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Chylomicrons

Chylomicrons are large, triglyceride-rich lipoproteins that are primarily responsible for the transport of dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the intestines to peripheral tissues.
They are synthesized in the intestinal epithelial cells and secreted into the lymphatic system.
Chylomicrons play a crucial role in the absorption and distribution of lipids, making them an important consideration in research related to metabolism, cardiovascular health, and various disease states.
This concice overview provides a foundational understanding of chylomicrons and their biological significance.

Most cited protocols related to «Chylomicrons»

1
Integrating Gene Expression into Metabolic Models
Cited 6 times
In order to integrate gene expression data into GEMs, we developed relative metabolic differences (RMetD), which allow for the application of relative gene expressions between CONV-R and GF mice rather than the absolute values, and simulated the metabolic differences using the content of the diet (Dataset EV10). First, we set the lower bounds of production of HDL and chylomicrons to 20% (arbitrary value) of their maximum production in GF small intestine model. We performed flux variability analysis for all reactions associated with the significantly (Q-value < 0.05) differentially expressed genes in the model, and found the upper and lower bound of these reactions. A reaction could be associated with more than one gene, and these genes may have different expression trends (e.g. one gene is up-regulated, whereas the other genes are down-regulated). In such cases, we assumed that genes associated with these reactions are not significantly changed (Q-value < 0.05).
Next, for reactions associated with the up-regulated genes in CONV-R mice, we set both the upper and lower bounds of the reactions in CONV-R model 20% (arbitrary value) more than the bound of the reactions in GF model whereas 20% less for the reactions associated with the down-regulated genes. By this way, reactions with up-/down-regulated gene expression were able to carry more/less fluxes. By adding these new constraints for each reaction in CONV-R and GF mice together with the use of the content of the diet, we predicted the fluxes of both models by maximizing the production of chylomicrons and minimizing the sum of fluxes. For all arbitrary values, we performed sensitivity analysis by using different values and obtained similar results.
All the simulations were carried out using RAVEN toolbox (Agren et al, 2013 (link)). RMetD source code was implemented in MATLAB and RAVEN toolbox, and it is publically available at https://sourceforge.net/projects/relative-metabolic-differences/files/MiceStudy/.
Mardinoglu A., Shoaie S., Bergentall M., Ghaffari P., Zhang C., Larsson E., Bäckhed F, & Nielsen J. (2015). The gut microbiota modulates host amino acid and glutathione metabolism in mice. Molecular Systems Biology, 11(10), 834.
Publication 2015
Chylomicrons Diet Gemini of Coiled Bodies Gene Expression Genes Hypersensitivity Intestines, Small Lanugo Mus Ravens
2
Reference Method for HDL-C and LDL-C
Cited 6 times
The reference measurement procedures for HDL-C and LDL-C were performed at the CDC (17 ). Chylomicrons and VLDL were removed by ultracentrifugation of 5 mL of serum, overlaid with 0.195 mol/L NaCl, for 16.2 h at a mean of 120 000g (33 700 rpm) in a Beckman-type 50.4 rotor at 18 °C. The top layer, which contained chylomicrons and VLDL components, was removed by slicing the tube. The remaining bottom fraction containing HDL and LDL was quantitatively transferred to a 5-mL volumetric flask, and the volume was made up to 5 mL with 0.15 mol/L sodium chloride. The cholesterol in this bottom fraction was analyzed by the Abell-Kendall RMP (18 (link)). For HDL-C measurements, a 