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Cytokeratin

Cytokeratins are a family of intermediate filament proteins found in the intracytoplasmic cytoskeleton of epithelial tissue.
They are often used as markers for epithelial cell differentiation and as indicators of tissue type in tumor pathology.
Cytokeratins play a crucial role in providing mechanical support, maintaining cell shape, and facilitatiing intracellular transport within epithelial cells.
This comprehensive MeSH term describes the structural and functional characteristics of this important class of cytoskeletal proteins, which have numerous applications in clinical diagnostics and biological reserach.

Most cited protocols related to «Cytokeratin»

1
Enrichment and Detection of HD-CTCs
Cited 38 times
Blood specimens were rocked for 5 minutes before a white blood cell (WBC) count was measured using the Hemocue white blood cell system (HemoCue, Sweden). Based upon the WBC count, a volume of blood was subjected to erythrocyte lysis (ammonium chloride solution). After centrifugation, nucleated cells were re-suspended in PBS and attached as a monolayer on custom made glass slides. The glass slides are the same size as standard microscopy slides but have a proprietary coating that allows maximal retention of live cells. Each slide can hold approximately 3 million nucleated cells, thus the number of cells plated per slide depended on the patients WBC count.
For HD-CTC detection in cancer patients for this study, 4 slides are used as a test. The remaining slides created for each patient are stored at −80°C for future experiments. Four slides were thawed from each patient, then cells were fixed with 2% paraformaldehyde, permeabilized with cold methanol, and non-specific binding sites were blocked with goat serum. Slides were subsequently incubated with monoclonal anti-pan cytokeratin antibody (Sigma) and CD45-Alexa 647 (Serotec) for 40 minutes at 37°C. After PBS washes, slides were incubated with Alexa Fluor 555 goat anti-mouse antibody (Invitrogen) for 20 minutes at 37°C. Cells were counterstained with DAPI for 10 minutes and mounted with an aqueous mounting media.
Marrinucci D., Bethel K., Kolatkar A., Luttgen M., Malchiodi M., Baehring F., Voigt K., Lazar D., Nieva J., Bazhenova L., Ko A.H., Korn W.M., Schram E., Coward M., Yang X., Metzner T., Lamy R., Honnatti M., Yoshioka C., Kunken J., Petrova Y., Sok D., Nelson D, & Kuhn P. (2012). Fluid Biopsy in Patients with Metastatic Prostate, Pancreatic and Breast Cancers. Physical Biology, 9(1), 016003.
Publication 2012
Alexa Fluor 555 Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic Binding Sites BLOOD Blood Volume Cells Centrifugation Chloride, Ammonium Common Cold Cytokeratin DAPI Erythrocytes Goat Leukocyte Count Leukocytes Malignant Neoplasms Methanol Microscopy Monoclonal Antibodies Mus paraform Patients Retention (Psychology) Serum
2
Basal and Luminal Cytokeratin Expression in Bladder Cancer
Cited 31 times

