Inferred analytical accuracies of the whole genome mutation library and three commercial molecular tests for resistance. In silico analysis of published sequence data using mutation libraries derived from XpertMTB/RIF (Cepheid Inc., USA) (purple), MTBDRsl (red) and MTBDRplus (orange) (Hain Life Sciences, Germany), and the curated whole genome library (blue). For each library in silico inferred resistance phenotypes were compared to reported phenotypes obtained from conventional drug susceptibility testing. Errors bars correspond to 95% confidence intervals. Abbreviations: AMK, amikacin; CAP, capreomycin; EMB, ethambutol; ETH, ethionamide; INH, Isoniazid; KAN, kanamycin; MDR, multi-drug resistance; MOX, moxifloxacin; OFX, ofloxacin; PZA, pyrazinamide; RMP, rifampicin; STR, streptomycin; XDR, extensive drug resistance.
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Capreomycin
Capreomycin
Capreomycin is a polypeptaide antibiotic derived from Streptomyces capreolus.
It is effectice against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other mycobacteria, including those resistant to other antitubercular drugs.
Capreomycin inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit.
It is used in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB).
Capreomycin may cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity as adverse effects.
It is effectice against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other mycobacteria, including those resistant to other antitubercular drugs.
Capreomycin inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit.
It is used in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB).
Capreomycin may cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity as adverse effects.
Most cited protocols related to «Capreomycin»
To examine the potential analytical advantage of whole genome sequencing comparison was made with three commercial tests: (1) the Xpert MTB/RIF (Cepheid Inc., USA) which targets the rpoB gene for RMP resistance; (2) the LPA MTBDRplus for MDR-TB (Hain Lifescience, Germany) which targets rpoB, katG and inhA for resistance to RMP and INH; and (3) the LPA MTBDRsl (Hain Lifescience, Germany) which targets gyrA, rrs and embB for resistance to the fluoroquinolones (FLQ), aminoglycosides and ethambutol, respectively. In silico versions were developed based on the polymorphisms used by these assays and their performance compared to the whole genome mutation library. In particular, in silico analysis of the six datasets was performed and analytical sensitivities and specificities of the inferred resistance relative to the reported phenotype were compared (Figure 2 , Additional file 1 : Figures S3 and S4). KvarQ [35 (link)], a new tool that directly scans fastq files of bacterial genome sequences for known genetic polymorphisms, was run across all 792 samples using the MTBC test suite and default parameters. Sensitivity and specificity achieved by this method using phenotypic DST results as the reference standard were calculated.![]()
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ADRB2 protein, human
Amikacin
Aminoglycosides
Biological Assay
Capreomycin
DNA Library
Ethambutol
Ethionamide
Fluoroquinolones
Genes
Genetic Polymorphism
Genome, Bacterial
Genomic Library
INHA protein, human
Isoniazid
Kanamycin
Moxifloxacin
Multi-Drug Resistance
Mutation
Ofloxacin
Phenotype
Pyrazinamide
Radionuclide Imaging
Resistance, Drug
Rifampin
Sequence Analysis
Streptomycin
Susceptibility, Disease
Amikacin
Capreomycin
Cetrimonium Bromide
Ciprofloxacin
Communicable Diseases
Cortex, Cerebral
Ethambutol
Gene Deletion
Genome
Insertion Mutation
Isoniazid
Kanamycin
Moxifloxacin
Mycobacterium
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Ofloxacin
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Phenotype
Pyrazinamide
Reconstructive Surgical Procedures
Rifampin
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
Streptomycin
Susceptibility, Disease
We selected 337 clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis with diverse drug susceptibility patterns. Strains were collected both retrospectively and prospectively from 2008 to 2013 from all 11 districts of KwaZulu-Natal (Table 1 ). Strains were chosen for study inclusion on the basis of a predetermined drug resistance pattern so that the dataset was heavily weighted toward drug-resistant strains rather than accurately reflecting the epidemiology of the region. Written informed consent was obtained from study participants prior to cohort enrollment. Biomedical Research Ethics Council (BREC) approval from the University of KwaZulu-Natal was granted for whole genome sequencing of clinical strains. On all study isolates, drug susceptibility testing (DST) was performed by the critical concentration method, using the WHO recommended concentrations [27 ]. The following drugs were assayed in all strains, with their respective critical concentration in parentheses (in μg/mL): rifampicin (1.0), isoniazid (0.2 and/or 1.0), streptomycin (2.0), kanamycin (6.0), and ofloxacin (2.0). Extended DST was performed for key isolates (Table 1 ) with the following drugs: capreomycin (10.0), ethambutol (7.5), and ethionamide (10.0). Pyrazinamide resistance testing was performed using PZA MGIT (100.0) or Nicotinamide (500.0). Subject data included age, gender, AFB smear, and HIV status, when available. Study participants were assigned GPS coordinates corresponding to their home provincial district or site of sputum collection.