2-mL aliquot of the bottom fraction was precipitated with 80 µL of injectable heparin (5000 USP units/mL plus 0.15 mol/L NaCl in water) and 100 µL of 1.0 mol/L manganese chloride in water to remove lipoproteins that contained apolipoprotein B. We measured the HDL-C in the supernatant by using the RMP for cholesterol. Beta-quantification LDL-C was obtained by subtracting the HDL-C concentration from the corresponding bottom-fraction cholesterol concentration. Ultracentrifugation was performed in duplicate, except for 21 samples for which insufficient serum was available. Duplicate cholesterol reference measurements were performed for each bottom fraction and HDL supernatant (net 4 HDL-C or LDL-C results for each sample, except 18 of 696 HDL supernatant measurements and 36 of 688 bottom-fraction measurements that had 3 results each owing to outlier exclusions).
Miller W.G., Myers G.L., Sakurabayashi I., Bachmann L.M., Caudill S.P., Dziekonski A., Edwards S., Kimberly M.M., Korzun W.J., Leary E.T., Nakajima K., Nakamura M., Nilsson G., Shamburek R.D., Vetrovec G.W., Warnick G.R, & Remaley A.T. (2010). Seven Direct Methods for Measuring HDL and LDL Cholesterol Compared with Ultracentrifugation Reference Measurement Procedures. Clinical chemistry, 56(6), 977-986.
Publication 2010
Apolipoproteins B Cholesterol Chylomicrons CSF2RB protein, human Heparin High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Lipoproteins manganese chloride Serum Sodium Chloride Ultracentrifugation
3
HDL Isolation and Purification by UC-SEC
Cited 4 times
The objective of this method is to isolate HDL particles via a 2-step process including a sequential flotation UC step to remove triglyceride-rich particles and plasma proteins by density, followed by SEC using an FPLC system to separate the lipoproteins by size. The aim of the UC step is to isolate plasma particles in the density range of 1.006–1.210 g/mL, which includes IDL, LDL, HDL, and albumin, but excludes chylomicrons, VLDL, and plasma proteins. The aim of the SEC step is to isolate the HDL particles from both the larger particles (i.e. LDL) and the smaller particles (i.e. albumin) using a SEC column. Figure 1 illustrates the size (radius in nm) and density ranges (in g/mL) of plasma proteins and lipoproteins, and indicates the specific density and size range that this UC-SEC method achieves for HDL isolation and purification.
Zheng J.J., Agus J.K., Hong B.V., Tang X., Rhodes C.H., Houts H.E., Zhu C., Kang J.W., Wong M., Xie Y., Lebrilla C.B., Mallick E., Witwer K.W, & Zivkovic A.M. (2021). Isolation of HDL by sequential flotation ultracentrifugation followed by size exclusion chromatography reveals size-based enrichment of HDL-associated proteins. Scientific Reports, 11, 16086.
Publication 2021
Albumins Chylomicrons isolation Lipoproteins Lipoproteins, HDL2 Plasma Plasma Proteins Radius Triglycerides
4
Standardized Flow Cytometry for EV Characterization
Cited 4 times
Flow cytometry (A60‐Micro, Apogee Flow Systems) was used to determine the concentration of EV subtypes in platelet‐depleted plasma. The reported concentrations describe the number of particles (a) that exceeded the side scatter threshold, corresponding to a side scattering cross section of 10 nm2, (b) with a diameter >200 nm as determined by Flow‐SR,25 (c) having a refractive index <1.42 to omit false positively labeled chylomicrons,26 and (d) that are positive at the fluorescence detector(s) corresponding to the used label(s), per mL of platelet‐depleted plasma. We aimed to label activated platelets (CD61+/P‐selectin+), fibrinogen+, leukocytes (CD45+), ECs (CD31+/CD146+), erythrocytes (CD235a+), and all procoagulant EVs (PS+) in platelet‐depleted plasma. To improve the reproducibility of our EV flow cytometry experiments, we (a) applied the new reporting framework for the standardized reporting of EV flow cytometry experiments (MIFlowCyt‐EV),27 (b) calibrated all detectors, (c) determined the EV diameter and refractive index by the flow cytometry scatter ratio (Flow‐SR),25 and (d) applied custom‐built software to fully automate data calibration and processing. All relevant details about sample preparation, assay controls, instrument calibration, data acquisition, and EV characterization are included in the Supporting Information.
