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Carnitine

Carnitine is a crucial biomolecule involved in energy metabolism.
It facilitates the transport of long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria for beta-oxidation, enabling the body to utilize fat as an energy source.
Carnitine also plays a role in modulating glucose metabolism and has been studied for its potential therapeutic applications in conditions like heart disease, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders.
Optimizing carnitine research is essential for advancing our understanding of its physiological functions and developing effective interventions.
PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform can help reserchers easily locate relevant protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patants, while providing accurate comparisons to identify the best protocols and products.
This can enhance the reproducibility and accuracy of carnitine research, taking it to the next leve.

Most cited protocols related to «Carnitine»

1
Comprehensive Metabolomics Profiling
Cited 26 times
In total, 163 different metabolites were detected (Table 3 in Online Methods). The metabolomics dataset contains 14 amino acids, hexose (H1), free carnitine (C0), 40 acylcarnitines (Cx:y), hydroxylacylcarnitines (C(OH)x:y), and dicarboxylacylcarnitines (Cx:y-DC), 15 sphingomyelins (SMx:y) and N-hydroxylacyloylsphingosyl-phosphocholine (SM (OH)x:y), 77 phosphatidylcholines (PC, aa=diacyl, ae=acyl-alkyl) and 15 lysophosphatidylcholines. Lipid side chain composition is abbreviated as Cx:y, where x denotes the number of carbons in the side chain and y the number of double bonds. E.g. “PC ae C33:1” denotes an acyl-alkyl phosphatidylcholine with 33 carbons in the two fatty acid side chains and a single double bond in one of them. Full biochemical names are provided in Supplementary Table 4. The precise position of the double bonds and the distribution of the carbon atoms in different fatty acid side chains cannot be determined with this technology. In some cases, the mapping of metabolite names to individual masses can be ambiguous. For example, stereo-chemical differences are not always discernible, neither are isobaric fragments. In such cases, possible alternative assignments are indicated.
Illig T., Gieger C., Zhai G., Römisch-Margl W., Wang-Sattler R., Prehn C., Altmaier E., Kastenmüller G., Kato B.S., Mewes H.W., Meitinger T., de Angelis M.H., Kronenberg F., Soranzo N., Wichmann H.E., Spector T.D., Adamski J, & Suhre K. (2009). A genomewide perspective of genetic variation in human metabolism. Nature genetics, 42(2), 137-141.
Publication 2009
acylcarnitine Amino Acids Carbon Carnitine Fatty Acids Hexoses Lipids Lysophosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines Phosphorylcholine single bond Sphingomyelins
2
Comprehensive Biomarker Profiling in Disease Phenotypes
Cited 24 times
It was our objective to unravel and to validate laboratory biomarkers significantly associated with disease phenotypes and risks. An extensive panel of laboratory tests covering 83 analytes and biomarkers (clinical chemistry, hematology, immunology, endocrinology and metabolism) was performed on fresh biospecimen directly on the day of sample collection in a highly standardized manner (Table 4). It is a major goal to investigate and to identify novel genetic modifiers of phenotypes and disease risk. To this end, we aimed to genotype all participants using the Affymetrix AXIOM-CEU genome-wide SNP array, addressing a total of 587,352 variants. Genotyping was accompanied by genome-wide gene expression analyses for the whole blood, which was collected in Tempus Blood RNA Tubes (Life Technologies) and transferred to -80 °C prior to further processing. Isolated RNA was processed and hybridised to Illumina HT-12 v4 Expression BeadChips (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA) and scanned on the Illumina HiScan. We investigated the association of metabolic biomarkers (quantitiative tandem mass spectrometry: amino acidy, fatty acid oxidation, steroids, sterols, eicosanoids, phospholipids, tri- and diacylglycerols, apolipoproteins and others) with major disease phenotypes, the genome and other biomarkers. For the whole blood analysis of 26 amino acids, free carnitine and 34 acylcarnitines, 40 μl of native EDTA whole blood were spotted on filter paper WS 903 (GE Healthcare, Germany). Dried blood spots were stored at -80 °C after 3 h of drying until batch analysis. Sample pretreatment and measurement are described in detail elsewhere [74 (link), 75 (link)]. Analyses were performed on an API 2000 and API 4000 tandem mass spectrometer (Applied Biosystems, Germany). Quantification was performed using ChemoView™ 1.4.2 software (Applied Biosystems, Germany).