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Publication 2014
Antibodies Cancer of Bladder Cytokeratin KRT20 protein, human Microarray Analysis Phenobarbital Proteins Tissues
3
Mammalian Expression Plasmid Construction
Cited 28 times
To construct mammalian expression plasmids, the respective genes of FPs were PCR-amplified as AgeI-NotI fragments and swapped with a gene encoding EGFP in the pEGFP-N1 plasmid (Clontech). IFP2.0-N1 and mIFP-N1 plasmids were acquired from Addgene (#54785 and #54620, respectively).
For protein tagging and labelling of intracellular structures study, miRFPs were amplified, digested with restriction enzymes and then swapped with mTagBFP2 either as C- (for α-tubulin and clathrin) or N-terminal fusions (for keratin, α-actinin, LifeAct, EB3, myosin, vimentin, clathrin, LAMP1, zyxin, H2B and mitochondrial signal) as previously described50 (link). C-terminal fusions (SGGGG)n linker was increased to 30 amino acids. N-terminal fusions linker length was left unchanged.
To create an IκBα reporter plasmid (CMV-IκBα-miRFP703), we used a CMV-IκBα-FLuc plasmid kindly provided by S. Achilefu and D. Piwnica-Worms. A FLuc gene was replaced with one of the miRFP genes. Kozak sequence was deleted in the CMV-IκBα-miRFP703 and CMV-miRFP control plasmids.
miSplit670 and miSplit709 reporter plasmids, which are pC4-RHE-PAS, pC4EN-F1-mGAF670 and pC4EN-F1-mGAF709, were constructed from an iSplit plasmids25 (link) by swapping either PAS or GAF domains. A linker -ggggsggggs- was left unchanged. Where appropriate, an NLS sequence in the pC4EN-F1 plasmid was deleted by site-directed mutagenesis.
For mRNA labelling, a CMV-PAS-MCP plasmid was constructed as follows. PAS-ggggsggggs- without STOP codon was amplified as a single fragment and inserted into the C1 vector backbone using AgeI and KpnI sites, MCP was amplified from an ubc-nls-ha-MCP-VenusN-nls-ha-PCP-VenusC plasmid (Addgene, #52985) and inserted at KpnI and BamHI sites. The cmv-PCP-mGAF670 and cmv-PCP-mGAF709 plasmids were constructed as follows. A PCP without STOP codon was amplified from an ubc-nls-ha-MCP-VenusN-nls-ha-PCP-VenusC plasmid and then inserted into the C1 vector backbone using AgeI and EcoRI restriction sites. A -ggggsggggs-miGAF was amplified as a single fragment and inserted using EcoRI and KpnI sites. A phage-cmv-cfp-12xMBS-PBS was obtained by swapping a 12xMBS-PBS fragment from a Pcr4-12xMBS-PBS (Addgene, #52984) with 24xMS2 in a phage-cmv-cfp-24xms2 plasmid (Addgene, #40651). An ubc-nls-ha-MCP-VenusN-nls-ha-PCP-VenusC, a phage-cmv-cfp-24xMS2 and a Pcr4-12xMBS-PBS plasmids were gifts from B. Wu and R. Singer.
Plasmids encoding several green-red Fucci cell cycle reporters were provided by A. Miyawaki. The mKO2 and mAG genes fused with hCdt1(30–120), hCdt1(1/100), hGem(1/110) and hGem(1/60) sequences in the pCSII-EF-MCS plasmids were swapped with the miRFP709 or miRFP670v1 genes.
Shcherbakova D.M., Baloban M., Emelyanov A.V., Brenowitz M., Guo P, & Verkhusha V.V. (2016). Bright monomeric near-infrared fluorescent proteins as tags and biosensors for multiscale imaging. Nature Communications, 7, 12405.
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Publication 2016
Actinin alpha, NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha-Tubulin Amino Acids Bacteriophages Cell Cycle Clathrin Cloning Vectors Codon, Terminator Cytokeratin Deoxyribonuclease EcoRI DNA Restriction Enzymes Genes Gifts Helminths lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1, human Mammals Mitochondria Mutagenesis, Site-Directed Myosin ATPase Plasmids Proteins Protoplasm RNA, Messenger Singer Vertebral Column Vimentin ZYX protein, human
