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Avelumab

Avelumab is a human anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody used in the treatment of various cancers, including Merkel cell carcinoma and urothelial carcinoma.
It works by binding to the programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) protein, which helps cancer cells evade the immune system.
PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform can optimize Avelumab research by enhancing reproducibility and accuracy, helping researchers locate the best protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents through intelligent comparisons.
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Most cited protocols related to «Avelumab»

1
Immunotherapy Patients with MSK-IMPACT
Cited 124 times
After receiving institutional review board approval from the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, institutional pharmacy records were used to identify patients who received at least one dose of immunotherapy (atezolizumab, avelumab, durvalumab, ipilimumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, or tremelimumab) and then cross-referenced with patients who had MSK-IMPACT testing done in the context of routine clinical care. Cancer types with greater than 35 patients on initial collection were selected for further analysis in the cohort. The majority of patients who received MSK-IMPACT testing on tumor tissue are enrolled on an institutional IRB-approved research protocol (NCT01775072) with the remaining patients receiving testing as part of routine clinical care; all patients provided informed consent permitting return of results from sequencing analyses and broader characterization of banked specimens for research.Details of tissue processing and next generation sequencing and analysis have been previously described. 11 (link) Importantly, concurrent sequencing of germline DNA from peripheral blood is performed for all samples to identify somatic tumor mutations. Patients enrolled on ongoing clinical trials for which publication of outcomes data was prohibited were removed as well as a small proportion of patients with localized disease treated in the neoadjuvant setting(n=9) or who had localized disease. Other preceding or concurrent non-ICI treatments were not recorded or accounted for in the analysis. The timing of tissue pathology on which MSK-IMPACT was performed relative to ICI administration is also heterogenous with a small portion of patients with testing after ICI administration.
Samstein R.M., Lee C.H., Shoushtari A.N., Hellmann M.D., Shen R., Janjigian Y.Y., Barron D.A., Zehir A., Jordan E.J., Omuro A., Kaley T.J., Kendall S.M., Motzer R.J., Hakimi A.A., Voss M.H., Russo P., Rosenberg J., Iyer G., Bochner B.H., Bajorin D.F., Al-Ahmadie H.A., Chaft J.E., Rudin C.M., Riely G.J., Baxi S., Ho A.L., Wong R.J., Pfister D.G., Wolchok J.D., Barker C.A., Gutin P.H., Brennan C., Tabar V., Mellinghoff I.K., DeAngelis L.M., Ariyan C.E., Lee N., Tap W.D., Gounder M.M., D’Angelo S.P., Saltz L., Stadler Z.K., Scher H.I., Baselga J., Razavi P., Klebanoff C.A., Yaeger R., Segal N.H., Ku G.Y., DeMatteo R.P., Ladanyi M., Rizvi N.A., Berger M.F., Riaz N., Solit D.B., Chan T.A, & Morris L.G. (2019). Tumor mutational load predicts survival after immunotherapy across multiple cancer types. Nature genetics, 51(2), 202-206.
Publication 2019
atezolizumab avelumab BLOOD Diploid Cell durvalumab Genetic Heterogeneity Germ Line Immunotherapy Ipilimumab Malignant Neoplasms Mutation Neoadjuvant Therapy Neoplasms Nivolumab Patients pembrolizumab Sequence Analysis Tissues tremelimumab
2
Avelumab plus Axitinib vs. Sunitinib in Renal-Cell Carcinoma
Cited 16 times
This was a multicenter, randomized, open-label, phase 3 trial comparing avelumab plus axitinib with sunitinib. Randomization (in a 1:1 ratio) was stratified according to ECOG performance-status score (0 vs. 1) and geographic region (United States vs. Canada and Western Europe vs. the rest of the world).
