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Colistin

Colistin is a polypeptide antibiotic derived from the bacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa.
It is used to treat infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria, particularly those that are resistant to other antibiotices.
Colistin works by disrupting the cell membranes of bacteria, leading to leakage of cellular contents and cell death.
It is often used as a last-resort treatment option for multidrug-resistant infections.
Reserach on optimizing the use of colistin, including protocols and comparisons of different formulations, can be faciliated by the AI-driven platform PubCompare.ai, which helps locate relevant literature and provide accurate comparisons to identify the best approaches for reproducible and accurate colistin studies.

Most cited protocols related to «Colistin»

1
Genomic Insights into Antibiotic Resistance Profiles
Cited 200 times
In total, 150 isolates covering three species were included in the study: E. coli (n = 50) and Salmonella (n = 50) isolates from the in-house strain collection at the National Food Institute and C. jejuni (n = 50) isolates from the in-house strain collection at Statens Serum Institut. The isolates were selected on the basis of having both WGS data and phenotypes available. The Salmonella isolates included strains from 10 different serovars (Tables S1 to S3, available as Supplementary data at JAC Online). All bacterial isolates were sequenced using the Miseq platform (Illumina) to obtain paired-end sequences and assembled de novo using Velvet (reference software). Bacterial strains were screened for phenotypic resistance using MIC determinations interpreted according to EUCAST (www.eucast.org). Only the susceptibility tests relevant for antimicrobial resistance associated with chromosomal point mutations for each species were analysed (Table 2). As resistance to some of the antimicrobial agents can be caused by either acquired genes or chromosomal point mutations, ResFinder-2.1 (www.genomicepidemiology.org)31 (link) was used to detect known acquired resistance genes in the WGS data, using a threshold of 98% identity (%ID) and 60% length (minimum percentage length of the resistance gene to be covered). All isolates with disagreement between the phenotypic and predicted susceptibility were re-tested.

Antimicrobial agents used for susceptibility tests for each species

SpeciesAntimicrobial agents
E. coliciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, colistin, sulphonamide, tetracycline, spectinomycin
Salmonellaciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, colistin, spectinomycin
C. jejuniciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, erythromycin, spectinomycin

Acquired resistance genes, chromosomal point mutations or both can cause resistance to antimicrobial agents.

