understanding the complex interplay between antibodies and viruses is crucial for developing effective treatments, vaccines, and diagnostic tools.
This MeSh term encompasses the study of antibody-mediate dimmune responses to viral infections, as well as the use of antibodies in the detection, prevention, and treatment of viral diseases.

Most cited protocols related to «Antibodies, Viral»

Generation of Transgenic 2D2 TCR Mice

Cited 89 times

The rearranged TCRα and TCRβ chains from 2D2 genomic DNA were analyzed by sequencing. The amino acid sequence of the CDR3 regions is as follows: TCRα, VYF CALRSY NFG; TCRβ, CASS LDCG ANP. The Vα3.2Jα18 and Vβ11DJβ1.1 regions of 2D2 TCR were amplified by PCR from genomic DNA with specific primers. PCR products were cloned into TCR expression cassettes (26 (link)). Linearized TCR containing plasmids were injected directly into the pronuclei of fertilized C57Bl/6 oocytes. Transgenic founders were identified by PCR using specific primers for 2D2 Vα-Jα and Vβ-Jβ regions. Transgenic founder mice were bred with C57Bl/6 mice (The Jackson Laboratory). Alternatively, 2D2 TCR transgenic mice were bred with C57Bl/6 RAG-1^−/− (The Jackson Laboratory) and then intercrossed to generate 2D2 TCR transgenic RAG-1^−/− mice. Routine screening to identify the transgenic mice was performed by FACS^® analysis from blood using specific antibodies to Vβ11 or Vα3.2. For phenotyping, the blood was always drawn from the tail and not from the eyes of these animals. Mice were housed in a specific pathogen-free/viral antibody-free animal facility at the Harvard Institutes of Medicine. All breeding and experiments were performed in accordance with the guidelines of the committee on Animals of Harvard Medical School.

Bettelli E., Pagany M., Weiner H.L., Linington C., Sobel R.A, & Kuchroo V.K. (2003). Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein–specific T Cell Receptor Transgenic Mice Develop Spontaneous Autoimmune Optic Neuritis. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 197(9), 1073-1081.

Publication 2003

6-chloropenicillanic acid S-sulfoxide Amino Acid Sequence Animals Animals, Transgenic Antibodies Antibodies, Viral BLOOD DNA Primers Eye Founder Mice, Transgenic Genome Mice, Inbred C57BL Mice, Laboratory Mice, Transgenic Oligonucleotide Primers Ovum Plasmids Specific Pathogen Free Tail T Cell Receptor beta Chain Genes

SARS-CoV Neutralization Assay

Cited 37 times

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Publication 2020

Antibodies Antibodies, Neutralizing Antibodies, Viral Biological Assay Cells Culture Media Exanthema Immunoglobulins Infection Light Luciferases Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Promega SARS-CoV-2 Serum Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus Technique, Dilution Vero Cells Virus

Comprehensive Viral Neutralization Analysis

Cited 33 times

The neutralization panel data (IC₅₀ and IC₈₀ values for specific monoclonal antibodies and pseudotyped viruses) were collected from 49 published neutralization studies, mostly from tables in PDF format provided in the supplemental materials. The viral data was collected from Los Alamos HIV Database and in some cases personal communication with the authors, and required careful consideration and systematization to resolve sequence name ambiguities between different laboratories. Antibody sequences were downloaded from GenBank, and links to the structures in Protein Data Bank are provided. Standard statistics are applied to tally and analyze neutralization results. Specifically, antibody associations with viral mutations are evaluated by Fisher's exact test, counting the number of antibody-resistant or antibody-sensitive viruses (above or below threshold of detection) and the presence or absence of specific amino acids or N-glycosylation motif in the viral sequence alignment position (12 (link)).

Yoon H., Macke J., West AP J.r., Foley B., Bjorkman P.J., Korber B, & Yusim K. (2015). CATNAP: a tool to compile, analyze and tally neutralizing antibody panels. Nucleic Acids Research, 43(Web Server issue), W213-W219.