Avelumab was administered at a dose of 10 mg per kilogram of body weight as a 1-hour intravenous infusion every 2 weeks. An antihistamine and acetaminophen were administered approximately 30 to 60 minutes before each infusion. Axitinib was administered orally at a starting dose of 5 mg twice daily on a continuous dosing schedule. Sunitinib was administered at a dose of 50 mg orally once daily for 4 weeks of a 6-week cycle. Dose escalations and reductions of axitinib and dose reductions of sunitinib are described in the protocol (available at NEJM. org).17 ,18 Dose reductions of avelumab were not permitted, but subsequent infusions could be omitted in response to persisting toxic effects. The original primary objective was to show the superiority of avelumab plus axitinib over sunitinib in prolonging progression-free survival among patients with advanced renal-cell carcinoma, irrespective of PD-L1 expression. A June 2017 protocol amendment, while data were still masked, was based on new data from a single-group phase 1b trial14 (link) and two trials of immune checkpoint inhibitors that showed an overall survival benefit among patients with renal-cell carcinoma.5 (link),6 (link) This amendment changed the primary objective of the trial to show the superiority of avelumab plus axitinib over sunitinib with respect to either progression-free or overall survival among patients with PD-L1–positive tumors.
Motzer R.J., Penkov K., Haanen J., Rini B., Albiges L., Campbell M.T., Venugopal B., Kollmannsberger C., Negrier S., Uemura M., Lee J.L., Vasiliev A., Miller WH J.r., Gurney H., Schmidinger M., Larkin J., Atkins M.B., Bedke J., Alekseev B., Wang J., Mariani M., Robbins P.B., Chudnovsky A., Fowst C., Hariharan S., Huang B., di Pietro A, & Choueiri T.K. (2019). Avelumab plus Axitinib versus Sunitinib for Advanced Renal-Cell Carcinoma. The New England journal of medicine, 380(12), 1103-1115.
Publication 2019
Acetaminophen avelumab Axitinib Body Weight CD274 protein, human Disease Progression Drug Tapering Electrocorticography Histamine H1 Antagonists Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Intravenous Infusion Neoplasms Patients Renal Cell Carcinoma Sunitinib
3
Immune Signature Predicts Response to Avelumab and Axitinib in Renal Cell Carcinoma
Cited 16 times
Blinded to clinical outcome, co-expression network analysis using WGCNA identified an immune response module of 306 genes and high expression of this 306-gene signature was associated with better PFS in the avelumab + axitinib arm but not in the sunitinib arm. To refine the 306-gene immune response module, we selected genes annotated for immune-related functionality and had univariate Cox PH p-value <0.01 in the combination arm. Together with the manually added CD8B gene, which barely misses the p-value=0.01 cutoff, we defined a 26-gene JAVELIN Renal 101 Immuno signature. Further consensus WGCNA analysis identified a consensus 414-gene immune response module that was associated with better PFS in the avelumab + axitinib arm but not in the sunitinib arm. All 26 genes in the JAVELIN Renal 101 Immuno signature are also in the consensus 414-gene module, verifying the robustness of the signature. Validation of the 26-gene signature was carried out using two independent datasets: the first derived from patients with advanced RCC enrolled in the single-arm, phase 1b JAVELIN Renal 100 clinical trial who received avelumab + axitinib (NCT02493751)6 (link) and the second derived from a mixed solid tumor cohort from the avelumab monotherapy phase 1 JAVELIN Solid Tumor study (NCT01772004)1 (link),7 . A similar approach was used to define the JAVELIN Renal 101 Angio signature, in which top genes associated with better PFS in the sunitinib arm were identified.
Motzer R.J., Robbins P.B., Powles T., Albiges L., Haanen J.B., Larkin J., Mu X.J., Ching K.A., Uemura M., Pal S.K., Alekseev B., Gravis G., Campbell M.T., Penkov K., Lee J.L., Hariharan S., Wang X., Zhang W., Wang J., Chudnovsky A., di Pietro A., Donahue A.C, & Choueiri T.K. (2020). Avelumab plus axitinib versus sunitinib in advanced renal cell carcinoma: biomarker analysis of the phase 3 JAVELIN Renal 101 trial. Nature medicine, 26(11), 1733-1741.
Publication 2020
avelumab Axitinib Gene Modules Genes Immune System Processes Kidney Mixed Salivary Gland Tumor Neoplasms Patients Response, Immune Sunitinib
4
Clinical Trial of Advanced Renal-Cell Carcinoma
Cited 12 times
Eligible patients had previously untreated advanced renal-cell carcinoma with a clear-cell component. Additional key inclusion criteria were the presence of at least one measurable lesion according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST), version 1.1; age of 18 years or older; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance-status score of 0 or 1 (on a 5-point scale in which higher numbers indicate greater disability); a fresh or archival tumor specimen; and adequate renal, cardiac, and hepatic function. Patients across all Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) and International Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Database Consortium (IMDC) prognostic risk groups were included (see the Definitions of Selected Terms and End Points section in the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this article at NEJM.org).15 (link),16 (link) Key exclusion criteria were active central nervous system metastases, autoimmune disease, and current or previous use of glucocorticoids or other immunosuppressants within 7 days before randomization.