Gasecka A., Nieuwland R., Budnik M., Dignat‐George F., Eyileten C., Harrison P., Lacroix R., Leroyer A., Opolski G., Pluta K., van der Pol E., Postuła M., Siljander P., Siller‐Matula J.M, & Filipiak K.J. (2020). Ticagrelor attenuates the increase of extracellular vesicle concentrations in plasma after acute myocardial infarction compared to clopidogrel. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 18(3), 609-623.
Publication 2020
Biological Assay Blood Platelets Chylomicrons Erythrocytes Fibrinogen Flow Cytometry Fluorescence Glycophorin A Leukocytes Plasma SELP protein, human
5
Detailed Protocol for Comprehensive Metabolic Analysis
Cited 4 times
Blood samples were immediately chilled, centrifuged, and supernatants stored at −20°C until analysis. Venous blood glucose concentration was measured immediately using the glucose oxidase method, which offers excellent performance (EKF biosen C-Line glucose analyzer; EKF Diagnostic GmbH, Barleben, Germany) (20 (link)). Serum triglycerides, liver enzymes, and cholesterol were analyzed enzymatically on a Hitachi analyzer (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). Plasma chylomicron content was determined from the triglyceride concentration in the first fraction of density gradient ultracentrifugation as described (21 (link)). FA were assayed microfluorimetrically (intra-assay coefficient of variation [CV]; <1%, interassay CV, 2.4%; Wako, Neuss, Germany) after prevention of in vitro lipolysis using orlistat (22 (link)). Serum C-peptide, insulin, and plasma glucagon were measured by radioimmunoassay (intra-assay CV for all, <1%; interassay CV, 6 to 7, 5–9, and 5–10%, respectively; Millipore, St. Charles, MO). Cortisol was measured using fluorescence polarization immunoassay on the Axsym analyzer (intra-assay CV, 4.0%; interassay CV, 5.9%; Abbott, Abbott Park, IL). Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and gastric inhibitor peptide (GIP) were measured using ELISA (GLP-1: interassay CV, 10%; TECOmedical, Sissach, Switzerland; GIP: interassay CV, 12%; Millipore). Serum inflammatory markers were assayed using the Quantikine HS (tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α], interleukin-6 [IL-6]) and Quantikine (interleukin-1 receptor antagonist [IL-1ra]) ELISA kits (R&D Systems, Wiesbaden, Germany) as described (23 (link)) with mean intra-assay and interassay CVs of 6.7, 5.2, and 3.9 and 8.8, 15.5, and 10.9%, respectively, and limits of detection of 0.25, 0.08, and 14 pg/mL, respectively.
Nowotny B., Zahiragic L., Krog D., Nowotny P.J., Herder C., Carstensen M., Yoshimura T., Szendroedi J., Phielix E., Schadewaldt P., Schloot N.C., Shulman G.I, & Roden M. (2013). Mechanisms Underlying the Onset of Oral Lipid–Induced Skeletal Muscle Insulin Resistance in Humans. Diabetes, 62(7), 2240-2248.
Publication 2013
Biological Assay BLOOD Blood Glucose C-Peptide Centrifugation, Density Gradient Cholesterol Chylomicrons Diagnosis Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Enzymes Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay Glucagon Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Glucose Hydrocortisone IL1RN protein, human Inflammation Insulin Interleukin-6 Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein Lipolysis Liver Orlistat Oxidase, Glucose Peptides Plasma Radioimmunoassay Serum Stomach Triglycerides Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha Veins

