Aromatase was purified from term human placenta by immuno-affinity chromatography in a highly active form. It was complexed with androstenedione and crystallized at 4 °C in the oxidized high-spin ferric state of the haem iron with poly(ethylene glycol) 4000 as the precipitant. The space group was P3221 and the unit cell parameters are a =b =140.2 Å, c =119.3 Å, α = β =90°, γ =120°, having one aromatase molecule in the asymmetric unit. Diffraction data at about 100 K were collected initially at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS) and then to 2.90 Å resolution at the Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, with glycerol as a cryoprotectant. Two data sets at the Fe absorption edge were also collected at the CHESS. The structure was solved by the molecular replacement method coupled with Bijvoet difference Fourier synthesis for identifying the correct solution. Model building and refinement were performed with Coot and Refmac5, respectively. The final model contained 452 amino acid residues; 44 N-terminal and 7 C-terminal residues could not be built because of weakness of their electron densities. The final R factor for all reflections between 38 and 2.90 Å resolution was 0.214, and the R-free value was 0.244. The r.m.s. deviations of bond lengths and angles from ideal values were 0.009 Å and 1.32°, respectively. The average isotropic thermal factor for all atoms was 77.3 Å2. There were only two violations in the backbone torsion angle Ramachandran plot, both in the loop regions. The oxyferryl Fe(IV)=O moiety was generated by adding an oxygen atom to Fe with the modelling software MOE (Chemical Computing Group) The exemestane molecule was built into the active site by superimposing it on the experimentally derived androstenedione atomic positions with MOE.
>
Chemicals & Drugs
>
Amino Acid
>
Aromatase
Aromatase
Aromatase is a key enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of estrogens from androgens.
It catalyzes the final step in estrogen production, converting testosterone and androstenedione to estradiol and estrone, respectively.
Aromatase is expressed in a variety of tissues, including the ovaries, testes, adipose tissue, skin, and brain.
Regulation of aromatase activity is critical for maintaining proper hormonal balance and is implicated in various physiological and pathological conditions, such as infertility, breast cancer, and polycystic ovary syndrome.
Researchers studying aromatase often rely on effective experimental protocols to accurately measure enzyme activity and identify novel modulators.
PubComapre.ai can assist in this process by helping users locate the best available protocols from scientific literature, preprints, and patents, enhancing reproducibility and accuracy of aromatase research.
It catalyzes the final step in estrogen production, converting testosterone and androstenedione to estradiol and estrone, respectively.
Aromatase is expressed in a variety of tissues, including the ovaries, testes, adipose tissue, skin, and brain.
Regulation of aromatase activity is critical for maintaining proper hormonal balance and is implicated in various physiological and pathological conditions, such as infertility, breast cancer, and polycystic ovary syndrome.
Researchers studying aromatase often rely on effective experimental protocols to accurately measure enzyme activity and identify novel modulators.
PubComapre.ai can assist in this process by helping users locate the best available protocols from scientific literature, preprints, and patents, enhancing reproducibility and accuracy of aromatase research.
Most cited protocols related to «Aromatase»
Amino Acids
Anabolism
Androstenedione
Aromatase
Asthenia
Cells
Chromatography, Affinity
Cryoprotective Agents
Electrons
exemestane
Glycerin
Heme
Homo sapiens
Iron
Oxygen
Placenta
polyethylene glycol 4000
Reflex
R Factors
Vertebral Column
Cytosolic and nuclear proteins from endometrial pieces and epithelial cells were obtained as previously reported [47 (link)]. The protein concentration was determined using the Bradford Assay reagent (BioRad, Hercules, CA, USA).
Thirty μg of cytosolic and nuclear proteins were denatured, resolved in 10 % PAGE-SDS, and electrotransferred into nitrocellulose membranes (BioRad) as previously indicated [44 (link), 50 (link)]. After blocking with 5 % BSA, the membranes were incubated overnight at 4 °C with primary antibodies against USF2 (polyclonal, 1:800; Abcam Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA), SF-1 (polyclonal, 1:800; ABR Affinity BioReagents, Golden, CO., USA), P450Arom (monoclonal; 1:600; Serotec, Oxford, UK), TFIIB (monoclonal, 1:500; BD Biosciences, MD, USA), or GAPDH (polyclonal; 1:5000; Abcam). The images were captured with Discovery10gD (Ultralum, Claremont, CA, USA) using UltraQuant 6.0.0.344 software, analyzed with CarestreamMI5.0.6.20 software (Carestream Health, Inc., Rochester, NY, USA). The results were normalized with GAPDH or TFIIB analysis for cytosolic or nuclear extracts, respectively.