In a subcohort of over 900 participants comprising all age groups, a detailed leukocyte subtype phenotyping with an extensive antibody panel was performed from EDTA whole blood samples using 10 colour flow cytometry (Navios flow cytometer, Beckman Coulter, Pasadena, CA, USA) [76 (link), 77 ].
Loeffler M., Engel C., Ahnert P., Alfermann D., Arelin K., Baber R., Beutner F., Binder H., Brähler E., Burkhardt R., Ceglarek U., Enzenbach C., Fuchs M., Glaesmer H., Girlich F., Hagendorff A., Häntzsch M., Hegerl U., Henger S., Hensch T., Hinz A., Holzendorf V., Husser D., Kersting A., Kiel A., Kirsten T., Kratzsch J., Krohn K., Luck T., Melzer S., Netto J., Nüchter M., Raschpichler M., Rauscher F.G., Riedel-Heller S.G., Sander C., Scholz M., Schönknecht P., Schroeter M.L., Simon J.C., Speer R., Stäker J., Stein R., Stöbel-Richter Y., Stumvoll M., Tarnok A., Teren A., Teupser D., Then F.S., Tönjes A., Treudler R., Villringer A., Weissgerber A., Wiedemann P., Zachariae S., Wirkner K, & Thiery J. (2015). The LIFE-Adult-Study: objectives and design of a population-based cohort study with 10,000 deeply phenotyped adults in Germany. BMC Public Health, 15, 691.
Publication 2015
acylcarnitine Age Groups Amino Acids Apolipoproteins Biological Markers BLOOD Carnitine Diglycerides Edetic Acid Eicosanoids Exanthema Fatty Acids Flow Cytometry Gene Expression Profiling Genes, Modifier Genome Hematologic Tests Immunoglobulins Leukocytes Metabolism Phospholipids Radionuclide Imaging Specimen Collection Steroids Sterols System, Endocrine Tandem Mass Spectrometry
3
Targeted Metabolomic Profiling of Plasma
Cited 15 times
LC-MSmass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is increasingly used in clinical settings for quantitative assay of small molecules and peptides such as vitamin D, serum bile acid and parathyroid hormone under Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments environments with high sensitivities and specificities34 . In this study, targeted metabolomic analysis of plasma samples was performed using the Biocrates Absolute-IDQ P180 (BIOCRATES, Life Science AG, Innsbruck, Austria). This validated targeted assay allows for simultaneous detection and quantification of metabolites in plasma samples (10 µL) in a high-throughput manner. The methods have been described in detail35 ,36 . The plasma samples were processed as per the instructions by the manufacturer and analyzed on a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer (Xevo TQ-S, Waters Corporation, USA) operating in the MRM mode. The measurements were made in a 96-well format for a total of 148 samples, and seven calibration standards and three quality control samples were integrated in the kit. Briefly, the flow injection analysis tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) method was used to quantify a panel of 144 lipids simultaneously by multiple reaction monitoring. The other metabolites are resolved on the UPLC and quantified using scheduled MRMs. The kit facilitates absolute quantitation of 21 amino acids, hexose, carnitine, 39 acylcarnitines, 15 sphingomyelins, 90 phosphatidylcholines and 19 biogenic amines. Data analysis was performed using the MetIQ software (Biocrates), and the statistical analyses included the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test with follow-up Mann-Whitney U-tests for pairwise comparisons using the STAT pack module v3 (Biocrates). Significance was adjusted for multiple comparisons using Bonferroni’s method (P < 0.025). The abundance is calculated from area under the curve by normalizing to the respective isotope labeled internal standard. The concentration is expressed as nmol/L. Human EDTA plasma samples spiked with standard metabolites were used as quality control samples to assess reproducibility of the assay. The mean of the coefficient of variation (CV) for the 180 metabolites was 0.08, and 95% of the metabolites had a CV of <0.15.