Motzer R.J., Penkov K., Haanen J., Rini B., Albiges L., Campbell M.T., Venugopal B., Kollmannsberger C., Negrier S., Uemura M., Lee J.L., Vasiliev A., Miller WH J.r., Gurney H., Schmidinger M., Larkin J., Atkins M.B., Bedke J., Alekseev B., Wang J., Mariani M., Robbins P.B., Chudnovsky A., Fowst C., Hariharan S., Huang B., di Pietro A, & Choueiri T.K. (2019). Avelumab plus Axitinib versus Sunitinib for Advanced Renal-Cell Carcinoma. The New England journal of medicine, 380(12), 1103-1115.
Publication 2019
Autoimmune Diseases Central Nervous System Disabled Persons Glucocorticoids Heart Hypernephroid Carcinomas Immunosuppressive Agents Kidney Malignant Neoplasms Neoplasm Metastasis Neoplasms Patients Population at Risk Renal Cell Carcinoma
5
Avelumab Plus Axitinib for Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma
Cited 10 times
It was estimated that approximately 830 patients, including approximately 580 patients with PD-L1–positive tumors (70%), would undergo randomization. The overall type I error rate was maintained at or below a one-sided significance level of 0.025 by allocating an alpha level of 0.004 to the progression-free survival comparison and an alpha level of 0.021 to the overall survival comparison among the patients with PD-L1–positive tumors. A gatekeeping procedure to control for the overall type I error rate was used to allow further testing of progression-free and overall survival in the overall population (Fig. S1 in the Supplementary Appendix). The trial was considered to have met its success criteria if avelumab plus axitinib was superior to sunitinib in prolonging progression-free or over-all survival among the patients with PD-L1–positive tumors. Sensitivity analyses were also performed to explore the robustness of the primary analysis results.
For the primary analysis of progression-free survival among the patients with PD-L1–positive tumors, we estimated that 336 events would provide the trial with 90% power to detect a hazard ratio of 0.65 with the use of a one-sided log-rank test at a significance level of 0.004. A two-look group-sequential design with a Lan–DeMets (O’Brien–Fleming) alpha-spending function was used to determine the efficacy boundary.21 For the primary analysis of overall survival among the patients with PD-L1–positive tumors, we estimated that 368 events would provide the trial with 90% power to detect a hazard ratio of 0.70 with the use of a one-sided log-rank test at a significance level of 0.021. A four-look group-sequential design with a Lan–DeMets (O’Brien–Fleming) alpha-spending function was used to determine the efficacy boundary. This sample size would also allow assessment of progression-free and overall survival in the overall population. The preplanned interim analysis was based on a data-cutoff point of approximately 235 events of disease progression or death (70% information fraction) in the patients with PD-L1–positive tumors. The results of the interim analysis were reviewed by an external data monitoring committee on August 20, 2018. The committee reported that the efficacy boundaries for progression-free survival among the patients with PD-L1–positive tumors and in the overall population had been crossed. The trial continued to evaluate overall survival. All data reported here are based on the first interim analysis.
Efficacy end points were assessed in all patients who underwent randomization, and safety was evaluated in all patients who received at least one dose of a trial drug (avelumab, axitinib, or sunitinib). We calculated the objective response rate according to treatment group, along with corresponding exact two-sided 95% confidence intervals, using the Clopper–Pearson method.22 Progression-free and overall survival and duration of response were estimated with the use of the Kaplan–Meier method, and two-sided P values are reported.23 To account for the group-sequential design in this trial, the repeated confidence interval method24 was used for the hazard ratio at the interim analysis for progression-free survival and overall survival. In addition, the unadjusted 95% confidence interval for the hazard ratio was reported.