Thirty μg of cytosolic and nuclear proteins were denatured, resolved in 10 % PAGE-SDS, and electrotransferred into nitrocellulose membranes (BioRad) as previously indicated [44 (link), 50 (link)]. After blocking with 5 % BSA, the membranes were incubated overnight at 4 °C with primary antibodies against USF2 (polyclonal, 1:800; Abcam Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA), SF-1 (polyclonal, 1:800; ABR Affinity BioReagents, Golden, CO., USA), P450Arom (monoclonal; 1:600; Serotec, Oxford, UK), TFIIB (monoclonal, 1:500; BD Biosciences, MD, USA), or GAPDH (polyclonal; 1:5000; Abcam). The images were captured with Discovery10gD (Ultralum, Claremont, CA, USA) using UltraQuant 6.0.0.344 software, analyzed with CarestreamMI5.0.6.20 software (Carestream Health, Inc., Rochester, NY, USA). The results were normalized with GAPDH or TFIIB analysis for cytosolic or nuclear extracts, respectively.
Antibodies
Aromatase
Biological Assay
Cytosol
Endometrium
Epithelial Cells
GAPDH protein, human
Nitrocellulose
Nuclear Proteins
Proteins
SDS-PAGE
Tissue, Membrane
Transcription Factor TFIIB
USF2 protein, human
Real-time RT-PCR experiments were carried out under the consideration of the MIQE guidelines [4 (link)]. RNA samples (2 μg/reaction for endometrial and testicular specimens, and 200 ng/reaction for conceptus specimens) were treated with RNase-free DNase I (Ambion, Austin, TX) for 15 min at 37°C, heat denatured (75°C for 10 min), then reverse transcribed using High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit and random hexamers (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). cDNA was purified using the QIAquick® PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen, Germantown, MD) and cDNA concentration was determined via spectrophotometry. Purified cDNA (50 ng) was used for each PCR reaction.
For endometrial specimen, the mRNA expression of four putative reference genes, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDHP), 18S rRNA (18S), beta-2-microglobulin (B2M), and beta actin (ACTB) and one non-reference gene, solute carrier family 36 member 2 (SLC36A2) were measured by real-time RT-PCR. For testicular samples, the mRNA expression of GAPDH, 18S, B2M, ACTB, Succinate dehydrogenase complex (SDHA), and beta glucoronidase (GUSB) as putative internal control genes and aromatase (Cyp19a1) as non-reference transcript were determined. For conceptus tissue, the expression of GAPDH, 18S, B2M, ACTB, SDHA, and tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein (YWHAZ) as reference gene candidates and Cyp19a1as non-reference genes was assessed using quantitative PCR. Primers specific for the selected transcripts were designed using Jellyfish 3.3.1 (Field Scientific LLC, Lewisburg, PA) and are listed in Table1 . Specificity of the primers was confirmed via sequencing of the PCR products to confirm amplification of the intended target sequence. Primer efficiency was assessed using Linreg http://www.gene-quantification.de to ensure all primers resulted in PCR efficiencies of at least 1.9. Real-time PCR was completed using SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems) with the following cycling conditions: 95°C for 10 min; 40 cycles of 95°C for 15 sec, 59°C for 1 min; 55 to 95°C for dissociation. Each PCR was performed in triplicate. Specificity of amplification was monitored by including non-reverse transcribed RNA reactions for each sample and by completing a dissociation analysis at the end of each real-time run to verify the amplification of a single product. Cycle threshold (Ct) values were obtained through the auto Ct function.
For endometrial specimen, the mRNA expression of four putative reference genes, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDHP), 18S rRNA (18S), beta-2-microglobulin (B2M), and beta actin (ACTB) and one non-reference gene, solute carrier family 36 member 2 (SLC36A2) were measured by real-time RT-PCR. For testicular samples, the mRNA expression of GAPDH, 18S, B2M, ACTB, Succinate dehydrogenase complex (SDHA), and beta glucoronidase (GUSB) as putative internal control genes and aromatase (Cyp19a1) as non-reference transcript were determined. For conceptus tissue, the expression of GAPDH, 18S, B2M, ACTB, SDHA, and tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein (YWHAZ) as reference gene candidates and Cyp19a1as non-reference genes was assessed using quantitative PCR. Primers specific for the selected transcripts were designed using Jellyfish 3.3.1 (Field Scientific LLC, Lewisburg, PA) and are listed in Table
Actins
Aromatase
austin
beta-Actin
BETA MICROGLOBULIN 2
CYP19A1 protein, human
Deoxyribonuclease I
DNA, Complementary
Endometrium
Endoribonucleases
Family Member
GAPDH protein, human
Gene Expression
Gene Expression Regulation
Genes
Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases
Oligonucleotide Primers
Proteins
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
Reverse Transcription
RNA, Messenger
RNA, Ribosomal, 18S
Spectrophotometry
Succinate Dehydrogenase
SYBR Green I
Testis
Tissues
Tryptophan
Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase
All animal experiments were performed after obtaining University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approval, and animals were housed in accordance with the University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio institutional protocol for animal experiments.