Most recents protocols related to «Chylomicrons»

1
Atherosclerosis Progression in ApoE-/- Mice
Our mice strain came from the Nanjing Model Animal Resource Information Platform. Apoe−/− male C57BL/6 mice (16 weeks old) were used to establish control and experimental group. APOE is often produced in monocytes and macrophages (Curtiss et al., 2000 (link)) and plays a critical role in blood lipid metabolism (Chen et al., 2017 (link)) as ligands for receptors that clear chylomicron and VLDL residue (Meir and Leitersdorf, 2004 (link)). So when APOE is knocked out, total cholesterol in plasma increases (Maganto-Garcia, Tarrio, and Lichtman, 2012 (link)), and the effect is multiplied especially under a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet. Female mice secrete estrogen, which lowers the content of LDL in plasma and enhances endovascular blood coagulation (Aryan et al., 2020 (link)). For the experimental group, to accelerate the progression of atherosclerosis, the mice were fed with high-fat and high-cholesterol food for about 12 weeks after they had been weaned (4 weeks old); this group is referred to as the Western diet (HFD) group for short. (Formula of high fat, high cholesterol diet: 20% sucrose, 15% lard, 1.2% cholesterol, 0.2% sodium cholate, 10% casein, 0.6% calcium hydrogen phosphate, 0.4% stone powder, 0.4% premix and 52.2% basal feed.) Meanwhile, another group of mice, the control group, was administered with a chow diet. Mice were euthanized after 12 weeks of being administered different diets. Animal studies were performed in compliance with ethical guidelines and use of animals, and the experimental protocol was approved by the Shenzhen University Animal Care and Use Committee.
Wen J., Ling R., Chen R., Zhang S., Dai Y., Zhang T., Guo F., Wang Q., Wang G, & Jiang Y. (2023). Diversity of arterial cell and phenotypic heterogeneity induced by high-fat and high-cholesterol diet. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 11, 971091.
Publication 2023
Animal Model Animals ApoE protein, human Atherosclerosis BLOOD Calculi Caseins Cholesterol Chylomicrons Coagulation, Blood dicalcium phosphate Diet Diet, High-Fat Disease Progression Estrogens Females Food Hypercholesterolemia lard Ligands Lipid A Macrophage Males Metabolism Mice, House Mice, Inbred C57BL Monocytes Plasma Powder Sodium Cholate Strains Sucrose Therapy, Diet
2
Chylomicron formation and intestinal lipid transport

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Publication 2023
BODIPY Body Weight Carbon Chylomicrons Copper Corn oil DAPI Diamond Duodenum Electron Microscopy Hematoxylin Intestines, Small Jejunum Mice, Laboratory Microscopy, Fluorescence paraform Plasma Saline Solution Transmission Electron Microscopy tyloxapol uranyl acetate
3
Intestinal APOB and MTTP Protein Analysis