Zankari E., Allesøe R., Joensen K.G., Cavaco L.M., Lund O, & Aarestrup F.M. (2017). PointFinder: a novel web tool for WGS-based detection of antimicrobial resistance associated with chromosomal point mutations in bacterial pathogens. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 72(10), 2764-2768.
Publication 2017
Bacteria Chromosomes Colistin Drug Resistance, Microbial Erythromycin Escherichia coli Food Genes Microbicides Nalidixic Acid Phenotype Point Mutation Salmonella Serum Strains Sulfonamides Susceptibility, Disease Tetracycline
2
Comprehensive Antimicrobial Resistance Profiling
Cited 21 times
When AMR detection is switched on, Kleborate screens for known acquired AMR determinants using a curated version of the CARD AMR nucleotide database (v3.0.8 downloaded February 2020; see doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.13256759.v1 for full details on curation). Genes are identified using nucleotide BLAST (and amino acid search with tBLASTx if no exact nucleotide match is found). Gene truncations and spurious hits are identified as described above for virulence genes. Unlike the acquired forms, the intrinsic variants of oqxAB, chromosomal fosA and ampH are not associated with clinical resistance in KpSC and are therefore not reported. However, SHV, LEN or OKP β-lactamase alleles intrinsic to KpSC species are known to confer clinical resistance to penicillins and are reported in the Bla_chr column. Acquired SHV variants, and individual SHV sequence mutations known to confer resistance to extended-spectrum β-lactams or β-lactamase inhibitors, are reported separately (see Supplementary Note 3, Supplementary Data 11 and 12 for details).
Chromosomally encoded mutations and gene loss or truncations known to be associated with AMR are reported for genomes identified as KpSC species. These include fluoroquinolone resistance mutations in GyrA (codons 83 and 87) and ParC (codons 80 and 84)76 (link), and colistin resistance from truncation or loss of MgrB and PmrB57 –59 (link) (defined as <90% amino acid sequence coverage). Mutations in the OmpK35 and OmpK36 osmoporins reportedly associated with reduced susceptibility to β-lactamases41 (link),42 (link) are also screened and reported for KpSC genomes, and include truncation or loss of these genes and OmpK36GD and OmpK36TD transmembrane β-strand loop insertions41 (link). SHV β-lactamase, GyrA, ParC and OmpK mutations are identified by alignment of the translated amino acid sequences against a reference using BioPython, followed by an interrogation of the alignment positions of interest (see Supplementary Note 3, Supplementary Data 11 and 12 for a list of relevant positions).
AMR genes and mutations are reported by drug class, with β-lactamases further categorized by enzyme activity (β-lactamase, ESBL or carbapenemase, with/without resistance to β-lactamase inhibitors). Horizontally acquired AMR genes are reported separately from mutational resistance and contribute to the AMR gene count; these plus chromosomal mutations count towards the number of acquired resistance classes (intrinsic SHV alleles, reported in Bla_chr column, are not included in either count). Resistance scores are calculated as follows: 0 = no ESBL or carbapenemase, 1 = ESBL without carbapenemase (regardless of colistin resistance); 2 = carbapenamase without colistin resistance (regardless of ESBL); 3 = carbapenemase with colistin resistance (regardless of ESBL).
Lam M.M., Wick R.R., Watts S.C., Cerdeira L.T., Wyres K.L, & Holt K.E. (2021). A genomic surveillance framework and genotyping tool for Klebsiella pneumoniae and its related species complex. Nature Communications, 12, 4188.
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Publication 2021
Alleles Amino Acids Amino Acid Sequence beta-Lactamase beta-Lactamase Inhibitors beta-Lactam Resistance carbapenemase Chromosomes Codon Colistin enzyme activity Fluoroquinolones Genes Genome inhibitors Lactams Mutation Nucleotides Penicillin Resistance Pharmaceutical Preparations Susceptibility, Disease Virulence
3
Polymyxin Antibiotic Pharmacokinetics and Toxicity
Cited 21 times