Motzer R.J., Penkov K., Haanen J., Rini B., Albiges L., Campbell M.T., Venugopal B., Kollmannsberger C., Negrier S., Uemura M., Lee J.L., Vasiliev A., Miller WH J.r., Gurney H., Schmidinger M., Larkin J., Atkins M.B., Bedke J., Alekseev B., Wang J., Mariani M., Robbins P.B., Chudnovsky A., Fowst C., Hariharan S., Huang B., di Pietro A, & Choueiri T.K. (2019). Avelumab plus Axitinib versus Sunitinib for Advanced Renal-Cell Carcinoma. The New England journal of medicine, 380(12), 1103-1115.
Publication 2019
avelumab Axitinib CD274 protein, human Disease Progression Hypersensitivity Neoplasms Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Safety Sunitinib

Most recents protocols related to «Avelumab»

1
Avelumab for Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma
From February 2021 to April 2023, we conducted a prospective study enrolling mUC patients treated with avelumab in two Italian centers. The study was conducted following the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Patients were eligible in case of 1) histologically confirmed unresectable locally advanced or metastatic UC; 2) candidates for first-line maintenance with avelumab; 3) at least one measurable lesion at baseline radiological evaluations (computed tomography [CT] scan or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]); 4) 18 years of age or older; 5) able to sign an informed consent. Patients not eligible for ICIs or treated with ICIs in the adjuvant setting were excluded. The included subject would have been treated with avelumab per clinical practice until progression or unacceptable toxicity occurrence and followed up for 12 months after progression or until death.
Maiorano B.A., Schinzari G., Carbone C., Piro G., Rossi E., Di Maio M., Di Giacomo A, & Maiello E. (2024). Prognostic role of circulating cytokines and inflammation indexes for avelumab maintenance in metastatic urothelial carcinoma. Frontiers in Immunology, 15, 1401214.
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Publication 2024
2
Avelumab Pharmacokinetics and Immunogenicity
Not available on PMC !
Systemic concentrations of avelumab and chemotherapies were measured in patient blood samples to estimate relevant pharmacokinetic parameters. Blood samples (3.5 mL) for avelumab pharmacokinetic analyses were collected prior to dosing and at the end of infusion on day 1 of cycles 1, 2, 3, 6, 10, and 14; additional samples were collected on day 15 of cycles 1, 2, and 3. Blood samples (3.5 mL) for avelumab immunogenicity analyses were collected prior to dosing on day 1 of cycles 1, 2, 3, 6, 10, and 14 and at the end of treatment.
Wheatley D.A., Berardi R., Climent Duran M.A., Tomiak A., Greystoke A.P., Joshua A.M., Arkenau H.T., Géczi L., Corbacho J.G., Paz-Ares L.G., Hussain S.A., Petruželka L., Delmonte A., Chappey C., Masters J.C., Michelon E., Murphy D.A., Mwewa S., Cesari R, & Doger de Spéville B. (2024). First-line Avelumab plus Chemotherapy in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors: Results from the Phase Ib/II JAVELIN Chemotherapy Medley Study. Cancer research communications, 4(6).
Publication 2024
3
Electrochemiluminescence Assay for ADA Detection
An electrochemiluminescence assay was developed for ADA detection based on a homogeneous bridging format. Assay performance followed a multitered approach in accordance with the FDA guidance, which includes screening, confirmation, and determination of antibody titer.
25 Briefly, duplicate unknown and control samples were incubated with acid dissociation buffer to disrupt potential ADA‐drug complexes. A mix of capture/detection reagents (avelumab conjugated with biotin or SULFO‐Tag [Microcoat Biotechnologie GmbH, Germany]) was diluted in neutralization buffer, allowing binding between ADA and labeled drugs. Samples were transferred into streptavidin precoated/preblocked MSD GOLD SECTOR microplates (Meso Scale Discovery) to capture formed complexes on a solid phase. After a wash step, MSD Read Buffer (Meso Scale Discovery) was added, and signals were acquired. Assay results were based on comparisons between the sample readout and a plate‐specific screening cut point. Screening results were reported as “putative positive” (equal or above the cut point) or “negative” (below the cut point). Putative positive samples were tested for specificity by undergoing competition testing in the presence and absence of avelumab; if the percentage decrease in signal in the presence of drug was greater than or equal to the confirmatory cut point, the sample was considered ADA‐positive. To evaluate assay tolerance, positive controls (BioGenes GmbH, Germany) were spiked with increasing concentrations of avelumab (the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) until responses in the assay fell below the assay cut point. The 20 ng/mL positive control tolerated up to 25 μg/mL of avelumab, the 250 ng/mL positive control tolerated up to 100 μg/mL, and the 500 ng/mL positive control tolerated up to 100 μg/mL. The assay had a sensitivity of 10 ng/mL in the absence of avelumab. Assays were validated according to US and European regulatory guidelines.