We also selected for sequencing three historical strains previously collected in KwaZulu-Natal for resequencing [25 (link),24 (link)]: KZN4207 (drug susceptible, collected in Durban in 1995), KZN1435 (MDR, collected in Durban in 1994), and KZN605 (XDR, collected in Tugela Ferry in 2005).
We also selected for sequencing three historical strains previously collected in KwaZulu-Natal for resequencing [25 (link),24 (link)]: KZN4207 (drug susceptible, collected in Durban in 1995), KZN1435 (MDR, collected in Durban in 1994), and KZN605 (XDR, collected in Tugela Ferry in 2005).
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Capreomycin
Ethambutol
Ethionamide
Isoniazid
Kanamycin
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Niacinamide
Ofloxacin
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Pyrazinamide
Resistance, Drug
Rifampin
Sputum
Strains
Streptomycin
Susceptibility, Disease
Following review of available data, a library of mutations predictive of drug resistance was compiled. First, mutations from two publically available web-based tools TBDreaMDB [18 (link)] and MUBII-TB-DB [19 (link)] were extracted. Second, phylogenetic SNPs at drug resistance loci were removed (see Additional file 1 : Table S2 for the full list), as they have been historically misclassified as drug resistance markers [20 (link),21 (link)]. And third, recent literature was consulted to include mutations and loci not described in TBDreaMDB and MUBII-TB-DB. (See Additional file 1 : Table S1 for a list of source materials). Drugs included were amikacin (AMK), capreomycin (CAP), ethambutol (EMB), ethionamide (ETH), isoniazid (INH), kanamycin (KAN), moxifloxacin (MOX), ofloxacin (OFX), pyrazinamide (PZA), rifampicin (RMP), streptomycin (STR), para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS), linezolid (LZD), clofazimine (CFZ) and bedaquiline (BDQ). As presented in Table 1 , the library comprised 1,325 polymorphisms (SNPs and indels) at 992 nucleotide positions from 31 loci, six promoters and 25 coding regions (see [22 ] for full list). In addition to examining individual drugs we considered the cumulative loci for MDR- and XDR-TB. Circos software [23 (link)] was used to construct circular genomic region variation maps. Polymorphisms associated with MDR- and XDR-TB are shown in Figure 1 (See Additional file 1 : Figure S1 for full details).
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| INH | katG | 241 | 286 | 25 |
| katG promoter | 3 | 3 | 0 | |
| inhA | 12 | 15 | 0 | |
| inhA promoter | 9 | 11 | 0 | |
| ahpC | 8 | 8 | 0 | |
| ahpC promoter | 13 | 14 | 0 | |
| kasA | 8 | 11 | 0 | |
| RMP | rpoB | 89 | 135 | 19 |
| rpoC | 8 | 8 | 0 | |
| EMB | embB | 123 | 153 | 1 |
| embA | 5 | 5 | 0 | |
| embA promoter | 3 | 3 | 0 | |
| embC | 25 | 26 | 0 | |
| embR | 22 | 24 | 0 | |
| STR | rrs | 21 | 25 | 0 |
| rpsL | 14 | 19 | 0 | |
| PZA | pncA | 215 | 269 | 64 |
| pncA promoter | 4 | 6 | 0 | |
| rpsA | 3 | 4 | 0 | |
| panD | 9 | 11 | 1 | |
| ETH | ethA | 33 | 29 | 5 |
| ethR | 3 | 4 | 0 | |
| inhA promoter | 3 | 3 | 0 | |
| inhA | 3 | 3 | 0 | |
| FLQs | gyrA | 15 | 22 | 0 |
| gyrB | 22 | 29 | 0 | |
| AMK | rrs | 8 | 9 | 0 |
| CAP | rrs | 3 | 4 | 0 |
| tlyA | 26 | 18 | 10 | |
| KAN | rrs | 3 | 4 | 0 |
| eis promoter | 9 | 10 | 0 | |
| PAS | thyA | 23 | 17 | 5 |
| folC | 16 | 19 | 0 | |
| ribB | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
| LZD | rrl | 2 | 2 | 0 |
| rplC | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
| BDQ CFZ | Rv0678 | 7 | 5 | 2 |
AMK, amikacin; BDQ, bedaquiline; CAP, capreomycin; CFZ, clofazimine; EMB, ethabutol; ETH, ethionamide; FLQs, fluoroquinolones; INH, isoniazid; KAN, kanamycin; LZD, linezolid; PAS, para-aminosalycylic acid; PZ, pyrazinamide; RMP, rifampicin; STR, streptomycin.