For tumorigenesis studies, model cells (5×106) were injected into the mammary fatpad of 6-week-old to 7-week-old female nude mice (n = 10 per group) as described elsewhere [16 (link)]. Athymic nude mice (nu/nu) were injected with control MCF-7 cells or with MCF-7 cells that overexpress PELP1 by mixing them with an equal volume of Matrigel™ Matrix (BD Biosciences San Jose, CA, USA). In the premenopausal model, mice received one 60-day release pellet containing 0.72 mg 17β-estradiol (Innovative Research of America, Sarasota, FL, USA) 1 week before implantation of cells. For the postmenopausal model, mice were subjected to ovariectomy 1 week prior to tumor cell inoculation. Owing to the deficiency of adrenal androgens in this model, athymic mice were supplemented with subcutaneous injections of the aromatase substrate androstenedione (100 µg/day) for the duration of the experiment as described for the postmenopausal model [25 (link)].
To examine the effects of PELP1 siRNA therapy on tumor growth, treatment was initiated 1 week after intraperitoneal injection of tumor cells. Mice were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 10 mice per group): control siRNA-DOPC (150 μg/kg intraperitoneally twice weekly), and PELP1 siRNA-DOPC (150 μg/kg intraperitoneally twice weekly). The mice were monitored daily for adverse toxic effects. Tumor growth was measured with a caliper at weekly intervals, and the volume was calculated using a modified ellipsoidal formula:
where L is the longitudinal diameter and W is the transverse diameter. At the end of each experiment, the mice were euthanized, and the tumors were removed, weighed and processed for immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining.
For tumorigenesis studies, model cells (5×106) were injected into the mammary fatpad of 6-week-old to 7-week-old female nude mice (n = 10 per group) as described elsewhere [16 (link)]. Athymic nude mice (nu/nu) were injected with control MCF-7 cells or with MCF-7 cells that overexpress PELP1 by mixing them with an equal volume of Matrigel™ Matrix (BD Biosciences San Jose, CA, USA). In the premenopausal model, mice received one 60-day release pellet containing 0.72 mg 17β-estradiol (Innovative Research of America, Sarasota, FL, USA) 1 week before implantation of cells. For the postmenopausal model, mice were subjected to ovariectomy 1 week prior to tumor cell inoculation. Owing to the deficiency of adrenal androgens in this model, athymic mice were supplemented with subcutaneous injections of the aromatase substrate androstenedione (100 µg/day) for the duration of the experiment as described for the postmenopausal model [25 (link)].
To examine the effects of PELP1 siRNA therapy on tumor growth, treatment was initiated 1 week after intraperitoneal injection of tumor cells. Mice were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 10 mice per group): control siRNA-DOPC (150 μg/kg intraperitoneally twice weekly), and PELP1 siRNA-DOPC (150 μg/kg intraperitoneally twice weekly). The mice were monitored daily for adverse toxic effects. Tumor growth was measured with a caliper at weekly intervals, and the volume was calculated using a modified ellipsoidal formula:
where L is the longitudinal diameter and W is the transverse diameter. At the end of each experiment, the mice were euthanized, and the tumors were removed, weighed and processed for immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining.