Publication 2015

Amino Acids Antibodies Antibodies, Viral Monoclonal Antibodies Mutation Protein Glycosylation Pseudotyped Viruses Sequence Alignment Virus

Confirming SIVcpz Infection in Chimpanzees

Cited 15 times

Chimpanzee faecal and urine samples were tested for virus-specific antibodies by western blot analysis, and SIVcpz infection was confirmed by RT–PCR (GenBank accession numbers FJ895381–FJ895405)7 (link),8 (link). All faecal samples used for SIVcpz status determination were genotyped (Supplementary Table 1).

Keele B.F., Jones J.H., Terio K.A., Estes J.D., Rudicell R.S., Wilson M.L., Li Y., Learn G.H., Beasley T.M., Schumacher-Stankey J., Wroblewski E., Mosser A., Raphael J., Kamenya S., Lonsdorf E.V., Travis D.A., Mlengeya T., Kinsel M.J., Else J.G., Silvestri G., Goodall J., Sharp P.M., Shaw G.M., Pusey A.E, & Hahn B.H. (2009). Increased mortality and AIDS-like immunopathology in wild chimpanzees infected with SIVcpz. Nature, 460(7254), 515-519.

Publication 2009

Antibodies, Viral Feces Infection Pan troglodytes Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Urine Western Blot

Seroprevalence of Influenza Antibodies in Vietnam

Cited 11 times

Since 2010, age-stratified serum sample collections have been ongoing in the Hospital for Tropical Diseases in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam and in Khanh Hoa Provincial Hospital in the city of Nha Trang, 300km northeast of Ho Chi Minh City. Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) is a densely-populated major urban center with an official population of 7.5 million inhabitants. Nha Trang, with a population of 400,000, is the capital of Khanh Hoa province, and the Khanh Hoa Provincial Hospital serves the city of Nha Trang as well as the surrounding rural areas. Anonymized and unlinked residual serum samples are collected in both hospitals from routine biochemistry and haematology analysis, for the purpose of measuring influenza antibody titers. The serum samples are intended to represent the general population in each hospital’s catchment region, as presentation to the hospital should not be correlated with history of influenza infections. Seasonal influenza vaccination in Vietnam is uncommon, and therefore unlikely to influence antibody levels. The research protocol was approved by the Oxford Tropical Research Ethics Committee at the University of Oxford, and the Scientific and Ethical Committee of the Hospital for Tropical Diseases in HCMC.
A total of 1723 samples were collected between 2010 and 2012 – 939 from HCMC and 784 from Khanh Hoa – and were tested for IgG antibodies to the HA1 region of five avian influenza viruses and eleven human influenza viruses (Table S1) by a protein microarray [3 (link)-5 (link)]. One of the five avian influenza antigens was that of the A/Chicken/Netherlands/1/2003 (H7N7) virus, whose HA1 protein shares 96% homology with the HA1 of the earliest H7N9 strains sequenced in China (A/Shanghai/2/2013, A/Anhui/1/2013 [1 ]). Only ten amino acid positions differed between these two strains: V38I, T112A, D165N, I170V, T180A, I193V, I227M, E261G, N289D, and E303R (HA numbering as in [2 ]). The last two positions do not appear to be in regions associated with binding of virus-neutralizing antibodies, and the remaining changes are largely conservative, but it is difficult to describe the antigenic characteristics of the viruses from the mutations alone. Nevertheless, the high level of homology makes it likely that there would be substantial serological cross reaction between the haemagglutinins from these two viruses.
In addition to the subtype H7 antigen, the microarray includes one subtype H9 antigen and three H5 antigens (H5/04, H5/07, and H5/10; see Table S1). Serology was performed on four-fold dilutions (1:20, 1:80, 1:320, 1:1280), and antibody titers were computed by fitting a four-parameter log-logistic curve to eight luminescence readouts (duplicate spots per antigen) using the curve’s point of inflection as the titer measurement for that sample, as described previously [5 (link)]. Antibody titer measurements are continuous in this type of analysis and can fall anywhere between 20 and 1280. Titer measurements that fall outside this range were given scores of 10 and 1810. The assay was validated for pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza by comparing results with haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays; reactivity of H5, H7, and H9 antigens was confirmed using sera from immunized rabbits and chickens [5 (link)]. Statistical analysis was performed with R version 3.0.0 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) and MATLAB (Mathworks, Natick, MA). Domestic chicken ownership data were obtained from the Government Statistics Office of Vietnam.