The recommendations in this guideline were developed following a review of studies published before December 31, 2018, in English. Studies were identified through Library of Congress, LISTA (Library, Information Science & Technology Abstracts [EBSCO]), and PubMed database searches with no date restrictions using Medical Subject Headings. Examples of keywords used to conduct literature searches were polymyxin, colistin, polymyxin B, nephrotoxicity, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, area under the curve, toxicodynamics, resistance, carbapenem, A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Tsuji B.T., Pogue J.M., Zavascki A.P., Paul M., Daikos G.L., Forrest A., Giacobbe D.R., Viscoli C., Giamarellou H., Karaiskos I., Kaye D., Mouton J.W., Tam V.H., Thamlikitkul V., Wunderink R.G., Li J., Nation R.L, & Kaye K.S. (2019). International Consensus Guidelines for the Optimal Use of the Polymyxins: Endorsed by the American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP), European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID), Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), International Society for Anti-infective Pharmacology (ISAP), Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), and Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists (SIDP). Pharmacotherapy, 39(1), 10-39.
Publication 2019
Carbapenems cDNA Library Colistin Drug Kinetics Klebsiella pneumoniae Polymyxin B Polymyxins Pseudomonas aeruginosa
4
Salmonella colistin resistance screening
Cited 15 times
PCR screening was performed on 407 initially phenotypically colistin-resistant (MIC >2 mg/L) S. enterica isolates (with exception of serogroup D) obtained from livestock, animals, food, feed and the environment, collected in the frame of routine diagnostics as well as national monitoring and surveillance programs in the years 2011 to 2018 in Germany at the National Reference Laboratory for the Analysis and Testing of Zoonoses (NRL Salmonella). All strains selected have no epidemiological link (neither isolated at the same place, time, animal or food). All isolates were routinely subjected to serotyping by slide agglutination with antisera raised against O-, H1- and H2- antigens and MIC testing as described before (Borowiak et al., 2017a (link)). For PCR screening, isolates were cultivated from stock cultures by inoculating liquid LB medium and subsequent incubation under shaking conditions (250 × rpm) for 16 h at 37°C. Thermal cell lysis preparations were produced as previously described (Borowiak et al., 2017a (link)). DNA suitability for PCR amplification was confirmed by a standard PCR protocol for amplification of the housekeeping gene hemD using the primers recommended on Enterobase1. The hemD PCR was prepared in 25 μL including 12.5 μL 2x DreamTaq Green PCR Master Mix (Thermo Scientific, Vilnius, Lithuania), 0.5 μL of each 10 μM primer dilution, 9.5 μL PCR grade water and 2 μL of thermal cell lysis preparation as template DNA and carried out as follows: initial denaturation for 3 min at 95°C, 35 cycles denaturation for 30 s at 95°C, primer annealing for 30 s at 55°C and elongation for 30 s at 72°C followed by a final elongation step for 10 min at 72°C.
Borowiak M., Baumann B., Fischer J., Thomas K., Deneke C., Hammerl J.A., Szabo I, & Malorny B. (2020). Development of a Novel mcr-6 to mcr-9 Multiplex PCR and Assessment of mcr-1 to mcr-9 Occurrence in Colistin-Resistant Salmonella enterica Isolates From Environment, Feed, Animals and Food (2011–2018) in Germany. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11, 80.
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Publication 2020
Agglutination Animals Cells Colistin Diagnosis Food Gene Amplification H-2 Antigens Immune Sera Livestock Oligonucleotide Primers Reading Frames Salmonella Strains Technique, Dilution Zoonoses
5
Antibiotic Resistance Profiling in Klebsiella pneumoniae
Cited 13 times
The presence of the five colistin resistance genes, mcr-1 to -5, in the K. pneumoniae isolates was determined by PCR and Sanger sequencing. We also detected the presence of the carbapenem resistance genes blaNDM, blaVIM, blaIMP, blaOXA-48, and blaKPC in the K. pneumoniae isolates by PCR analysis. The primers and conditions used for the PCR assays are listed in Table S1.
Wang X., Wang Y., Zhou Y., Li J., Yin W., Wang S., Zhang S., Shen J., Shen Z, & Wang Y. (2018). Emergence of a novel mobile colistin resistance gene, mcr-8, in NDM-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Emerging Microbes & Infections, 7, 122.
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Publication 2018
Biological Assay Carbapenems Colistin Genes Klebsiella pneumoniae Oligonucleotide Primers