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine
Androgens
Animals
Aromatase
Breast
Cancer Vaccines
Cells
Estradiol
Injections, Intraperitoneal
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees
matrigel
MCF-7 Cells
Mice, Nude
Mus
Neoplasms
Neoplastic Cell Transformation
Ovariectomy
Ovum Implantation
Pad, Fat
PELP1 protein, human
RNA, Small Interfering
Subcutaneous Injections
Woman
Aromatase
BLOOD
Bone Density
Centrifugation
Crossing Over, Genetic
CYP19A1 protein, human
Enzymes
Estrogens
exemestane
Genetic Diversity
Hot Flashes
Letrozole
Lipids
Patients
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Phenotype
Plasma
Remodeling, Bone
Serum
Most recents protocols related to «Aromatase»
Bovine ovaries from randomly cycling cattle and other endocrine tissues (pituitary glands, testes and adrenal glands) were obtained from an abattoir. Ovaries were dissected to obtain antral follicles ranging in diameter from 3 mm to 18 mm, and these were further processed to isolate the GC layer, TC layer, and follicular fluid, as described previously (Glister et al. 2010 (link)). Briefly, follicles were sorted into five different size classes: 3–4 mm (n = 8), 5–6 mm (n = 8), 7–8 mm (n = 9), 9–10 mm (n = 6) and 11–18 mm (n = 12). Each follicle was hemisected, and GC and TC layers were recovered for RNA extraction, while follicular fluid was recovered for steroid hormone analysis. Large follicles (11–18 mm) were reclassified according to their oestrogen to progesterone ratio (E:P ratio) in follicular fluid as either large oestrogen-active (LEA; E2:P4 ratio >1) or large oestrogen-inactive (E2:P4 ratio <1) follicles. Corpora lutea (CL) at growing (n = 4), mid-luteal (n = 5) and regressing (n = 4) stages were also harvested. All tissue samples were homogenized in Trizol reagent for total RNA extraction, as described previously (Glister et al. 2010 (link)).
Follicles (4–8 mm diameter) were also retrieved for isolation of GC and TC to be used for primary cell culture experiments, as described in detail elsewhere (Glister et al. 2001 (link), 2005 (link)). GC and TC were seeded into 96-well plates (Nunclon, Life technologies Ltd.) at a density of 75,000 cells/250μL/well for serum-free culture (non-luteinized cells) or 10,000 cells/250 μL/well for serum-supplemented culture (luteinized cells). Cells were cultured for 6 days at 38.5°C with saturating humidity in 5% CO2 in air. The culture medium consisted of McCoy’s 5A medium (Sigma), supplemented with antibiotic/antimycotic solution (1% v/v; Sigma), apo-transferrin (5 μg/mL; Sigma), sodium selenite (5 ng/mL; Sigma), bovine insulin (10 ng/mL; Sigma), HEPES (20 mM; Sigma) and bovine serum albumin (0.1% w/v; Sigma). Medium used for serum-free GC culture was also supplemented with 10–7 M androstenedione as aromatase substrate. For GC and TC cultured under conditions that promote luteinization, 2% fetal calf serum (FCS) was also included as a supplement. In all four culture models, media were changed after 48 h and replaced with fresh media containing treatments as specified below. This was repeated after a further 48-h incubation period. Media were retained after the final 48-h period (i.e. 96–144 h) for subsequent analysis of steroid hormone secretion. Viable cell number at the end of culture was determined by neutral red uptake, as described elsewhere (Glister et al. 2001 (link)).
It should be noted that culturing TC and GC using defined serum-free medium preserves a non-luteinized phenotype reflected by LH-induced androstenedione (A4) secretion by TC and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-induced oestradiol (E2) secretion by GC. Henceforth, these cells will be referred to as non-luteinized TC (NLTC) and non-luteinized GC (NLGC). In contrast, culturing TCs and GCs under serum-supplemented conditions promotes spontaneous luteinization, as indicated by reduced A4/E2 secretion and greatly increased secretion of P4 (Glister et al. 2001 (link), 2005 (link), Kayani et al. 2009 (link)). Henceforth, these cells will be referred to as LTC and LGC.
Follicles (4–8 mm diameter) were also retrieved for isolation of GC and TC to be used for primary cell culture experiments, as described in detail elsewhere (Glister et al. 2001 (link), 2005 (link)). GC and TC were seeded into 96-well plates (Nunclon, Life technologies Ltd.) at a density of 75,000 cells/250μL/well for serum-free culture (non-luteinized cells) or 10,000 cells/250 μL/well for serum-supplemented culture (luteinized cells). Cells were cultured for 6 days at 38.5°C with saturating humidity in 5% CO2 in air. The culture medium consisted of McCoy’s 5A medium (Sigma), supplemented with antibiotic/antimycotic solution (1% v/v; Sigma), apo-transferrin (5 μg/mL; Sigma), sodium selenite (5 ng/mL; Sigma), bovine insulin (10 ng/mL; Sigma), HEPES (20 mM; Sigma) and bovine serum albumin (0.1% w/v; Sigma). Medium used for serum-free GC culture was also supplemented with 10–7 M androstenedione as aromatase substrate. For GC and TC cultured under conditions that promote luteinization, 2% fetal calf serum (FCS) was also included as a supplement. In all four culture models, media were changed after 48 h and replaced with fresh media containing treatments as specified below. This was repeated after a further 48-h incubation period. Media were retained after the final 48-h period (i.e. 96–144 h) for subsequent analysis of steroid hormone secretion. Viable cell number at the end of culture was determined by neutral red uptake, as described elsewhere (Glister et al. 2001 (link)).