Mapstone M., Cheema A.K., Fiandaca M.S., Zhong X., Mhyre T.R., MacArthur L.H., Hall W.J., Fisher S.G., Peterson D.R., Haley J.M., Nazar M.D., Rich S.A., Berlau D.J., Peltz C.B., Tan M.T., Kawas C.H, & Federoff H.J. (2014). Plasma phospholipids identify antecedent memory impairment in older adults. Nature medicine, 20(4), 415-418.
Publication 2014
acylcarnitine Amino Acids Bile Acids Biogenic Amines Biological Assay Carnitine Clinical Laboratory Services Edetic Acid Ergocalciferol Flow Injection Analysis Hexoses Homo sapiens Hypersensitivity Isotopes Lipid A Parathyroid Hormone Peptides Phosphatidylcholines Plasma Serum Spectrometry Sphingomyelins Tandem Mass Spectrometry
4
Metabolic Profiling via LC-MS
Cited 10 times

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Publication 2017
Acetylcarnitine Carnitine Cystine Fundulus heteroclitus Glycerylphosphorylcholine Hypoxanthine Inositol Linoleate Methionine
5
Quantification of Plasma Carnitine and Derivatives
Cited 8 times
Matching CID spectra of an unknown plasma metabolite with identical retention time and mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) as authentic L-carnitine (m/z = 162) were obtained as described in Supplementary Methods. Concentrations of carnitine, TMA and TMAO isotopologues in mouse and human plasma samples were determined by stable isotope dilution LC/MS/MS in positive MRM mode using deuterated internal standards on an AB Sciex API 5000 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (Applied Biosystems) as described in Supplementary Methods. In studies quantifying endogenous carnitine and ingested d3-carnitine, d9-carnitine was used as internal standard. D9-carnitine was prepared by dissolving 3-hydroxy-4-aminobutyric acid (Chem-Impex Intl.) in methanol and exhaustive reaction with d3-methyl iodide (Cambridge Isotope Labs) in the presence of potassium hydrogen carbonate. Further details regarding synthesis, purification and characterization of d9-carnitine can be found in Supplementary Methods.
Koeth R.A., Wang Z., Levison B.S., Buffa J.A., Org E., Sheehy B.T., Britt E.B., Fu X., Wu Y., Li L., Smith J.D., DiDonato J.A., Chen J., Li H., Wu G.D., Lewis J.D., Warrier M., Brown J.M., Krauss R.M., Tang W.H., Bushman F.D., Lusis A.J, & Hazen S.L. (2013). Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nature medicine, 19(5), 576-585.
Publication 2013
Aminobutyric Acid Anabolism Carnitine Homo sapiens Isotopes Methanol methyl iodide Mice, House Plasma potassium bicarbonate Retention (Psychology) Tandem Mass Spectrometry Technique, Dilution trimethyloxamine

Most recents protocols related to «Carnitine»

1
Mitochondrial Respiration Profiling of Fatty Acid and Glucose Oxidation
iMG (20,000 cells per well) were seeded on a PDL-coated 96-well Agilent Seahorse XF Cell Culture microplate in media. For the fatty acid oxidation studies, 3 days before assay, media replaced with substrate-limited media comprised of XF DMEM, 1% FBS, 0.5 mM glucose, 1 mM glutamine and 0.5 mM carnitine. Antibodies were added to cells for a final concentration of 100 nM and incubated for 3 days. Cells were washed twice, and antibody was re-added to the washed cells to a final concentration of 100 nM. Cells were imaged using bright-field microscopy to obtain cell counts for normalization. Cells were then incubated for 1 hour in a non-CO2 incubator. Ports on the sensor plate were filled according to the XF Long Chain Fatty Acid Oxidation Stress Kit or XF Glucose Oxidation Kit, and cells were subjected to sequential injections of oligomycin (final concentration 1.5 µM), FCCP (2-[2-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]hydrazinylidene]-propanedinitrile) (2 µM for fatty acid oxidation and 1.5 µM for glucose oxidation) and rotenone/antimycin A (0.5 µM each). In experiments using inhibitors, etomoxir or UK5099 were added in port A at 4 µM or 3 µM, respectively. Data were analyzed using the Agilent Seahorse Analytics online software to generate kinetic curves and calculate maximal respiration and spare capacity.