Boni M.F., Chau N.V., Dong N., Todd S., Nhat N.T., de Bruin E., van Beek J., Hien N.T., Simmons C.P., Farrar J, & Koopmans M. (2013). Population-Level Antibody Estimates to Novel Influenza A/H7N9. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 208(4), 554-558.

Publication 2013

Amino Acids Antibodies, Viral Antigens Antigens, Viral Biological Assay Chickens Cross Reactions Ethics Committees, Research Exanthema Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests Hemagglutinin Immunoglobulin G Immunoglobulins Infection Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype Influenza in Birds Luminescence Microarray Analysis Mutation Orthomyxoviridae Oryctolagus cuniculus Pandemics Protein Microarrays Proteins Serum Specimen Collection Staphylococcal Protein A Strains Technique, Dilution Vaccination Virus Viruses, Fowl Plague Virus Vaccine, Influenza

Most recents protocols related to «Antibodies, Viral»

Structural Insights into SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Antibody Interactions

Activity 3 starts with the instructor explaining
that, after the interaction of the spike protein with the entry receptor
ACE2, cleavage of the S1 domain is achieved by a protease. Proteolytic
cleavage is followed by conformational changes in S2, which allows
the fusion of the virus with the cellular membranes leading to the
cytoplasmatic release of the viral genome into the host cell.^{15 (link)} Because the viral genome must access the cytoplasm,
every step of this process is important. Understanding the foundations
of these entry mechanisms allows researchers to design vaccines, antibodies,
small molecule inhibitors, and other potential therapeutics targeting
to prevent SARS-CoV-2 access into the host cell.
A brief outline
should be also provided to students about how the body fights illness
and how vaccines work. So, they must know that after bacteria or viruses
enter the human body they start to multiply, giving rise to infection
and causing disease. Immediately, the immune system is activated and
produces antibodies to fight off the infection, but this process requires
a few days, which is why we have symptoms such as fever, headache,
fatigue, or body aches. After the first infection, the immune system
will recognize the germ and will already know how to defend the body.
Vaccines contain attenuated or inactivated parts of a specific organism
which provoke a mimicked infection in the body helping the immune
system to create the specific antibodies. Of course, this simulated
infection can cause some symptoms which are common while the body
creates the new antibodies. Vaccines are the safest and most effective
way of protecting people from infections. Of course, they are not
perfect and a person can develop disease despite having been vaccinated,
although they will be at a much lower risk of becoming seriously ill.
Next, students load and overlay the structures with IDs: 7V2A,^{16 (link)}7TB8,^{17 (link)}7WPD,^{18 (link)}7CZP,^{19 (link)}7CZQ,^{19 (link)} and 7JZL(20 (link)) (Figure S5).
All are complexes of the spike
protein with antibodies or inhibitors
bonded to the receptor binding domain (RBD). They must answer the
following two questions: (1) why do SARS-CoV-2 vaccines prevent
serious illness and save hundreds of thousands of lives? And
based on what they have learned: (2) what could be the influence
of virus variants on the efficacy of these antibodies, and why?At the end of these activities, most of the students made
the connection
between the observed structural features and the efficacy of vaccines,
concluding by themselves that antibodies or inhibitors act by blocking
the ACE2 binding of the spike protein and, as consequence, the viral
entry into the host cells.
During the sessions, the students
explained to the instructors
their respective answers to the questions and the instructors evaluated
them. In addition, a quick assessment of the student’s learning
can be done using a short questionnaire as such the one provided in
the SI. If desired, it can be carried
out with Kahoot or similar tools.

, & Maya C. (2023). Using PyMOL to Understand Why COVID-19 Vaccines Save Lives. Journal of Chemical Education, 100(3), 1351-1356.