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Hu P., Dai H.I., Bourdage J., Zhou D., Trang K., Kowalski K., Bello C., Hibma J., Khandelwal A., Cowan K., Dong J., Venkatakrishnan K, & Gao W. (2024). Immunogenicity of avelumab in patients with metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma or advanced urothelial carcinoma. Clinical and Translational Science, 17(3), e13730.
Publication 2024
4
Economic Analysis of Avelumab Maintenance in la/mUC
This economic analysis was based on the JAVELIN Bladder 100 study (data cutoff: October 21, 2019) [9 ]. The study was conducted at 197 sites (99 in Europe, including 17 in France) and enrolled 700 patients with histologically confirmed la/mUC who had completed 4 to 6 cycles of platinum-based chemotherapy followed by an interval of 4 to 10 weeks. Patients were randomized (1:1) to receive either avelumab 1L maintenance (10 mg/kg intravenously every 2 weeks) plus BSC or BSC alone. A total of 82 French patients were included in the study, making France the second largest patient population by country in the trial. The characteristics of patients in JAVELIN Bladder 100 were compared with data from a retrospective observational study (chart review) conducted as part of the present analyses to ensure that they were comparable with the French population. The retrospective study used medical records from 206 French patients aged ≥18 years, with advanced UC who had received 1L treatment with gemcitabine and a platinum agent without disease progression (Table 1) [14 (link)]. Based on these data, the comparability of JAVELIN Bladder 100 patient characteristics to French patients with la/mUC was confirmed (Table 1). The primary objective of the JAVELIN Bladder 100 study was to demonstrate the superiority of avelumab 1L maintenance plus BSC compared with BSC alone in terms of OS. The median duration of treatment was 24.9 weeks in the avelumab plus BSC arm and 13.1 weeks in the BSC alone arm. Median OS was 21.4 months (95% CI [18.9–26.1]) in the avelumab plus BSC arm versus 14.3 months (95% CI [12.9–17.9]) in the BSC alone arm. Adverse events (AEs) were graded according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for AEs (CTCAE) version 4.03 [7 (link)]. Costs and effects of avelumab plus BSC were compared with those of BSC alone in the absence of other therapeutic alternatives for 1L maintenance of patients with la/mUC according to French and European guidelines [4 (link), 7 (link), 15 (link), 16 (link)].
Porte F., Granghaud A., Chang J., Kearney M., Morel A., Plessala I., Cawston H., Roiz J., Xiao Y., Solbes M.N., Lambert P., Ravaud A., Loriot Y., Thiery-Vuillemin A, & Lévy P. (2024). Cost-effectiveness of avelumab first-line maintenance therapy for adult patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma in France. PLOS ONE, 19(5), e0302548.
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Publication 2024
5
Dose Escalation and Expansion of Domatinostat with Avelumab

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Publication 2024

Top products related to «Avelumab»

1
Avelumab by Pfizer
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom
Avelumab is a laboratory product developed by Pfizer. It functions as a monoclonal antibody.
2
Fetal bovine serum (fbs) by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, China, United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, Japan, Canada, Italy, France, Switzerland, New Zealand, Brazil, Belgium, India, Spain, Israel, Austria, Poland, Ireland, Sweden, Macao, Netherlands, Denmark, Cameroon, Singapore, Portugal, Argentina, Holy See (Vatican City State), Morocco, Uruguay, Mexico, Thailand, Sao Tome and Principe, Hungary, Panama, Hong Kong, Norway, United Arab Emirates, Czechia, Russian Federation, Chile, Moldova, Republic of, Gabon, Palestine, State of, Saudi Arabia, Senegal
Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.
3
Atezolizumab by Roche
Sourced in Switzerland, United States
Atezolizumab is a monoclonal antibody developed by Roche. It is designed to target the PD-L1 protein on the surface of certain cancer cells. Atezolizumab is used in the treatment of various types of cancer.