Polymorphism in the curated library used for predicting multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB) and extensive-drug resistant TB (XDR-TB).
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Acids
ADRB2 protein, human
Amikacin
Aminosalicylic Acid
bedaquiline
Capreomycin
Clofazimine
DNA Library
Ethambutol
Ethionamide
Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
Fluoroquinolones
Genes
Genetic Polymorphism
Genome
INDEL Mutation
Isoniazid
Kanamycin
Linezolid
Moxifloxacin
Multi-Drug Resistance
Mutation
Neutrophil
Nucleotides
Ofloxacin
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Pyrazinamide
Resistance, Drug
Rifampin
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
Streptomycin
Three sputum specimens were obtained from each patient at NTP sputum microscopy centers throughout the country. Direct smears with Ziehl-Neelsen staining were examined by light microscopy at local microscopy centers. One AFB smear positive sputum sample was sent to NRL in Tbilisi where it was processed using standard methodologies (decontaminated in a BSL3 area with N-acetyl-L-cysteine-sodium hydroxide, centrifuged, and the sediment was then suspended in 1.5 ml of phosphate buffer) [11] (link). The processed specimen was inoculated on to both Löwenstein-Jensen (LJ) based solid medium and the BACTEC MGIT 960 broth culture system. The duration of incubation for LJ solid culture was 60 days and for MGIT broth culture 42 days. Positive cultures by either method were confirmed to be Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) using the MTBDRplus assay along with colony morphology [6] . DST for INH and RIF was performed using either the absolute concentration method on LJ medium (INH 0.2 µg/ml, RIF 40 µg/ml) or in 7H9 broth with the BACTECT MGIT 960 system (INH 0.1 µg/ml, RIF 1 µg/ml) [12] . DST to second-line drugs (SLDs) was performed using the proportion method on LJ medium with the following drug concentrations: ethionamide-40.0 µg/ml; ofloxacin-2.0 µg/ml; para-aminosalicylic acid-0.5 µg/ml, capreomycin-40.0 µg/ml and KM-30.0 µg/ml [13] . The NRL has undergone external quality assessment by the Antwerp WHO Supranational TB Reference Laboratory annually since 2005. The last round of quality control for first-line drugs was performed in 2009 with 97% accuracy for INH and 100% for RIF.
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Aminosalicylic Acid
Biological Assay
Buffers
Capreomycin
Culture Techniques
Ethionamide
hydroxide ion
Light Microscopy
Microscopy
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Ofloxacin
Patients
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Phosphates
Sodium, Acetylcysteine
Sputum
Most recents protocols related to «Capreomycin»
Drug resistance was defined as resistance to at least one of the aforementioned anti-TB drugs. MDR was defined as TB resistance to at least RFP and INH. Mono-resistance (MR) refers to resistance to only one of the aforementioned anti-TB drugs. Polydrug resistance (PDR) refers to resistance to >1 first-line anti-TB drug, other than resistance to both RFP and INH.[9 (link)] Extensively drug-resistant (XDR) was defined as resistance to at least RFP and INH, as well as any fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin) and at least one of the injectable second-line anti-TB drugs (amikacin and capreomycin). Pre-extensive drug-resistant (pre-XDR)-TB was defined as resistance to RFP, INH, and either the fluoroquinolones or one of the injectable second-line anti-TB drugs, but not both. New cases were defined as cases who had never been previously treated for TB or had taken anti-TB drugs for <1 month. Relapse cases were defined as cases that had received 1 month or more of anti-TB drugs before the current TB episode.[10 ] However, the definitions of pre-XDR and XDR were revised and applied in January 2021. As all TB cases included in this study were from 2012 to 2020, we followed the old definitions.