van Lengerich B., Zhan L., Xia D., Chan D., Joy D., Park J.I., Tatarakis D., Calvert M., Hummel S., Lianoglou S., Pizzo M.E., Prorok R., Thomsen E., Bartos L.M., Beumers P., Capell A., Davis S.S., de Weerd L., Dugas J.C., Duque J., Earr T., Gadkar K., Giese T., Gill A., Gnörich J., Ha C., Kannuswamy M., Kim D.J., Kunte S.T., Kunze L.H., Lac D., Lechtenberg K., Leung A.W., Liang C.C., Lopez I., McQuade P., Modi A., Torres V.O., Nguyen H.N., Pesämaa I., Propson N., Reich M., Robles-Colmenares Y., Schlepckow K., Slemann L., Solanoy H., Suh J.H., Thorne R.G., Vieira C., Wind-Mark K., Xiong K., Zuchero Y.J., Diaz D., Dennis M.S., Huang F., Scearce-Levie K., Watts R.J., Haass C., Lewcock J.W., Di Paolo G., Brendel M., Sanchez P.E, & Monroe K.M. (2023). A TREM2-activating antibody with a blood–brain barrier transport vehicle enhances microglial metabolism in Alzheimer’s disease models. Nature Neuroscience, 26(3), 416-429.
Publication 2023
Antibodies Antimycin A Biological Assay Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone Carnitine Cell Culture Techniques Cell Respiration Cells Culture Media etomoxir Fatty Acids Glucose Glutamine Immunoglobulins inhibitors Kinetics Microscopy Oligomycins Oxidative Stress Rotenone Seahorses
2
Maternal-Fetal Carnitine Metabolite Profiling
We aim to investigate the 31-carnitine-related plasma metabolite level of pregnant women at the second trimester. We also obtain their neonate blood plasma sample. The blood samples were stored at −20°. Furthermore, the samples were prepared by tandem mass spectrometry (4000 QTrapTM; AB Sciex, Darmstadt, Germany) to test the concentration. The method used in the present study was essentially a modification of the procedure described elsewhere. Amino acid (AA) and acylarnitine (AC) were quantified using appropriate isotope-labeled standards. Liquid Chromatogram (LC) separation was performed on an Acquity UPLC HSS T3 column (2.1 × 100 mm, 100A°, 1.8-µm particle size; Waters Corporation, MA) using water with 0.1% formic acid (0.1% methanol and 5 mM ammonium acetate) detected with a Xevo-G2-QTOF MS (Waters Corporation) operating in a positive mode. Raw data were processed using TargetLynx as described previously. Accuracy of quantification was below 6% for all quantified metabolites except glutamic acid (13.9%). Quantitative data were obtained using MetIDQTM software.
Yang M., Sun M., Jiang C., Wu Q., Jiang Y., Xu J, & Luo Q. (2023). Thyroid hormones and carnitine in the second trimester negatively affect neonate birth weight: A prospective cohort study. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 14, 1080969.
Publication 2023
Amino Acids ammonium acetate BLOOD Carnitine formic acid Glutamic Acid Infant, Newborn Isotopes Methanol Plasma Pregnant Women Tandem Mass Spectrometry
3
Thermogenic Supplement Efficacy in Healthy Adults
The thermogenic supplement treatment and placebo were in powder form with uniform scoop sizes and dissolved in 300 mL of cold water. Lab staff prepared the powder and water mixture to mix appropriately and observed the participants’ consumption of the treatments, which had to be completed in <5 min. The ingredients in the active treatment, which contains 150 mg of caffeine (OxyShred Thermogenic Fat Burner, EHP Labs, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA) are presented in Table 1, while the placebo contained only inactive ingredients (gum Arabic, citric acid, malic acid, NAT Watermelon Type, NAT bitter blocker, sucralose, silicon dioxide, calcium silicate, beet color powder). Treatment and placebo powders were blinded for taste, texture, and appearance, produced by the manufacturer, and arrived in blinded containers. All containers were kept at room temperature in a cool and dry location. The treatment was given to the participants after completion of all baseline testing and questionnaires.