4
Generating Mouse OSCC Cell Lines from Primary Tumors
Cited 28 times
Primary DMBA induced mouse OSCC were generated as described (26 (link)). Single cell suspensions of individual primary oral cavity tumors were made with Collagenase IA (Sigma-Aldrich) and cultured in IMDM/F12 (2:1) with 5% FCS, penicillin/streptomycin, 1% amphotericin, 5 ng/mL EGF (Millipore), 400 ng/mL hydrocortisone, and 5 μg/mL insulin. Sequential differential trypsinization was then used to clear fibroblast contamination. MOC1, 7, 10, 22 and 23 were derived from primary tumors in C57BL/6 WT mice and MOC2 was derived from a chemokine receptor CXCR3deficient mouse on a pure C57BL/6 background (27 (link)) (of note, no major differences in the incidence of tumor formation were noted between the different genotypes). CXCR3 is not detectable on oral keratinocytes and does not contribute to MOC2 growth (Figure S3). Immunofluorescence staining for cytokeratin was performed to confirm an epithelial phenotype (Figure 1C and Figure S1C). PCI-13 was obtained from Dr. Theresa Whiteside, UPCI:SCC029B and UPCI:SCC068 were obtained from Dr. Suzanne Gollin, and all were used with minimal passaging. The UM-SCC-1 cell line (from Dr. Tom Carey) was genotyped in May, 2011 and concordance with published data was established (27 (link)).
Judd N.P., Winkler A.E., Murillo-Sauca O., Brotman J.J., Law J.H., Lewis JS J.r., Dunn G.P., Bui J.D., Sunwoo J.B, & Uppaluri R. (2011). ERK1/2 regulation of CD44 modulates oral cancer aggressiveness. Cancer Research, 72(1), 365-374.
Publication 2011
9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene Amphotericin Cell Lines Cells Chemokine Receptor Collagenase CXCR3 protein, human Cytokeratin Fibroblasts Hydrocortisone Immunofluorescence Insulin Keratinocyte Mice, Inbred C57BL Mouth Neoplasms Mus Neoplasms Penicillins Phenotype Streptomycin
5
Quantitative Proteomics using MaxQuant
Cited 27 times
MaxQuant version 1.2.2.5 software was used for protein identification and quantitation. Using Andromeda20 (link), mass spectrometry data were searched against the database containing UPS and E. coli proteins. MaxQuant reports summed intensity for each protein, as well as its iBAQ value. In the iBAQ algorithm6 (link),7 (link), the intensities of the precursor peptides that map to each protein are summed together and divided by the number of theoretically observable peptides, which is considered to be all tryptic peptides between 6 and 30 amino acids in length. This operation converts a measure that is expected to be proportional to mass (intensity) into one that is proportional to molar amount (iBAQ).
To determine relative molar abundances, for each E. coli and human protein, we determined its relative iBAQ (riBAQ), a normalized measure of molar abundance17 (link). We removed from the analysis all contaminant proteins that entered our sample-preparation workflow, for example keratins and trypsin, and then divided each remaining protein's iBAQ value by the sum of all non-contaminant iBAQ values:
riBAQ=iBAQ∑iBAQ
The mean ± SD for the four runs are reported in Tables S1 (UPS1 data) and S2 (UPS2 data).
Krey J.F., Wilmarth P.A., Shin J.B., Klimek J., Sherman N.E., Jeffery E.D., Choi D., David L.L, & Barr-Gillespie P.G. (2013). Accurate Label-Free Protein Quantitation with High- and Low-Resolution Mass Spectrometers. Journal of proteome research, 13(2), 1034-1044.
Publication 2013
Amino Acids Cytokeratin Escherichia coli Escherichia coli Proteins Mass Spectrometry Molar NR4A2 protein, human Peptides Proteins Trypsin