Amikacin
Capreomycin
Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
Fluoroquinolones
Levofloxacin
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Relapse
Resistance, Drug
Clinical specimens from suspected TB patients were collected for preparing an acid-fast bacillus smear, and culture.[8 ] Species identification was performed using p -nitrobenzoic acid, and 2-thiophene carboxylic acid hydrazide testing. Patients with Nontuberculosis mycobacteria infection were excluded. DST for TB strains was performed using the proportion method on Löwenstein–Jensen medium, with the following concentrations of anti-TB drugs: rifampicin (RFP), 40 μg/mL; isoniazid (INH), 0.2 μg/mL; streptomycin, 4.0 μg/mL; ethambutol, 2.0 μg/mL; levofloxacin, 2.0 μg/mL; amikacin, 30.0 μg/mL; capreomycin, 40.0 μg/mL. TB strains were deemed to be resistant to a specific drug when the growth rate was ≥1% of that of the control. The standard strain H37Rv was used as an internal quality control and included for each batch of culture.
2-thiophene carboxylic acid
4-nitrobenzoic acid
Acids
Amikacin
Bacillus
Batch Cell Culture Techniques
Capreomycin
Ethambutol
Hydrazide
Levofloxacin
Mycobacterium Infections
Patients
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Rifampin
Strains
Streptomycin
Capreomycin, D-LAK peptides (D-LAK120-A or D-LAK120-HP13) and mannitol were dissolved in ultra-pure water at different mass ratios (Table I ) to make a final solute concentration of 1% (w/v). The solutions were spray dried using a laboratory spray dryer (Mini Spray Dryer B-290, Büchi Labortechnik, Flawil, Switzerland) coupled with a high-performance cyclone under the following parameters: inlet temperature 80°C; nitrogen atomization flow rate 742 L/h; air aspiration 38 m3/min; liquid feed rate 2.1 mL/min. A two-fluid spray nozzle with an internal diameter of 0.7 mm (Büchi Labortechnik, Flawil, Switzerland) was used and the spray dryer was operated at the open-loop configuration. D-LAK120-A and D-LAK120-HP13 correspond to A series and B series, respectively. A total of 16 formulations were produced, with eight formulations for each peptide (Table I ). The mass ratios of peptide to capreomycin (4:1 or 8:1, w/w) used in the formulations were determined according to their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) that produced synergistic effect against M. smegmatis mc2 and Mtb Bleupan strains [4 (link), 6 (link)]. The total drug content ranged from 2 to 20%.
The Composition of Co-Spray Dried Formulations Containing Capreomycin Sulfate (Cap), D-LAK Peptide and Mannitol
| Sample | Peptide | Cap (%, w/w) | Peptide (%, w/w) | Mannitol (%, w/w) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A0 | D-LAK120-A | Nil | 2.0 | 98.0 |
| A1 | 0.5 | 2.0 | 97.5 | |
| A2 | 0.5 | 4.0 | 95.5 | |
| A3 | 1.0 | 4.0 | 95.0 | |
| A4 | 1.0 | 8.0 | 91.0 | |
| A5 | 2.0 | 8.0 | 90.0 | |
| A6 | 2.0 | 16.0 | 82.0 | |
| A7 | 4.0 | 16.0 | 80.0 | |
| B0 | D-LAK120-HP13 | Nil | 2.0 | 98.0 |
| B1 | 0.5 | 2.0 | 97.5 | |
| B2 | 0.5 | 4.0 | 95.5 | |
| B3 | 1.0 | 4.0 | 95.0 | |
| B4 | 1.0 | 8.0 | 91.0 | |
| B5 | 2.0 | 8.0 | 90.0 | |
| B6 | 2.0 | 16.0 | 82.0 | |
| B7 | 4.0 | 16.0 | 80.0 |
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Capreomycin
Capreomycin Sulfate
Cyclonic Storms
Mannitol
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
Nitrogen
Peptides
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Strains
The production yield was calculated as the mass of powder collected after spray drying divided by the total mass of solid input. To measure the drug content in the co-spray dried powder, weighed powder was dissolved in ultra-pure water to prepare a 5 mL solution. The dissolved sample was filtered through a 0.45-µm nylon membrane filter and quantified with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC, Agilent 1260 Infinity, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, USA). The contents of capreomycin, peptide and mannitol were measured separately and were calculated as the measured amount with respect to the powder mass. The HPLC method for quantification of capreomycin was adopted and modified according to a previous study [14 (link)]. The mobile phase consisted of 0.1% TFA aqueous solution (pH = 2) and acetonitrile (95:5, v/v) was run at a rate of 1 mL/min for 10 min. Each sample containing 50 μL solution was injected and passed through the C18 column (5 μm, 250 mm, Agilent, USA) at room temperature, and the capreomycin was detected by UV at wavelength 268 nm. The capreomycin IIA/IIB eluted at approximately 4.6 min and capreomycin IA/IB at around 5.4 min. Linearity for total capreomycin was demonstrated between 5.0 μg/mL and 200 μg/mL (R2 = 0.9999). D-LAK peptides were quantified using an established HPLC method [9 (link)]. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and ultra-pure water with 0.1% TFA. A linear gradient from 20 to 80% acetonitrile was applied over 20 min at 1 mL/min. Each sample containing 100 μL of solution was injected by an auto-sampler and passed through a C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm, VydacTM GraceTM, IL, USA) at ambient temperature. The peptide was detected by UV at wavelength 220 nm. The retention time of D-LAK peptides was around 9.85 min. Linearity for D-LAK peptides was demonstrated between 8.0 μg/mL and 200 μg/mL (R2 = 0.9998). The HPLC method for mannitol measurement was detailed in Sect. “Aerosol performance and quantification of mannitol ”.
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acetonitrile
Capreomycin
GZMB protein, human
High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies
Mannitol
Nylons
Peptides
Powder
Retention (Psychology)
Tissue, Membrane
Drug susceptibility was determined using the 1% proportion method on L–J medium according to the guidelines of the WHO [10 (link)], with rifampin (RIF), 40 μg/ml; isoniazid (INH), 0.2 μg/ml; streptomycin (SM), 10 μg/ml; ethambutol (EMB), 2 μg/ml; capreomycin (CM), 40 μg/ml; kanamycin (KM), 30 μg/ml; ofloxacin (OFX), 2 μg/ml; amikacin (AM). The MDR-TB was defined as resistance to at least INH and RIF. Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) isolates were defined as MDR-TB isolates with additional resistance to both OFX and KM [11 (link)].
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Amikacin
Capreomycin
Ethambutol
Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
Kanamycin
Ofloxacin
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Rifampin
Streptomycin
Susceptibility, Disease
Top products related to «Capreomycin»
Sourced in United States, Spain, United Kingdom, Germany
The MGIT 960 is a laboratory instrument designed for the automated detection and identification of mycobacteria in clinical samples. It utilizes liquid culture technology to rapidly detect the presence of mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, in a controlled and efficient manner.
Sourced in United States, Cameroon, China, Germany
The BACTEC MGIT 960 system is a fully automated mycobacterial growth indicator tube (MGIT) system designed for the detection and identification of mycobacteria in clinical specimens. The system utilizes fluorescent technology to continuously monitor for bacterial growth in liquid culture media.
Sourced in United States
The MGIT 960 system is a fully automated, high-throughput diagnostic instrument designed for the detection and identification of mycobacteria from clinical specimens. The system utilizes fluorescent technology to monitor the growth of mycobacteria in liquid culture, providing a rapid and efficient method for the diagnosis of tuberculosis and other mycobacterial infections.
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Japan, India, Spain, France
Ofloxacin is a synthetic antibacterial agent that belongs to the class of fluoroquinolone drugs. It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is effective against a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Ofloxacin is commonly used in the treatment of various bacterial infections.
Sourced in United States
Capreomycin is an antibiotic used in the treatment of tuberculosis. It is a polypeptide antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces capreolus. Capreomycin functions by inhibiting protein synthesis in bacterial cells.
Sourced in United States, Germany
The BACTEC MGIT 960 is a fully automated mycobacterial detection system that utilizes liquid culture technology to facilitate the rapid detection of mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, in clinical specimens. The system employs fluorescence-based technology to continuously monitor the growth of mycobacteria in culture tubes, providing timely and accurate results.