It should be noted that culturing TC and GC using defined serum-free medium preserves a non-luteinized phenotype reflected by LH-induced androstenedione (A4) secretion by TC and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-induced oestradiol (E2) secretion by GC. Henceforth, these cells will be referred to as non-luteinized TC (NLTC) and non-luteinized GC (NLGC). In contrast, culturing TCs and GCs under serum-supplemented conditions promotes spontaneous luteinization, as indicated by reduced A4/E2 secretion and greatly increased secretion of P4 (Glister et al. 2001 (link), 2005 (link), Kayani et al. 2009 (link)). Henceforth, these cells will be referred to as LTC and LGC.
Adrenal Glands
Androstenedione
Antibiotics
Aromatase
Bos taurus
Cattle
Cell Culture Techniques
Cells
Corpus Luteum
Estradiol
Estrogens
Fetal Bovine Serum
Follicular Fluid
Graafian Follicle
Hair Follicle
HEPES
Hormones
Human Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Humidity
Insulin
isolation
Luteinization
Ovarian Follicle
Ovary
Phenotype
Pituitary Gland
Primary Cell Culture
Progesterone
secretion
Selenite, Sodium
Serum
Serum Albumin, Bovine
Steroids
System, Endocrine
Testis
Tissues
Transferrin
trizol
Serum total T (TT) and E2 levels were measured using an isotope dilution high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (ID-LC-MS/MS) in the NHANES, while the concentrations of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) were quantified using chemo-luminescence measurements of the reaction products via a photomultiplier tube after binding to SHBG with immuno-antibodies (30 (link)). According to previous literature, we only indirectly assessed the approximate amount of circulating free testosterone (FT) (31 (link)) and the activity of aromatase (32 (link)) through the free androgen index (FAI) that was calculated as the value of TT (ng/dL) divided by SHBG (nmol/L) and the ratio of TT to E2 (TT/E2), respectively. Bioavailable testosterone was calculated according to the Vermeulen et al. formula (33 (link)).
Androgens
Antibodies
Aromatase
High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies
Isotopes
Luminescent Measurements
Serum
Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin
Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Technique, Dilution
Testosterone
The structures of the ligands S-(+)- and R-(−)-Hex were obtained from the database of Chemicalbook (https://www.chemicalbook.com (accessed on 29 January 2023)). The crystal structures of four P450arom isoforms with PDB IDs of 3EQM, 5JL6, 5JL7, and 5JL9 were provided from the Protein Data Bank (http://www.rcsb.org/ (accessed on 29 January 2023)). The molecular docking of the P450arom isoforms and Hex enantiomers was carried out by the software of Autodock 4.0 (The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA), and the affinity was generated by AutoGrid. The ligand structures were built and minimized by using Discovery Studio software (Accelrys Software Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). Before docking, the original small molecule ligand was removed, the protein was hydrogenated, and its charge was calculated. The molecular docking lattice was set as 40 × 40 × 40 in dimension with spacing of 0.375 angstrom. The Lamarckian genetic algorithm (LGA) was used in the ligand conformation search process. Each molecule performed 50 independent docking operations, and the maximum number of energy assessments was 2.5 million. The other parameters were kept as the default values. The successful prediction was obtained at the condition of the root mean square deviation (RMSD) less than 2 Å.