Most recents protocols related to «Colistin»

1
Automated Klebsiella Genome Analysis
Genome assemblies were uploaded to Pathogenwatch v2.3.1 [46 (link)] where Kleborate v2.2 [47 (link)] and Kaptive v2.0 [17 (link)] were automatically deployed to call multi-locus sequence types (STs) using the seven-locus scheme [65 (link)], capsular polysaccharide (K) and lipopolysaccharide O locus types, and serotype predictions, acquired virulence traits including the siderophores aerobactin (iuc), yersiniabactin (ybt) and salmochelin (iro), the genotoxin colibactin (clb) and the hypermucoidy locus (rmpADC). Pathogenwatch also deploys Kleborate to identify established AMR determinants (acquired genes and chromosomal mutations) [47 (link)] for the following antimicrobial classes: aminoglycosides, carbapenems, third-generation cephalosporins, third-generation cephalosporins plus β-lactamase inhibitors, colistin, fluoroquinolones, fosfomycin, penicillins, penicillins + β-lactamase inhibitors, phenicols, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, tigecycline and trimethoprim.
Foster-Nyarko E., Cottingham H., Wick R.R., Judd L.M., Lam M.M., Wyres K.L., Stanton T.D., Tsang K.K., David S., Aanensen D.M., Brisse S, & Holt K.E. (2023). Nanopore-only assemblies for genomic surveillance of the global priority drug-resistant pathogen, Klebsiella pneumoniae. Microbial Genomics, 9(2), mgen000936.
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Publication 2023
aerobactin Aminoglycosides beta-Lactamase Inhibitors Capsule Carbapenems Cephalosporins Chromosomes colibactin Colistin Fluoroquinolones Fosfomycin Genes Genome Lipopolysaccharides Microbicides Mutagens Mutation Penicillins Polysaccharides salmochelin Siderophores Sulfonamides Tetracyclines Tigecycline Trimethoprim Virulence yersiniabactin
2
Detecting mcr-1 and mcr-3 in E. coli
E. coli strains collected from pig
farms were obtained from the Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol
University. Six E. coli strains (ATCC
25922, V13-2LF2, MI907-3bLF, MI951-bLF/62, E2LF, and E5-2LF) were
used in this study. E. coli ATCC 25922
and V13-2LF2 were used as negative controls. The mcr-1–3 genes were detected by multiplex PCR42 (link) (Figure S2). E. coli MI907-3bLF and E2LF are positive for mcr-1 and mcr-3, respectively, while E. coli MI951-bLF/62 and E5-2LF show coexistence
of mcr-1 and mcr-3. Colistin was
purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Pyrazolone compounds were synthesized
as described previously.43 (link) Susceptibility
testing was performed using the broth microdilution procedure according
to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
(EUCAST) recommendation. E. coli colonies
were selected from Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) agar and transferred
to BHI broth to grow bacteria to OD600 = 0.08–0.1
(1 × 108 CFU/mL) and were then transferred to Mueller-Hinton
broth for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing at a final
cell concentration of 5 × 105 CFU/mL. In the case
of colistin, its final concentration was in the range of 0.0625 to
64 μg/mL in 2-fold dilutions. For synergism testing, pyrazolone
compounds were added at a final concentration of 8 μg/mL with
final colistin concentrations tested in the range of 0.5 to 16 μg/mL
in 2-fold dilutions. All bacterial strains were incubated at 35 ±
1 °C for 18 ± 2 h. The MIC values were detected by the resazurin
assay.44 (link)
Hanpaibool C., Ngamwongsatit N., Ounjai P., Yotphan S., Wolschann P., Mulholland A.J., Spencer J, & Rungrotmongkol T. (2023). Pyrazolones Potentiate Colistin Activity against MCR-1-Producing Resistant Bacteria: Computational and Microbiological Study. ACS Omega, 8(9), 8366-8376.
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Publication 2023
Agar Bacteria Brain Colistin Escherichia coli Europeans Faculty Genes Heart Microbicides Minimum Inhibitory Concentration pyrazolone Strains Susceptibility, Disease Technique, Dilution
3
Antibiotic Resistance Profiling of MRSA and P. aeruginosa
Finally, for the determination of antibiotic susceptibility and MDR patterns of MRSA isolates, the Kirby-Bauer procedure was done according to CLSI recommendations as above mentioned for the following antibiotics: clindamycin (CD; 2 μg), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TS; 1.25 μg), gentamicin (GM; 10 μg), erythromycin (E; 15 μg), and linezolid (LZD; 30 μg) for S. aureus, as well as nalidixic acid (NA; 30 μg), colistin (CT; 10 μg), ampicillin (AMP; 10 μg), piperacillin (PRL; 100 μg), imipenem (IMP; 10 μg), cefepime (CPE; 30 μg), and chloramphenicol (C; 30 μg) for P. aeruginosa (Wayne, 2010 ). S. aureus ATCC 25923 was applied as the quality control. Finally, by observing at least one or more antibiotic resistances for three or more classes of antibiotics, MDR in selected MRSA and P. aeruginosa isolates was characterized (Mirzaei et al., 2022a (link)).