4
Facscalibur flow cytometer by BD
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, China, Canada, Japan, Belgium, France, Spain, Italy, Australia, Finland, Poland, Switzerland, Cameroon, Uruguay, Denmark, Jersey, Moldova, Republic of, Singapore, India, Brazil
The FACSCalibur flow cytometer is a compact and versatile instrument designed for multiparameter analysis of cells and particles. It employs laser-based technology to rapidly measure and analyze the physical and fluorescent characteristics of cells or other particles as they flow in a fluid stream. The FACSCalibur can detect and quantify a wide range of cellular properties, making it a valuable tool for various applications in biology, immunology, and clinical research.
5
Sas version 9 by SAS Institute
Sourced in United States, Austria, Japan, Cameroon, Germany, United Kingdom, Canada, Belgium, Israel, Denmark, Australia, New Caledonia, France, Argentina, Sweden, Ireland, India
SAS version 9.4 is a statistical software package. It provides tools for data management, analysis, and reporting. The software is designed to help users extract insights from data and make informed decisions.
6
Taqman array for cd16 by Thermo Fisher Scientific
The TaqMan array for CD16 is a laboratory instrument designed for the detection and quantification of CD16 gene expression. It utilizes real-time PCR technology to provide precise and reliable results. The core function of this product is to enable researchers to analyze the expression levels of the CD16 gene in their samples.
7
Qiaamp dna blood mini kit by Qiagen
Sourced in Germany, United States, Spain, United Kingdom, Japan, Netherlands, France, China, Canada, Italy, Australia, Switzerland, India, Brazil, Norway
The QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit is a laboratory equipment designed for the extraction and purification of genomic DNA from small volumes of whole blood, buffy coat, plasma, or serum samples. It utilizes a silica-based membrane technology to efficiently capture and wash DNA, while removing contaminants and inhibitors.
8
Rpmi 1640 by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Japan, Italy, China, Macao, Sao Tome and Principe, Australia, France, Poland, Switzerland, Canada, Spain, Hungary, India, Norway, Ireland, Israel, Sweden, Austria, Brazil, Czechia, Denmark, Belgium
RPMI 1640 is a widely used cell culture medium formulated for the growth of a variety of cell types, including human and animal cells. It provides the necessary nutrients and components to support cell growth and proliferation in a controlled laboratory environment.
9
Cetuximab by Eli Lilly
Sourced in United States
Cetuximab is a monoclonal antibody product developed by Eli Lilly. It is designed to target the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) protein on the surface of certain cancer cells.
10
Ventana pd l1 sp263 assay by Roche
Sourced in United States
The VENTANA PD-L1 (SP263) Assay is a qualitative immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay used to detect programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) protein in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and urothelial carcinoma tissue specimens. The assay utilizes the SP263 rabbit monoclonal primary antibody to assess PD-L1 protein expression.

More about "Avelumab"

Avelumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets the programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) protein, which is expressed on the surface of some cancer cells.
PD-L1 helps cancer cells evade the immune system by binding to the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) receptor on T cells, inhibiting their ability to attack the cancer.
Avelumab works by blocking this interaction, allowing the immune system to recognize and destroy the cancer cells.
Avelumab has been approved for the treatment of various types of cancer, including Merkel cell carcinoma and urothelial carcinoma.
It is typically administered intravenously and can be used as a monotherapy or in combination with other cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or other immunotherapies like Atezolizumab.
In research studies, Avelumab is often evaluated using techniques like flow cytometry (e.g., FACSCalibur flow cytometer) to assess its effects on immune cells and their expression of markers like CD16.
Researchers may also use qPCR (e.g., TaqMan array) to measure changes in gene expression related to immune response and cancer cell signaling.
DNA extraction kits like the QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit are commonly used to prepare samples for these analyses.
Cell culture studies may utilize Avelumab in conjunction with other reagents, such as the cell culture medium RPMI 1640 and fetal bovine serum (FBS), to understand the drug's mechanism of action and its effects on cancer cell proliferation and survival.
Comparisons between Avelumab and other monoclonal antibodies, like Cetuximab, can also provide valuable insights into the unique properties and efficacy of this PD-L1 inhibitor.
PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform can optimize Avelumab research by enhancing reproducibility and accuracy, helping researchers locate the best protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents through intelligent comparisons.
This can improve Avelumab studies and streamline the research process with PubCompare.ai's cutting-edg technology.