Aromatase
Ligands
Plant Roots
Protein Isoforms
Proteins
Reproduction
To verify the use of the new workflow for read-across, we used a dataset of 326 azole compounds with experimental values on human aromatase breast cancer cell line (MCF-7aro, cell-based assay). The starting dataset was initially collected from the Tox21 library considering only Tox21_Aromatase_Inhibition (activity test). This contained 20,992 compounds encoded as SMILES, name, and CAS number [29 ]. The assay was performed using aromatase breast cancer cell line (MCF-7 aro) (cell-based assay) and the concentrations of testosterone (an androgen and estradiol (an estrogen)) were measured before and after exposure to azole compounds tested. The qualitative outcome was recorded as an active agonist, active antagonist, and inactive, where quantitative agonist and antagonist activities were expressed in nanomolar (nM) units represented by AC50 in the original database [29 ]. Once the data was collected, it was subjected to a rigorous data curation procedure. The first step involved the retrieval of SMILES following the workflow developed by Gadaleta et al., 2018 [30 (link)]. The maximum purity was labeled “A” and only compounds with this label were considered. The detection of inorganic compounds, organometallic compounds, mixtures, neutralization of salts, tautomeric forms, and chemotype normalization was performed using the KNIME platform [31 (link)]. The compounds with inconclusive assay outcomes were discarded and duplicate structures were classified into two cases as follows: (i) activity range lower or equal to 1:3, and (ii) activity range higher than 1:3. In the first case, the mean of the activity was calculated, and in the second case, the structures were rejected. 3459 compounds were kept from the original dataset which had the purity “A” label. Furthermore, 67 compounds with ambiguous values, 10 compounds with trace element or inorganic compounds, 3 mixtures, 6 duplicates, and 6 ionic liquid compounds were removed. After this, the dataset was subjected to a manual inspection process and 119 compounds were found to have incorrect structures, and therefore removed. At this point, the dataset contained 3248 compounds and was filtered to extract azoles only. The total number of azoles was 351, from them 25 were tetrazoles and were discarded due to their poor representation. The quantitative outcome in nanomolar (nM) units was converted to molar (mole/liter) using the formulae (−logAC50 + 9). The qualitative activity values, active agonist and active antagonist, were recorded as “active”. The distribution of compounds in the final dataset of 326 azoles, considering the numbers of nitrogen in the azole ring and their qualitative activity value was:
82 monoazoles compounds of which 61 were inactive and 21 active.
198 diazoles of which 148 were inactive and 50 active.
46 triazoles which contained 26 inactive and 20 active.
11-dehydrocorticosterone
Androgens
Aromatase
Azoles
Biological Assay
cDNA Library
Cells
Estradiol
Estrogens
Homo sapiens
Inorganic Chemicals
Ionic Liquids
MCF-7 Cells
Molar
Muscle Rigidity
Nevus
Nitrogen
Organometallic Compounds
Psychological Inhibition
Salts
Testosterone
Tetrazoles
Trace Elements
Triazoles
To enable a comparison of the results obtained using the multiple biosensor with those obtained using single biosensors, the concentration of CA125 was determined as described in [2 (link)], the concentration of HE4, as described in [3 (link)], the concentration of CEA as described in [4 (link)], the concentration of IL-6 as described in [5 (link)], and the concentration of aromatase as described in [6 (link)].
The biosensor for the determination of CA125 by array SPRi consists of a gold chip, cysteamine as the linker, and an immobilized rabbit polyclonal anti-CA125 antibody. The biosensor ensures the specificity of the determination, linearity of the analytical signal in the 2.2–150 µg mL−1 (2.9–156 U mL−1), an LOD of 0.66 µg mL−1 (0.69 U mL−1), and recoveries between 97 and 101% [2 (link)].
The biosensor for the determination of HE4 by the array SPRi consists of a gold chip, cysteamine as the linker and an immobilized rabbit polyclonal antibody against HE4. The biosensor ensures the specificity of the determination, linearity of the analytical signal in the range 2–120 pM (0.088–5.28 ng mL−1), an LOD of 0.088 ng mL−1, and recoveries between 102 and 103.5% [3 (link)].
The biosensor for the determination of CEA by array SPRi consists of a gold chip, cysteamine as the linker and an immobilized mouse monoclonal anti-CEA antibody. The biosensor ensures the specificity of the determination, linearity of the analytical signal in the range 0.40–20 ng mL−1, an LOD of 0.12 ng mL−1, and recoveries between 101% and 104% [4 (link)].
The biosensor for the determination of IL-6 by array SPRi consists of a gold chip, cysteamine as the linker and an immobilized mouse monoclonal anti-IL-6 antibody. The biosensor ensures the specificity of the determination, linearity of the analytical signal in the range 3–20 pg mL−1 with LOQ of 3 ng mL−1 and recoveries between 101 and 105% [5 (link)].
The biosensor for the determination of aromatase by array SPRi consists of a gold chip, cysteamine as the linker and an immobilized rabbit polyclonal antibody specific for aromatase. The biosensor ensures the specificity of the determination, linearity of the analytical signal in the range 0.3–5 ng mL−1, an LOQ of 0.3 ng mL−1 and recoveries between 97 and 108% [6 (link)].