Mirzaei R., Esmaeili Gouvarchin Ghaleh H, & Ranjbar R. (2023). Antibiofilm effect of melittin alone and in combination with conventional antibiotics toward strong biofilm of MDR-MRSA and -Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14, 1030401.
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Publication 2023
Ampicillin Antibiotic Resistance, Microbial Antibiotics Antibiotics, Antitubercular Cefepime Chloramphenicol Clindamycin Colistin Erythromycin Gentamicin Imipenem Linezolid Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Nalidixic Acid Piperacillin Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus aureus Susceptibility, Disease Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Combination
4
Screening K. pneumoniae Colistin Resistance
Within the study collection, 32 out of 50 K. pneumoniae isolates were previously characterized by whole-genome sequencing (WGS), and genetic alterations associated with colistin resistance were formerly investigated (Cannatelli et al., 2014 (link); Di Pilato et al., 2021 (link); Boncompagni et al., 2022 (link)). The remaining colistin resistant isolates (n = 18) were screened for the presence of the most common mcr gene variants by Real-time PCR, including mcr-1 and mcr-2, and additional mcr genes using specific primer/probes combinations (Coppi et al., 2018 (link); Yang et al., 2018 (link)) (Table 1).
Foglietta G., De Carolis E., Mattana G., Onori M., Agosta M., Niccolai C., Di Pilato V., Rossolini G.M., Sanguinetti M., Perno C.F, & Bernaschi P. (2023). “CORE” a new assay for rapid identification of Klebsiella pneumoniae COlistin REsistant strains by MALDI-TOF MS in positive-ion mode. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14, 1045289.
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Publication 2023
Colistin Genes Klebsiella pneumoniae Mutation Oligonucleotide Primers Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
5
Rapid Colistin Susceptibility Profiling of Klebsiella pneumoniae
In order to obtain a fast and accurate qualitative and quantitative AST for colistin of the 50 K. pneumoniae strains included in the study, CORE assay and colistin BMD susceptibility testing were performed in parallel including three biological and two technical replicates for each tested isolate. To optimize the CORE assay inoculum concentration, the time of the test incubation and to develop a classifying algorithm, preliminary experiments were performed on 10 well-characterized K. pneumoniae, 5 colistin resistant (colR) and 5 colistin susceptible (colS) strains (reported in bold in Table 2).
The CORE assay protocol was performed according to the steps reported in Figure 1.
Briefly, all the K. pneumoniae strains were sub-cultured on MacConkey agar plates (bioMérieux) at 37° C for 24 h; a 0.5 McF suspension was made from grown colonies. Except for the inoculum size, ComASP (Compact Antimicrobial Susceptibility Panel) Colistin test was performed following the standard procedures.
After 3 h of incubation at 37°C, an aliquot of 1 μL of the bacterial suspension from each well was spotted in duplicate on the MALDI-TOF target plate (96 wells steel target slide, Autobio Diagnostics) by direct deposition with the addition of 1 μL of Autobio sample pretreatment reagent lysate 1 (formic acid). After drying, the spot was overlaid with 1 μL of Cyano 4 Hydroxycinnamic Acid CHCA AUTOF MS matrix (Autobio Diagnostics, CO., LTD, China) solubilized in lysate 2 (acetonitrile) and buffer (trifluoroacetic acid) as recommended.
The spectra acquisition was performed on an Autof 1,000 MS (Autobio Diagnostics, Zhengzhou, China) mass spectrometer in positive linear mode, at a laser frequency of 60 Hz, in the mass range 2–20 kDa, using the “microbe” automatic acquisition mode with an overall 240 laser-shot acquired by 40 shot steps for each spot. The mass spectrometer was calibrated with Autobio calibrating agent consisting of nine calibrating proteins, according to manufacturer’s instructions.
The protein spectra were analyzed using the Autof Acquirer version 1.0.55 software and the library v2.0.61 was used for the peaks matching. The identification results were interpreted according to the manufacturer criteria as following: Identification scores ≥9 were considered positive at the species level, scores between 6 and 9 as positive at the genus level, and scores <6 were defined as unreliable (no identification).
Foglietta G., De Carolis E., Mattana G., Onori M., Agosta M., Niccolai C., Di Pilato V., Rossolini G.M., Sanguinetti M., Perno C.F, & Bernaschi P. (2023). “CORE” a new assay for rapid identification of Klebsiella pneumoniae COlistin REsistant strains by MALDI-TOF MS in positive-ion mode. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14, 1045289.
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Publication 2023
acetonitrile Agar Bacteria Biological Assay Biopharmaceuticals Buffers cDNA Library Colistin Coumaric Acids Diagnosis formic acid Klebsiella pneumoniae Microbicides Proteins Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization Steel Strains Susceptibility, Disease Trifluoroacetic Acid