EHP Labs OxyShred thermogenic fat burner ingredients list

OxyShred (one serving)Amount/serving% DV
Calories5 
Total carbohydrate1.0 g<1
Dietary fiber0.2 g4*
Vitamin C173 mg193
Thiamin0.56 mg46
Riboflavin0.78 mg60
Niacin20 mg123
Vitamin B60.98 mg58
Vitamin B120.9 mcg38
Pantothenic acid1.7 mg34
Chromium picolinate10 mcg3
Fat burning matrixAcetyl L-carnitine HCl, Garcinia cambogia fruit extract (60% hydroxycitric acid), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), grapefruit seed extract 4:1, raspberry ketones (from raspberry fruit extract), Mangifera indica seed extract, bitter orange fruit extract, green coffee bean extract (50% chlorogenic acid), olive leaf extract (10% oleuropein), guggul extract powder, chromium picolinate2003 mg 
Immunity booster & prebiotic complexL-glutamine, inulin fiber, vitamin c (ascorbic acid)625 mg 
Mood enhancer matrixL-tyrosine, taurine, caffeine anhydrous (150 mg), Huperzia serrata whole herb extract (Huperzine A)851 mg 
Full B vitamin spectrumNiacinamide (niacin), calcium pantothenate (pantothenic acid), pyridoxine HCl (vitamin B6), riboflavin (vitamin B2), thiamine mononitrate (vitamin B1), cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12)24.59 mg 
Prather J.M., Florez C.M., Vargas A., Soto B., Harrison A., Willoughby D., Tinsley G, & Taylor L. (2023). The effects of a thermogenic supplement on metabolic and hemodynamic variables and subjective mood states. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 20(1), 2185538.
Publication 2023
4-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone ARID1A protein, human Ascorbic Acid Beta vulgaris Caffeine calcium silicate Carnitine Chlorogenic Acid Chromium Citric Acid Cobalamins Coffee Cold Temperature Dietary Supplements Excipients Fibrosis Fruit Garcinia cambogia Glutamine grapefruit seed extract gugulu extract Gum Arabic Huperzia huperzine A hydroxycitric acid Inulin Linoleic Acids, Conjugated malic acid Mangifera indica bark Mood Niacin oleuropein olive leaf extract Pantothenate, Calcium Pantothenic Acid Placebos Powder Prebiotics Pyridoxine Hydrochloride Raspberries Response, Immune Riboflavin Secondary Immunization Silicon Dioxide Sodium Chloride sucralose Taste Taurine Thermogenesis Thiamine Thiamine Mononitrate Tyrosine Vitamin B6 Vitamins Watermelon
4
Metabolome Annotation from LC-MS2 DDA Data
The objective of this workflow is metabolome annotation from the data acquired from liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS2) with data-dependent acquisition (DDA) mode [39 (link)]. MAW takes .mzML files as input containing both MS1 features and MS2 spectra. The LC–MS features should be pre-selected, as MAW directly starts with the pre-processing of MS2 spectra for annotation. The RAW files after data acquisition can be converted to. mzML format [7 ] using the MS-Convertor from the ProteoWizard suite [40 (link)] or the mass spectrometry file conversion tool on GNPS. The profile peak data should be converted to centroid peak data during the conversion.
We used two reference datasets to assess the performance of MAW. The first dataset consists of standards from a study on hypersalinity in diatoms [41 (link)]: betaine, pipecolinic acid, cysteinolic acid, methionine sulfoxide, N,N-dimethylarginine, O-acetyl-l-carnitine, O-propanoyl-l-carnitine, O-butanoyl-l-carnitine, and isovalerylcarnitine. The second dataset is from a study on nine different Bryophyte species [42 (link)]. The .mzML files of the entire study on Bryophytes are available in MetaboLights under the accession MTBLS709. Both datasets were obtained using LC-MS2 in DDA mode. The mzML files used in this study have been made available on Zenodo [43 , 44 ].