The biosensor for the determination of CA125 by array SPRi consists of a gold chip, cysteamine as the linker, and an immobilized rabbit polyclonal anti-CA125 antibody. The biosensor ensures the specificity of the determination, linearity of the analytical signal in the 2.2–150 µg mL−1 (2.9–156 U mL−1), an LOD of 0.66 µg mL−1 (0.69 U mL−1), and recoveries between 97 and 101% [2 (link)].
The biosensor for the determination of HE4 by the array SPRi consists of a gold chip, cysteamine as the linker and an immobilized rabbit polyclonal antibody against HE4. The biosensor ensures the specificity of the determination, linearity of the analytical signal in the range 2–120 pM (0.088–5.28 ng mL−1), an LOD of 0.088 ng mL−1, and recoveries between 102 and 103.5% [3 (link)].
The biosensor for the determination of CEA by array SPRi consists of a gold chip, cysteamine as the linker and an immobilized mouse monoclonal anti-CEA antibody. The biosensor ensures the specificity of the determination, linearity of the analytical signal in the range 0.40–20 ng mL−1, an LOD of 0.12 ng mL−1, and recoveries between 101% and 104% [4 (link)].
The biosensor for the determination of IL-6 by array SPRi consists of a gold chip, cysteamine as the linker and an immobilized mouse monoclonal anti-IL-6 antibody. The biosensor ensures the specificity of the determination, linearity of the analytical signal in the range 3–20 pg mL−1 with LOQ of 3 ng mL−1 and recoveries between 101 and 105% [5 (link)].
The biosensor for the determination of aromatase by array SPRi consists of a gold chip, cysteamine as the linker and an immobilized rabbit polyclonal antibody specific for aromatase. The biosensor ensures the specificity of the determination, linearity of the analytical signal in the range 0.3–5 ng mL−1, an LOQ of 0.3 ng mL−1 and recoveries between 97 and 108% [6 (link)].
AN 12
Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic
Aromatase
Biosensors
CA-125 Antigen
Cysteamine
DNA Chips
Gold
Immunoglobulins
interleukin-6, mouse
Monoclonal Antibodies
Mus
Rabbits
Top products related to «Aromatase»
Sourced in Germany, United States, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Spain, Japan, Canada, France, China, Australia, Italy, Switzerland, Sweden, Belgium, Denmark, India, Jamaica, Singapore, Poland, Lithuania, Brazil, New Zealand, Austria, Hong Kong, Portugal, Romania, Cameroon, Norway
The RNeasy Mini Kit is a laboratory equipment designed for the purification of total RNA from a variety of sample types, including animal cells, tissues, and other biological materials. The kit utilizes a silica-based membrane technology to selectively bind and isolate RNA molecules, allowing for efficient extraction and recovery of high-quality RNA.
Sourced in United States, China, Japan, Germany, United Kingdom, Canada, France, Italy, Australia, Spain, Switzerland, Netherlands, Belgium, Lithuania, Denmark, Singapore, New Zealand, India, Brazil, Argentina, Sweden, Norway, Austria, Poland, Finland, Israel, Hong Kong, Cameroon, Sao Tome and Principe, Macao, Taiwan, Province of China, Thailand
TRIzol reagent is a monophasic solution of phenol, guanidine isothiocyanate, and other proprietary components designed for the isolation of total RNA, DNA, and proteins from a variety of biological samples. The reagent maintains the integrity of the RNA while disrupting cells and dissolving cell components.
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom
Ab18995 is a polyclonal antibody that targets the Histone H3 (acetyl K9) protein. It is suitable for use in various research applications, such as Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP).
Sourced in United States
The Sc-542 is a laboratory equipment designed for the detection and analysis of various biological samples. It is a versatile and reliable instrument that can be used in a wide range of applications within the field of biotechnology. The core function of the Sc-542 is to provide accurate and precise data to support research and development efforts.
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Sao Tome and Principe, Czechia, China, Australia, Italy, Switzerland, Macao, France, Israel, Japan
Testosterone is a laboratory equipment product that measures the concentration of the hormone testosterone in biological samples. It is used in research and clinical settings to assess testosterone levels for various purposes, such as evaluating hormonal imbalances or monitoring treatment effects.
Sourced in United States, Germany, Australia
Letrozole is a laboratory equipment product manufactured by Merck Group. It is a selective aromatase inhibitor, which is a class of compounds that block the enzyme aromatase, responsible for the conversion of androgens into estrogens.