Publication 2023

Ache Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 Antibodies Antibodies, Viral Bacteria COVID-19 Vaccines Cytokinesis Cytoplasm Fatigue Fever Headache Human Body Infection inhibitors M protein, multiple myeloma Peptide Hydrolases Plasma Membrane Safety SARS-CoV-2 Student System, Immune Therapeutics Vaccines Viral Genome Virus

Intranasal Influenza Virus Infection in Orai1/Orai3 Mice

Orai1/Orai3^fl/fl Mb1-Cre^/+ and Orai1/Orai3^fl/fl (control) mice were anesthetized with isoflurane and infected intranasally (i.n.) with 10⁵ TCID₅₀ of the laboratory strain A/HK/x31 (x31-IAV) of the influenza A virus subtype H3N2. Lungs were isolated for histology. Mediastinal lymph nodes and bone marrow were used to prepare single-cell suspensions followed by flow cytometric analysis. Serum was harvested for analyzing virus-specific antibody titers.

Emrich S.M., Yoast R.E., Zhang X., Fike A.J., Wang Y.H., Bricker K.N., Tao A.Y., Xin P., Walter V., Johnson M.T., Pathak T., Straub A.C., Feske S., Rahman Z.S, & Trebak M. (2023). Orai3 and Orai1 mediate CRAC channel function and metabolic reprogramming in B cells. eLife, 12, e84708.

Publication 2023

Antibodies, Viral Bone Marrow Cells Flow Cytometry Influenza A virus Isoflurane Lung Mediastinum Mus Nodes, Lymph Serum Strains

COVID-19 Monitoring in Spain: COSMO-SPAIN and ENE-COVID Surveys

COSMO-SPAIN, the World Health Organization (WHO) Behavioral Insights survey on COVID-19 in Spain (12 , 14 ), is coordinated by the Carlos III Health Institute, with the aim of monitoring the behavior and attitudes of the population related to COVID-19 in the country. It consisted on a nationwide, cross sectional panel survey whose field work was entrusted to a consumer research company. In each round, people aged 18 years or older were invited by email to answer an online questionnaire, until gathering a sample that matched the distribution of sociodemographic characteristics of the Spanish general population (age, education, gender and large area of residence). In the 3rd round, 2,655 people residing in Spain were invited to participate, of which 1,777 responded and 1,018 completed the questionnaire on time (15 (link)).
The ENE-COVID survey was developed and driven by the Carlos III Health Institute, the Spanish Ministry of Health, the Spanish Institute of Statistics and the Health Services of all the regions in Spain (13 (link)). Its aims were to investigate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the non-institutionalized population in Spain, overall and at province level, by testing antibodies against the virus and exploring their temporal evolution, and to evaluate factors related to infection. A random sample of 35,883 households was initially selected through a two-stage stratified sampling, with strata formed by province and municipality size. All residents in each household were invited to participate. In the 4th round of the survey, a total of 51,409 subjects participated (54.7% of those eligible). Candidates were invited by phone, and those who accepted were scheduled for a visit in a healthcare center or in their own house. All the participants were tested for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and answered an epidemiological questionnaire (by phone or in a face-to-face interview). A common training platform was developed for collaborators in the data collection process, and continued contact with the study organizations was allowed to solve possible doubts and homogenize procedures.
Both surveys included information about household composition, allowing identifying those in which children lived. The design of both studies has been previously described in detail (13 (link), 15 (link)).
Protocols of the ENE-COVID and COSMO-SPAIN studies (available at https://repisalud.isciii.es/handle/20.500.12105/15247 and https://doi.org/10.23668/psycharchives.4877, respectively), were reviewed and approved by the ethics committee of Carlos III Institute of Health, and participants provided written informed consent to participate.

Jroundi I., Fernández de Larrea-Baz N., Rodríguez-Blázquez C., Pastor-Barriuso R., Pollán-Santamaría M., Forjaz M.J, & Pérez-Gómez B. (2023). Preventive behavior against SARS-CoV-2 infection in adults according to whether or not they live with children. A combined analysis of the nationwide COSMO-SPAIN and ENE-COVID surveys. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1061367.