Sourced in United States, Germany
The Xpert MTB/RIF is a molecular diagnostic test developed by Cepheid. It is designed to detect the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and identify resistance to the antibiotic rifampicin (RIF) directly from sputum samples. The test utilizes real-time PCR technology to provide rapid and accurate results.
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Amikacin is a laboratory-grade antibiotic used for research and analytical purposes. It is a broad-spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic effective against a variety of bacterial species. Amikacin functions by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis, which leads to cell death. This product is intended for research use only and not for use in diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.
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Kanamycin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from the bacterium Streptomyces kanamyceticus. It is commonly used as a selective agent in molecular biology and microbiology laboratories for the growth and selection of bacteria that have been genetically modified to express a gene of interest.
Sourced in United Kingdom, United States, Germany, Spain, Canada, Singapore
AlamarBlue is a cell viability reagent that uses a colorimetric/fluorometric growth indicator based on the detection of metabolic activity. It provides a quantitative measure of cell proliferation and cytotoxicity.
More about "Capreomycin"
Capreomycin is a polypeptide antibiotic derived from the bacterium Streptomyces capreolus.
It is a powerful weapon in the fight against multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB), two of the most challenging forms of this deadly disease.
This antibiotic works by inhibiting protein synthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other mycobacteria, including those that have developed resistance to other antitubercular drugs.
Capreomycin binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit, disrupting the bacterial cells' ability to produce the proteins they need to survive and thrive.
The MGIT 960 system and BACTEC MGIT 960 system are commonly used diagnostic tools that can detect the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including strains that are resistant to Capreomycin and other antibiotics.
Ofloxacin, Amikacin, and Kanamycin are other antibiotics that may be used in combination with Capreomycin to treat MDR-TB and XDR-TB.
While Capreomycin is a valuable tool in the fight against drug-resistant tuberculosis, it is not without its drawbacks.
Potential side effects include ototoxicity (damage to the ears) and nephrotoxicity (kidney damage).
Careful monitoring and management of these side effects is crucial for ensuring the safe and effective use of Capreomycin in the treatment of this deadly disease.
The Xpert MTB/RIF assay is another diagnostic tool that can rapidly detect the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and identify rifampicin resistance, which is a key indicator of MDR-TB.
This assay, coupled with the use of Capreomycin and other antibiotics, can help clinicians make informed decisions about the best course of treatment for their patients.
Overall, Capreomycin is a critical component in the fight against drug-resistant tuberculosis, and its use must be carefully balanced with the potential risks of ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity.
With the help of advanced diagnostic tools and a comprehensive treatment approach, Capreomycin can play a vital role in saving lives and combating this global health threat.
It is a powerful weapon in the fight against multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB), two of the most challenging forms of this deadly disease.
This antibiotic works by inhibiting protein synthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other mycobacteria, including those that have developed resistance to other antitubercular drugs.
Capreomycin binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit, disrupting the bacterial cells' ability to produce the proteins they need to survive and thrive.
The MGIT 960 system and BACTEC MGIT 960 system are commonly used diagnostic tools that can detect the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including strains that are resistant to Capreomycin and other antibiotics.
Ofloxacin, Amikacin, and Kanamycin are other antibiotics that may be used in combination with Capreomycin to treat MDR-TB and XDR-TB.
While Capreomycin is a valuable tool in the fight against drug-resistant tuberculosis, it is not without its drawbacks.
Potential side effects include ototoxicity (damage to the ears) and nephrotoxicity (kidney damage).
Careful monitoring and management of these side effects is crucial for ensuring the safe and effective use of Capreomycin in the treatment of this deadly disease.
The Xpert MTB/RIF assay is another diagnostic tool that can rapidly detect the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and identify rifampicin resistance, which is a key indicator of MDR-TB.
This assay, coupled with the use of Capreomycin and other antibiotics, can help clinicians make informed decisions about the best course of treatment for their patients.
Overall, Capreomycin is a critical component in the fight against drug-resistant tuberculosis, and its use must be carefully balanced with the potential risks of ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity.
With the help of advanced diagnostic tools and a comprehensive treatment approach, Capreomycin can play a vital role in saving lives and combating this global health threat.