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, China, Italy, Sao Tome and Principe, France, Macao, India, Canada, Switzerland, Japan, Australia, Spain, Poland, Belgium, Brazil, Czechia, Portugal, Austria, Denmark, Israel, Sweden, Ireland, Hungary, Mexico, Netherlands, Singapore, Indonesia, Slovakia, Cameroon, Norway, Thailand, Chile, Finland, Malaysia, Latvia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Pakistan, Uruguay, Bangladesh
DMSO is a versatile organic solvent commonly used in laboratory settings. It has a high boiling point, low viscosity, and the ability to dissolve a wide range of polar and non-polar compounds. DMSO's core function is as a solvent, allowing for the effective dissolution and handling of various chemical substances during research and experimentation.
Sourced in United States, Germany
The SM2222P is a laboratory equipment product. It is a device designed for use in scientific research and analysis applications. The core function of the SM2222P is to facilitate specific laboratory processes, but a detailed description cannot be provided while maintaining an unbiased and factual approach.
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, China, Canada, France, Japan, Australia, Switzerland, Israel, Italy, Belgium, Austria, Spain, Gabon, Ireland, New Zealand, Sweden, Netherlands, Denmark, Brazil, Macao, India, Singapore, Poland, Argentina, Cameroon, Uruguay, Morocco, Panama, Colombia, Holy See (Vatican City State), Hungary, Norway, Portugal, Mexico, Thailand, Palestine, State of, Finland, Moldova, Republic of, Jamaica, Czechia
Penicillin/streptomycin is a commonly used antibiotic solution for cell culture applications. It contains a combination of penicillin and streptomycin, which are broad-spectrum antibiotics that inhibit the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Sourced in United States, Germany, China, Canada, Japan, France, United Kingdom, Lithuania, Netherlands, Switzerland, Italy, Finland, Argentina, Macao, Belgium, Austria
M-MLV reverse transcriptase is a recombinant enzyme used for the synthesis of first-strand cDNA from RNA templates. It catalyzes the conversion of single-stranded RNA into double-stranded cDNA.
More about "Aromatase"
Aromatase is a crucial enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of estrogens from androgens.
It catalyzes the final step in estrogen production, converting testosterone and androstenedione into estradiol and estrone, respectively.
This enzyme is expressed in various tissues, including the ovaries, testes, adipose tissue, skin, and brain.
Regulation of aromatase activity is critical for maintaining proper hormonal balance and is implicated in various physiological and pathological conditions, such as infertility, breast cancer, and polycystic ovary syndrome.
Researchers often rely on effective experimental protocols to accurately measure aromatase enzyme activity and identify novel modulators.
PubCompare.ai can assist in this process by helping users locate the best available protocols from scientific literature, preprints, and patents, enhancing the reproducibility and accuracy of aromatase research.
This includes the use of tools like the RNeasy Mini Kit, TRIzol reagent, and Ab18995 or Sc-542 antibodies to measure aromatase expression, as well as the use of testosterone, letrozole, and DMSO as modulators of aromatase activity.
Additionally, the SM2222P cell line and penicillin/streptomycin can be used in cell-based assays to study aromatase regulation.
By leveraging the power of PubCompare.ai, researchers can optimize their aromatase studies and drive advancements in our understanding of this critical enzyme and its role in various physiological and pathological processes.
It catalyzes the final step in estrogen production, converting testosterone and androstenedione into estradiol and estrone, respectively.
This enzyme is expressed in various tissues, including the ovaries, testes, adipose tissue, skin, and brain.
Regulation of aromatase activity is critical for maintaining proper hormonal balance and is implicated in various physiological and pathological conditions, such as infertility, breast cancer, and polycystic ovary syndrome.
Researchers often rely on effective experimental protocols to accurately measure aromatase enzyme activity and identify novel modulators.
PubCompare.ai can assist in this process by helping users locate the best available protocols from scientific literature, preprints, and patents, enhancing the reproducibility and accuracy of aromatase research.
This includes the use of tools like the RNeasy Mini Kit, TRIzol reagent, and Ab18995 or Sc-542 antibodies to measure aromatase expression, as well as the use of testosterone, letrozole, and DMSO as modulators of aromatase activity.
Additionally, the SM2222P cell line and penicillin/streptomycin can be used in cell-based assays to study aromatase regulation.
By leveraging the power of PubCompare.ai, researchers can optimize their aromatase studies and drive advancements in our understanding of this critical enzyme and its role in various physiological and pathological processes.