Publication 2023

Antibodies Antibodies, Viral Biological Evolution Child COVID 19 Ethics Committees Face Gender Hispanic or Latino Households Infection SARS-CoV-2

Antibody Escape Variant Selection

Prior to infection, MA90 virus was incubated with a low concentration of antibody (started at 0.01 µg/mL of the UCA), a higher concentration of antibody (one half-log greater than the lower concentration), or no antibody (as a control for cell line adaptation mutations) in 500 µL of flu media supplemented with 1 µg/mL TPCK-treated trypsin for 1 hr at 37°C and 5% CO₂. MDCK-SIAT1 cells seeded the day before were washed with PBS and then virus–antibody mixtures were added to the monolayers and incubated for 1 hr at 37°C and 5% CO₂, rocking the plate every ~15 min to ensure that the cells did not dry out. Afterward, the viral inoculum was removed, and the cells were washed with PBS before adding fresh flu media supplemented with 1 µg/mL TPCK-treated trypsin. After 2 days, viral growth was judged by cytopathic effect. The well that grew with a higher concentration of antibody was selected for the next passage where the 'low' antibody concentration was the same as the previous passage and the 'high' concentration was a half-log higher. This process was repeated until viral growth was readily detectable at 100 µg/mL of the UCA. If necessary, a hemagglutination assay using turkey red blood cells (Lampire, #7249409) was run to determine whether virus was present. Briefly, twofold dilutions of the virus in PBS were mixed with 0.5% turkey red blood cells and incubated at room temperature for at least 30–45 min before visualization of red blood cell pellets to determine whether virus had grown significantly. Once the virus still grew in 100 µg/mL of the antibody, the virus was passaged one additional time and 100 µg/mL of antibody was additionally added to the media added after infection. The RNA from the escaped virus was isolated using a QIAamp viral RNA mini kit (QIAGEN, #52904), and the full-length HA was amplified using gene-specific primers and the OneStep RT-PCR kit (QIAGEN, #210212). The resulting PCR product was sequenced by Sanger sequencing (Genewiz). The mutation G189E was identified from the sequencing results and produced as a recombinant protein for subsequent experiments (see below).

Phillips A.M., Maurer D.P., Brooks C., Dupic T., Schmidt A.G, & Desai M.M. (2023). Hierarchical sequence-affinity landscapes shape the evolution of breadth in an anti-influenza receptor binding site antibody. eLife, 12, e83628.

Publication 2023

Acclimatization Antibodies, Viral Cell Lines Cells Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral Erythrocytes Genes Immunoglobulins Infection Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells Mutation Oligonucleotide Primers Pellets, Drug Recombinant Proteins Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction RNA, Viral RNA Viruses Technique, Dilution Test, Hemagglutination Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone Trypsin Virus

Vaccination Impact on SARS-CoV-2 Outcomes

The collected data included demographic characteristics, epidemiological data (direct and indirect contact history, incubation period), clinical data, chest computed tomography (CT), SARS-CoV-2 detection information, antiviral antibody information, complications and outcomes. All data were obtained from the electronic medical record system, and no follow-up data were included in this study. Vaccination information was collected from the patients, including vaccine name, dose, and date of administration. Two-dose vaccination was defined as having received a second or third dose of vaccine at least 14 days prior; one-dose vaccination was defined as having received the first dose of the vaccine at least 21 days ago but not the second dose. Unvaccinated patients did not receive any SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 (anti-Spike IgG and IgM) were detected by laboratory tests. All data were extracted by two independent physicians, and any disputed data were resolved in consultation with a third independent physician.

Li H., Li Y., Liu J., Liu J., Han J, & Yang L. (2023). Vaccination reduces viral load and accelerates viral clearance in SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant-infected patients. Annals of Medicine, 55(1), 419-427.

Publication 2023

anti-IgG Antibodies Antibodies, Viral Chest COVID-19 Vaccines Patients Physicians SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Vaccines X-Ray Computed Tomography

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Bright glo luciferase assay system by Promega

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C57bl 6 mice by Charles River Laboratories

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293t ace2 cells by BEI Resources

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Arrayscan vti hcs reader by Thermo Fisher Scientific

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What are the different types of antibodies used in viral research?