To use MS2 spectral databases in MAW, we downloaded GNPS, HMDB (Human Metabolome Database) [45 (link)], and MassBank [46 (link)]. These databases were stored as an R object using MsBackend, which is a virtual class defined in the R package Spectra [47 (link)] to store and retrieve the mass spectrometry data. The database dumps have been made available on Zenodo [48 ].
Zulfiqar M., Gadelha L., Steinbeck C., Sorokina M, & Peters K. (2023). MAW: the reproducible Metabolome Annotation Workflow for untargeted tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Cheminformatics, 15, 32.
Publication 2023
2'-deoxyuridylic acid 3-methylbutyrylcarnitine Acetylcarnitine Acids Betaine Carnitine cysteinolic acid Diatoms dimethylarginine Homo sapiens Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Metabolome methionine sulfoxide Mosses Tandem Mass Spectrometry
5
Mitochondrial and Fatty Acid Oxidation Assays in Murine Glioma Cells
This process using a Seahorse XFe24 analyzer is described in depth elsewhere40 (link). A mitochondrial stress assay and fatty acid oxidation assay based of Agilent Technologies manual. Murine glioma cells (MG1 and MG3) were seeded in XFe24 cell culture microplates (Agilent TEchnologies) at 18,000 cells per well in 250 μL of BFP described above. After 4 h, media was aspirated and replaced with either BFP or CMD BFP media. Treatments were continued for 18 h. Mitochondrial stress tests were run with the following concentrations of media: 10 mM glucose, 2 mM glutamine, and 1 mM pyruvate in assay medium, and 2 μM oligomycin, 2 μM trifluoromethoxy carbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone (FCCP), and 0.5 μM rotenone/antimycin A. The assay involved injection of glucose (10 mM), followed by oligomycin (1 μM), followed by 50 mM 2-deoxy-d-glucose. Fatty acid oxidation assays were run using glucose (0.5 mM), glutamine (1 mM), 0.5 mM l-carnitine and BSA conjugated palmitic acid.
Upadhyayula P.S., Higgins D.M., Mela A., Banu M., Dovas A., Zandkarimi F., Patel P., Mahajan A., Humala N., Nguyen T.T., Chaudhary K.R., Liao L., Argenziano M., Sudhakar T., Sperring C.P., Shapiro B.L., Ahmed E.R., Kinslow C., Ye L.F., Siegelin M.D., Cheng S., Soni R., Bruce J.N., Stockwell B.R, & Canoll P. (2023). Dietary restriction of cysteine and methionine sensitizes gliomas to ferroptosis and induces alterations in energetic metabolism. Nature Communications, 14, 1187.
Publication 2023
Antimycin A Biological Assay Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone carbonyl cyanide phenylhydrazone Carnitine Cell Culture Techniques Cells Exercise Tests Fatty Acids Glioma Glucose Glutamine Mitochondrial Inheritance Mus Oligomycins oxytocin, 1-desamino-(O-Et-Tyr)(2)- Palmitic Acid Pyruvate Rotenone Seahorses

Top products related to «Carnitine»

1
Carnitine by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, Belgium
Carnitine is a lab equipment product manufactured by the Merck Group. It is a small organic compound that plays a crucial role in the transport and metabolism of fatty acids within cells. Carnitine facilitates the movement of fatty acids into the mitochondria, where they can be used to generate energy through the process of beta-oxidation.
2
L carnitine by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Italy, Poland
L-carnitine is a naturally occurring compound that plays a crucial role in the metabolism of fats. It is primarily responsible for the transport of long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria, where they can be used for energy production. This lab equipment product is an important component in various biochemical and metabolic research applications.
3
Taurine by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, Italy, China, United Kingdom, France, Macao, Spain, Switzerland
Taurine is a chemical compound that serves as a key component in various laboratory equipment and instruments. It is a sulfur-containing amino acid that plays a crucial role in several biological processes. Taurine is commonly used in the manufacture of specialized reagents, buffers, and solutions for scientific research and analysis.