Top products related to «Colistin»

1
Colistin by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, China, Australia, United Kingdom, France, Sao Tome and Principe, India, Spain
Colistin is a laboratory product used as an antimicrobial agent. It is a polypeptide antibiotic that acts against certain types of bacteria.
2
Etest by bioMérieux
Sourced in France, Sweden, United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Denmark, Italy, Australia, Spain, Switzerland, Japan
Etest is a quantitative antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) method developed by bioMérieux. It provides minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for specific antimicrobial agents. Etest utilizes a predefined antimicrobial gradient on a plastic strip to determine the MIC of a tested microorganism.
3
Vitek 2 system by bioMérieux
Sourced in France, United States, Germany, Italy, Macao, United Kingdom, Sweden, Belgium, India, Japan, Brazil
The Vitek 2 system is an automated microbiology platform designed for the rapid identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of microorganisms. The system utilizes miniaturized biochemical testing to provide accurate results for a wide range of bacterial and yeast species.
4
Vitek 2 by bioMérieux
Sourced in France, United States, Germany, Italy, United Kingdom, Canada, Poland, Macao
The Vitek 2 is a compact automated microbiology system designed for the identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of clinically significant bacteria and yeasts. The system utilizes advanced colorimetric technology to enable rapid and accurate results for clinical decision-making.
5
Vancomycin by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Sao Tome and Principe, Spain, India, Switzerland, Belgium, Sweden, Ireland, France, China, Japan, Australia
Vancomycin is a laboratory product manufactured by Merck Group. It is an antibiotic used for the detection and quantification of Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in clinical samples.
6
Gentamicin by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, France, Sao Tome and Principe, Canada, Switzerland, China, India, Japan, Australia, Austria, Brazil, Denmark, Macao, Israel, Ireland, Argentina, Poland, Portugal, Czechia, Belgium
Gentamicin is a laboratory product manufactured by Merck Group. It is an antibiotic used for the detection and identification of Gram-negative bacteria in microbiological analysis and research.
7
Ciprofloxacin by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, France, Australia, Italy, Spain, Poland, Switzerland, India, Canada, Sao Tome and Principe, China, Ireland, Czechia, Japan, Macao, Israel, Belgium, Portugal
Ciprofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that belongs to the fluoroquinolone class of antimicrobial agents. It is used in the treatment of various bacterial infections. Ciprofloxacin functions by inhibiting the activity of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, which are essential enzymes for bacterial DNA replication and transcription.
8
Ampicillin by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, France, China, Switzerland, Sao Tome and Principe, Spain, Ireland, India, Italy, Japan, Brazil, Australia, Canada, Macao, Czechia, New Zealand, Belgium, Cameroon, Austria, Israel, Norway, Denmark, Netherlands
Ampicillin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used in laboratory settings. It is a penicillin-based compound effective against a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Ampicillin functions by inhibiting cell wall synthesis, leading to bacterial cell lysis and death.
9
Maldi tof ms by Bruker
Sourced in Germany, United States, France, United Kingdom, Japan, Italy, Switzerland, Canada, Poland
MALDI-TOF MS is a type of mass spectrometry instrument that uses Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) as the ionization technique and Time-of-Flight (TOF) as the mass analyzer. It is designed to analyze and identify a wide range of compounds, including proteins, peptides, lipids, and small molecules.
10
Kanamycin by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, France, Spain, China, Israel, India, Canada, Macao, Australia, Sao Tome and Principe, Belgium, Sweden, Poland, Japan, Switzerland, Brazil, Italy, Ireland
Kanamycin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from the bacterium Streptomyces kanamyceticus. It is commonly used as a selective agent in molecular biology and microbiology laboratories for the growth and selection of bacteria that have been genetically modified to express a gene of interest.

More about "Colistin"

Colistin, also known as polymyxin E, is a critically important antibiotic used as a last-resort treatment option for serious Gram-negative bacterial infections, particularly those caused by multidrug-resistant strains.
This polypeptide antibiotic is derived from the bacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa and works by disrupting the cell membranes of bacteria, leading to leakage of cellular contents and eventual cell death.
Colistin is often employed when other antibiotics, such as vancomycin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and ampicillin, are ineffective.
It is commonly used in conjunction with diagnostic tools like the Etest, Vitek 2 system, and MALDI-TOF MS to determine the appropriate dosage and monitor resistance patterns.
Optimizing the use of colistin is crucial, and research in this area can be facilitated by the AI-driven platform PubCompare.ai.
This innovative tool helps researchers easily locate relevant protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, while providing accurate comparisons to identify the best approaches for reproducible and accurate colistin studies.
By utilizing PubCompare.ai, researchers can boost the reproducibility and accuracy of their colistin research, leading to more effective treatment strategies for these challenging infections.
OtherTerms: Polymyxin E, Paenibacillus polymyxa, Gram-negative bacteria, multidrug-resistant, cell membrane disruption, Etest, Vitek 2, MALDI-TOF MS, vancomycin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, last-resort treatment, antibiotic resistance, PubCompare.ai, protocols, reproducibility, accuracy