Antibodies used in viral research can be categorized into several types, including monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, recombinant antibodies, and engineered antibodies. Each type has its own unique properties and applications, such as specificity, sensitivity, and ability to neutralize viruses. Understanding the strengths and limitations of these antibody variations is crucial for selecting the most appropriate one for your viral research needs.

How can I ensure the effectiveness and reproducibility of my viral antibody experiments?

Ensuring the effectiveness and reproducibility of viral antibody experiments can be challenging, but PubCompare.ai can help. The platform's AI-driven analysis can compare protocol literature and highlight key differences in the effectiveness of various antibody-based techniques. This allows you to identify the most reliable and reproducible protocols for your specific research goals, improving the accuracy and consistency of your results. PubCompare.ai can also help you quickly identify the best antibody products and suppliers for your viral research needs.

What are some common applications of antibodies in viral research?

Antibodies play a crucial role in various aspects of viral research, including: 1. Viral detection and diagnosis: Antibodies can be used to develop sensitive and specific assays for the detection of viral antigens or antibodies, enabling early diagnosis of viral infections. 2. Virus neutralization: Neutralizing antibodies can bind to viral particles, preventing them from infecting host cells and potentially providing a basis for therapeutic interventions. 3. Viral tropism and entry: Antibodies can be used to study the interactions between viruses and their target cells, helping to understand viral tropism and entry mechanisms. 4. Vaccine development: Antibodies can be used to evaluate the immunogenicity and efficacy of viral vaccines, guiding the development of effective preventive measures.

How can PubCompare.ai help optimize my viral antibody research?

PubCompare.ai can be an invaluable tool for optimizing your viral antibody research in several ways: 1. Streamlining protocol literature screening: The platform's AI-driven analysis can help you quickly identify the most effective and reproducible protocols related to Antibodies, Viral, saving you time and effort. 2. Highlighting critical insights: PubCompare.ai's AI can pinpoint key differences in protocol effectiveness, enabling you to make informed decisions on the best approaches for your specific research goals. 3. Identifying the optimal antibody products: The platform can assist you in locating the most suitable antibody products for your viral research, based on factors such as specificity, sensitivity, and neutralization capabilities. By leveraging PubCompare.ai's capabilities, you can enhance the reproducibility and accuracy of your viral antibody experiments, leading to more robust and reliable research outcomes.

More about "Antibodies, Viral"

Antibodies and Viral Agents: Exploring the Intersection of Immunology and Virology.
Antibodies are specialized proteins produced by the immune system to recognize and neutralize foreign substances, including viruses.
These immunoglobulins (Ig) play a crucial role in the body's defense against viral infections.
Viral agents, such as RNA or DNA viruses, are infectious particles that can hijack host cells and replicate, often causing disease.
Understanding the complex interplay between antibodies and viruses is essential for developing effective treatments, vaccines, and diagnostic tools.
The study of antibody-mediated immune responses to viral infections encompasses a wide range of research approaches and techniques.
Luciferase-based assays, such as the Nano-Glo Luciferase Assay System and Bright-Glo Luciferase Assay System, are commonly used to measure the activity and interactions of antibodies and viral agents.
These sensitive and quantitative assays can be used to evaluate the neutralizing capabilities of antibodies against viral infections.
Researchers often utilize animal models, such as C57BL/6 mice, to study the in vivo effects of antibodies on viral infections.
GraphPad Prism 7 and Prism 6 are popular data analysis software that can be employed to statistically analyze the results of these experiments.
Additionally, cell lines like 293T-ACE2 and HEK293T are commonly used to study the interactions between antibodies and viral agents in vitro.
High-throughput screening platforms, such as the ArrayScan VTI HCS Reader, can be leveraged to rapidly assess the efficacy of antibodies against viral agents.
The Steadylite plus luciferase reagent is another tool that can be used to measure the luminescent signal generated by antibody-viral interactions, providing insights into the potency and specificity of the antibody response.
By combining these research tools and techniques with the latest advancements in AI-driven platforms like PubCompare.ai, scientists can revolutionize their antibody and viral research.
PubCompare.ai empowers researchers to locate the best protocols and products, enhance reproducibility, and optimize their research processes, ultimately accelerating the development of effective treatments, vaccines, and diagnostic tools for viral diseases.