4
Palmitic acid by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, China, United Kingdom, Sao Tome and Principe, France, Italy, Macao, Canada, Japan, India, Australia, Panama, Ireland, Hungary, Switzerland
Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)14COOH. It is a colorless, odorless solid at room temperature. Palmitic acid is a common constituent of animal and vegetable fats and oils.
5
Oligomycin by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Sao Tome and Principe, Japan, Macao, France, China, Belgium, Canada, Austria
Oligomycin is a laboratory product manufactured by Merck Group. It functions as an inhibitor of the mitochondrial F1F0-ATP synthase enzyme complex, which is responsible for the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in cells. Oligomycin is commonly used in research applications to study cellular bioenergetics and mitochondrial function.
6
Bovine serum albumin (bsa) by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, China, Italy, Japan, France, Sao Tome and Principe, Canada, Macao, Spain, Switzerland, Australia, India, Israel, Belgium, Poland, Sweden, Denmark, Ireland, Hungary, Netherlands, Czechia, Brazil, Austria, Singapore, Portugal, Panama, Chile, Senegal, Morocco, Slovenia, New Zealand, Finland, Thailand, Uruguay, Argentina, Saudi Arabia, Romania, Greece, Mexico
Bovine serum albumin (BSA) is a common laboratory reagent derived from bovine blood plasma. It is a protein that serves as a stabilizer and blocking agent in various biochemical and immunological applications. BSA is widely used to maintain the activity and solubility of enzymes, proteins, and other biomolecules in experimental settings.
7
Creatine by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany
Creatine is a naturally occurring organic acid that plays a key role in energy production within cells. It is a compound found in muscle tissue and is involved in the recycling of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the primary energy currency of cells. Creatine is an important component of the phosphocreatine system, which helps maintain ATP levels during periods of high energy demand.
8
Acetonitrile by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, China, Belgium, Germany, Canada, Portugal, France, Australia, Spain, Switzerland, India, Ireland, New Zealand, Sweden, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Denmark
Acetonitrile is a highly polar, aprotic organic solvent commonly used in analytical and synthetic chemistry applications. It has a low boiling point and is miscible with water and many organic solvents. Acetonitrile is a versatile solvent that can be utilized in various laboratory procedures, such as HPLC, GC, and extraction processes.
9
Ammonium acetate by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, India, France, China, Australia, Switzerland, Macao, Sao Tome and Principe, Canada, Ireland, Czechia, Belgium, Netherlands, Poland, Japan, Austria, Hungary, Finland, Mexico, Sweden, Romania
Ammonium acetate is a chemical compound with the formula CH3COONH4. It is a colorless, crystalline solid that is soluble in water and alcohol. Ammonium acetate is commonly used in various laboratory applications, such as pH adjustment, buffer preparation, and as a mobile phase component in chromatography.

More about "Carnitine"

Carnitine, also known as L-carnitine or levocarnitine, is a crucial biomolecule involved in energy metabolism.
It plays a vital role in facilitating the transport of long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria, enabling the body to utilize fat as an energy source through the process of beta-oxidation.
This metabolic function is essential for maintaining optimal energy levels and overall bodily function.
In addition to its role in fat metabolism, carnitine has also been studied for its potential therapeutic applications in various health conditions, including heart disease, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders.
Researchers are exploring how carnitine and related compounds, such as taurine and palmitic acid, can influence glucose metabolism and potentially provide benefits for individuals with these conditions.
Optimizing carnitine research is crucial for advancing our understanding of its physiological functions and developing effective interventions.
The use of AI-driven platforms, like PubCompare.ai, can greatly assist researchers in this endeavor.
These tools allow for the easy identification of relevant protocols from the literature, preprints, and patents, while providing accurate comparisons to help identify the best protocols and products.
This can enhance the reproducibility and accuracy of carnitine research, taking it to the next level and driving progress in this important area of study.
OtherTerms: L-carnitine, levocarnitine, taurine, palmitic acid, oligomycin, bovine serum albumin, creatine, acetonitrile, ammonium acetate