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Publication 2023
Antibodies APOB protein, human Buffers Centrifugation Chemiluminescence Chylomicrons Deoxycholic Acid, Monosodium Salt GAPDH protein, human Gels inhibitors Intestines Laemmli buffer Nonidet P-40 O(4)-methylthymidine triphosphate Peptide Hydrolases Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases polyvinylidene fluoride Proteins Radioimmunoprecipitation Assay Serum Sodium Chloride Tissue, Membrane Tissues Tromethamine
4
High-Throughput NMR Metabolomics Lipoprotein Profiling
Lipoproteins and their content were quantified using high-throughput NMR metabolomics (Nightingale Health Ltd, Helsinki, Finland) [25 (link)]. The 14 lipoprotein subclass sizes were defined as follows: extremely large VLDL with particle diameters from 75 nm upwards and a possible contribution of chylomicrons, five VLDL subclasses, IDL, three LDL subclasses and four HDL subclasses. The following components of the lipoprotein subclasses were quantified: phospholipids (PL), triglycerides (TG), cholesterol (C), free cholesterol (FC), and cholesteryl esters (CE). Very few of the measurements of the extremely large VLDL were above the level of detection, so this subclass was not used in the further analysis in the present study.
Two NMR spectra were recorded for each plasma sample using 500 MHz NMR spectrometers (Bruker AVANCE IIIHD). The first spectrum is a presaturated proton spectrum, which features resonances arising mainly from proteins and lipids within various lipoprotein particles. The other spectrum is a Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill T2-relaxation-filtered spectrum where most of the broad macromolecule and lipoprotein lipid signals are suppressed, leading to enhanced detection of low-molecular-weight metabolites. The identification and quantification used a company proprietary software (version 2020). Two internal control samples provided by the company were included in each 96-well plate for tracking the consistency over time. When the coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated based on these internal controls and duplicate samples, the mean CV was below 4%, and only a few metabolites showed a CV>10%.
Lind L., Ahmad S., Elmståhl S, & Fall T. (2023). The metabolic profile of waist to hip ratio–A multi-cohort study. PLOS ONE, 18(2), e0282433.
Publication 2023
Cholesterol Cholesterol Esters Chylomicrons Gills Lipid Droplet Lipids Lipoproteins Phospholipids Plasma Proteins Protons Triglycerides Vibration
5
Lipid and Glucose Metabolism Assessment Protocol
The concentrations of lipids, including total cholesterol, triglyceride, and high-density and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C and LDL-C), were analyzed enzymatically using kits from Denka Seiken (Tokyo, Japan). The analyses were conducted using a Toshiba FR-200 automatic chemistry analyzer (Tokyo, Japan). Serum HDL-C and LDL-C were measured directly using a homogeneous enzymatic method with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 2%.
The levels of total cholesterol were first measured by a commercial kit (Denka Seiken, Japan), and the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) levels were then determined using agarose gel electrophoresis (Sebia, Norcross, GA, USA) with a CV of 2% to obtain the percentage of total cholesterol. This electrophoresis method can separate and measure the major lipoprotein components found in serum, including chylomicrons, beta lipoproteins or LDL-C, prebeta lipoproteins or VLDL-C, and alpha lipoproteins or HDL-C. The analysis was performed by electrophoresis on pH 7.5 buffered agarose gels. The separated lipoproteins were stained with a lipid-specific Sudan black stain. This quantitative method is in suitable accordance with reference ultracentrifugation results and was found to be reliable and highly suitable for clinical use by a previous study [7 (link),8 (link)].
After measuring fasting blood samples, all subjects underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with 75 g of glucose loading in accordance with the World Health Organization standard. Then, venous blood samples were taken every 30 min until two hours following OGTT, and the results were classified according to the American Diabetes Association criteria: those who have less than 140 mg/dL (7.78 mmol/L) glucose are classified as normal, 140–199 mg/dL (7.78–11.06 mmol/L) have impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and those with greater than 200 mg/dL (11.11 mmol/L) are diabetic based on the results of these 2 h blood glucose levels [9 (link)]. The plasma glucose concentration was determined using Denka Seiken reagent kits (Tokyo, Japan) with the hexokinase method conducted on a Toshiba FR-120 automatic chemistry analyzer. The CV for plasma glucose is under 3%.
Yao C.A., Yen T.Y., Hsu S.H, & Su T.C. (2023). Glycative Stress, Glycated Hemoglobin, and Atherogenic Dyslipidemia in Patients with Hyperlipidemia. Cells, 12(4), 640.
Publication 2023
BLOOD Blood Glucose Cholesterol Cholesterol, beta-Lipoprotein Chylomicrons Diabetes Mellitus Electrophoresis Electrophoresis, Agar Gel Enzymes Gels Glucose Hexokinase High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol High Density Lipoproteins Intolerances, Glucose Lipid A Lipids Lipoproteins Low-Density Lipoproteins Oral Glucose Tolerance Test Plasma Sepharose Serum Stains Triglycerides Ultracentrifugation Veins Very Low Density Lipoprotein

Top products related to «Chylomicrons»

1
7150 autoanalyzer by Hitachi
Sourced in Japan
The Hitachi 7150 Autoanalyzer is a compact, automated biochemical analyzer designed for routine clinical chemistry testing. It performs a variety of tests, including measurements of proteins, enzymes, and metabolites, using a combination of photometric and potentiometric detection methods.
2
Beckman glucose analyzer by Beckman Coulter
Sourced in United States
The Beckman Glucose Analyzer is a laboratory instrument designed to measure the concentration of glucose in biological samples. It utilizes electrochemical detection methods to provide accurate and reliable glucose measurements.
3
Variant 2 turbo hba1c kit 2 by Bio-Rad
Sourced in United States
The Variant II Turbo HbA1c Kit-2.0 is a laboratory equipment product for the quantitative measurement of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in human blood samples. It utilizes ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technology to separate and quantify the HbA1c component.
4
Zetasizer nano z by Malvern Panalytical
Sourced in United Kingdom, Germany, United States, France, Japan, China, Netherlands, Morocco, Spain, Cameroon
The Zetasizer Nano ZS is a dynamic light scattering (DLS) instrument designed to measure the size and zeta potential of particles and molecules in a sample. The instrument uses laser light to measure the Brownian motion of the particles, which is then used to calculate their size and zeta potential.
5
Quick seal centrifugation tubes by Beckman Coulter
Quick-Seal centrifugation tubes are designed for use in high-speed centrifugation applications. They feature a secure, leak-proof seal to contain samples during centrifugation. The tubes are made of durable materials to withstand the forces generated during high-speed runs.
6
Tskgel lipopropak xl columns by Tosoh
Sourced in Japan
The TSKgel Lipopropak XL columns are designed for the separation and analysis of lipoproteins. These columns are used in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) systems to fractionate and characterize different classes of lipoproteins, such as very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL).
7
Tl 100 ultracentrifuge by Beckman Coulter
Sourced in United States
The TL-100 ultracentrifuge is a compact, high-performance benchtop centrifuge designed for applications that require high-speed centrifugation. The TL-100 is capable of reaching speeds up to 100,000 RPM, allowing for efficient separation and isolation of particles, cells, and macromolecules.
8
Architect c kit by Abbott
Sourced in United States
The ARCHITECT c kit is a laboratory instrument used for in vitro diagnostic testing. It is designed to perform a variety of clinical chemistry and immunoassay analyses on patient samples. The core function of the ARCHITECT c kit is to automate the process of analyzing and quantifying specific analytes in biological samples, providing healthcare professionals with accurate and reliable clinical data to support patient care decisions.
9
Finnigan gasbench 2 by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United Kingdom
The Finnigan GasBench-II is a laboratory instrument designed for the analysis of stable isotope ratios in gas samples. It is a precision analytical tool used for various applications in fields such as environmental science, geochemistry, and paleoclimatology.
10
Triton wr 1339 by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, China
Triton WR-1339 is a non-ionic detergent used in laboratory applications. It is primarily used as a solubilizing agent and emulsifier for various biochemical and cellular studies. The product functions by disrupting lipid-lipid and lipid-protein interactions, allowing for the extraction and analysis of cellular components.

More about "Chylomicrons"

Chylomicrons, also known as remnant lipoproteins, are large, triglyceride-rich particles that play a crucial role in the transport and distribution of dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins.
These lipoproteins are synthesized in the intestinal epithelial cells and secreted into the lymphatic system, where they transport lipids from the gut to peripheral tissues.
Chylomicrons are composed of a core of triglycerides and cholesteryl esters, surrounded by a surface of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins.
The size and composition of chylomicrons can be analyzed using techniques such as the Hitachi 7150 Autoanalyzer, Beckman Glucose Analyzer, and Zetasizer Nano ZS.
The biological significance of chylomicrons extends beyond their role in lipid transport.
They are also involved in the absorption and distribution of fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamins A, D, E, and K.
Additionally, chylomicrons play a crucial role in metabolism, cardiovascular health, and various disease states, including dyslipidemia, diabetes, and obesity.
Researchers studying chylomicrons may utilize a variety of techniques and tools, such as Quick-Seal centrifugation tubes, TSKgel Lipopropak XL columns, and the TL-100 ultracentrifuge, to isolate and analyze these lipoproteins.
The ARCHITECT c kit and Finnigan GasBench-II can also be employed to measure chylomicron-related parameters.
Furthermore, the use of Triton WR-1339, a surfactant that inhibits the clearance of chylomicrons, can provide insights into the metabolism and distribution of these lipoproteins.
The Variant II Turbo HbA1c Kit-2.0 may also be relevant in studies involving chylomicrons and their relationship with glycemic control.
By understanding the role of chylomicrons in lipid transport, metabolism, and various disease states, researchers can develop more effective strategies for the prevention and treatment of conditions related to lipid dysregulation.