Most recents protocols related to «Cytokeratin»

1
Immunofluorescent Imaging of SARS-CoV-2 in Lung Tissue

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Publication 2023
Antibodies Biological Factors Cattle Cytokeratin DAPI Equus asinus Freezing Goat Gold Homo sapiens Immunoglobulins isononanoyl oxybenzene sulfonate Lung Microscopy, Confocal Mus Novus Nucleocapsid Proteins Pecam1 protein, mouse Rabbits SARS-CoV-2 Serum Serum Albumin Technique, Dilution Tissues Triton X-100
2
Immunocytochemical Analysis of Cellular Markers
To analyze protein
expression, an immunocytochemical staining was performed on cells
growing on top of sterile fibrinogen scaffolds in 24-well plates for
4 days. Staining was conducted for the fibroblast marker protein vimentin52 (link),53 (link) and the keratinocyte marker protein cytokeratin 14.52 (link),54 (link) First, cells were fixated using a 4% (v/v) solution of PFA in PBS
for 30 min at room temperature. Subsequently, cells were permeabilized
with 0.1% (v/v) TritonX-100 (Carl Roth GmbH) in PBS for 10 min at
4 °C followed by incubation with blocking buffer containing 0.3
M glycine (Acròs Organics, Geel, Belgium) and 1% (w/v) BSA
(Sigma) in PBS to block unspecific antibody binding. After washing
three times with PBS, samples were incubated overnight at 4 °C
with 40 μL of a diluted primary antibody solution, inverted
on parafilm under a humidified atmosphere. Either a combination of
the primary antibodies Invitrogen monoclonal anti-Vimentin antibody
(SP20; ThermoFisher) and Invitrogen monoclonal anti-Cytokeratin 14
antibody (LL002; ThermoFisher) in a dilution of 1:200 and 1:100 respectively
in 1% (w/v) BSA in PBS or only the polyclonal anti-Fibronectin primary
antibody (Sigma) in a dilution of 1:400 in 0.1% (w/v) BSA in PBS was
applied. Samples were washed three times with PBS before incubation
with secondary antibodies at 4 °C for 1 h in the dark at a dilution
of 1:1000 in 1% (w/v) BSA. Secondary antibodies utilized were Atto
647N polyclonal goat antirabbit IgG (Sigma) and Alexa Fluor 488 polyclonal
donkey antimouse IgG (ThermoFisher). After washing two times with
PBS, stained samples were mounted onto glass slides with Prolong Diamond
antifade medium with DAPI and cured overnight at room temperature.
All samples were imaged at 40× magnification in our inverted
Nikon fluorescence microscope with appropriate filter settings (λex = 647 nm and λem = 665 nm for Atto 647
violet, λex = 488 nm and λem = 520
nm for Alexa 488 green, and λex = 330–380
nm and λem = 435–485 nm for DAPI blue).
Joshi A., Nuntapramote T, & Brüggemann D. (2023). Self-Assembled Fibrinogen Scaffolds Support Cocultivation of Human Dermal Fibroblasts and HaCaT Keratinocytes. ACS Omega, 8(9), 8650-8663.
Publication 2023
alexa fluor 488 Antibodies Atmosphere Buffers Cardiac Arrest Cells Cytokeratin DAPI Fibrinogen Fibroblasts Fibronectins Glycine Goat Immunoglobulins Keratin-14 Keratinocyte Microscopy, Fluorescence Proteins Sterility, Reproductive Technique, Dilution Vimentin
3
Multicolor Immunohistochemistry for Prostate Cancer Profiling
Tissue sections of 4 μm, serially taken after the H&E stained sections, were
stained with mIHC using the OpalTM 7 solid Tumor Immunology Kit
(PerkinElmer, Waltham MA, USA). In order to optimize the incubation time and
concentration of antibodies the staining method was modified from the
manufacturer’s instructions, as previously done for colorectal cancer.26 (link) For
optimization, PCa tissue sections from the actual cohort were used with the aim
of allowing exposure times of 30–200 ms and a signal range of 5–30 ms. The
sections were dried overnight, heated at 60°C for two hours, deparaffinized, and
rehydrated. They were then sequentially stained using specific antibodies
directed against T-box expressed T-cells (T-bet) also known as Tbx21 expressed
on Th1-cells, CD8, CD20, FOXP3, CD68, and pan-cytokeratin. The nuclear staining
was performed with DAPI and visualization of specific antibody binding together
with different Opal fluorophores (OF) from the Opal TM 7 solid Tumor
Immunology Kit. The specific antibodies directed against T-bet were used with
OF520 (green), those against CD8 with OF570 (red), those against CD20 with OF540
(yellow), those against FOXP3 with OF620 (orange), those against CD68 with OF650
(cyan), and those against cytokeratin with OF690 (magenta). The antibody working
concentration and clones were as follows: 4 μg/ml anti-T-bet (clone 4B10:
sc-21749, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc, Dallas, Texas, US), 0.12 μg/ml anti-CD8
(clone C8/144B, Dako Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, US), 4 μg/ml anti-CD20 (clone L26
ab9475, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), 0.33 μg/ml anti-FOXP3 (Tregs), 0.24 μg/ml
anti-CD68 (clone KP1 M0814, Dako Agilent), and 3.6 μg/ml anti-cytokeratin
(pan-CK) for identification of tumor epithelial cells (clone AE1/AE3 M3515, Dako
Agilent). Slides were mounted using ProLong Diamond Antifade Mountant (Thermo
Fisher, Waltham, MA, USA).
Erlandsson A., Lundholm M., Watz J., Bergh A., Petrova E., Alamdari F., Helleday T., Davidsson S., Andren O, & Tarish F. (2023). Infiltrating immune cells in prostate cancer tissue after androgen deprivation and radiotherapy. International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology, 37, 03946320231158025.
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Publication 2023
Antibodies Cells Clone Cells Colorectal Carcinoma Cytokeratin DAPI Diamond Epithelial Cells Immunoglobulins Neoplasms Neoplasms, Epithelial Rosaniline Dyes Staining T-Lymphocyte TBX21 protein, human Thomsen-Friedenreich antibodies Tissues Type 1 Helper T Cells VPDA protocol
4
Gastric Adenocarcinoma Biomarker Expression
We performed this single-center, prospective pilot study at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada from January 2018 to January 2022. All human clinical participants consented according to the approved ethics protocol granted by the Health Research Ethics Board of Alberta (Study ID: HREBA.CC-17-0228_REN5). Treatment naïve Stage I-IV sporadic gastric adenocarcinoma patients aged greater than 18 years were included. A subset of patients enrolled was allocated to a second cohort on the basis of receiving curative intent neoadjuvant FLOT chemotherapy (Figure 1). Patients with a known inherited oncogenic germline mutation or hereditary syndrome (i.e., Familial Adenomatous Polyposis) were excluded.
Specimens were retrieved via endoscopic biopsy at the time of diagnosis, screening laparoscopy or at the time of surgical resection at the Walter C Mackenzie Health Sciences Centre or Royal Alexandra Hospital. Normal biopsies were obtained from gastric mucosa greater than 5 cm away from the cancerous lesion or associated gastritis. The initial study protocol retrieved two tissue biopsies for permanent pathology, however, following interim review four biopsies were retrieved thereafter. The presence of cancer in specimens was confirmed by a gastrointestinal pathologist. In the absence of cancer, clinical formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded pathology blocks were retrieved when available. In clinical samples with treatment effect, residual cancer cells were detected using anti-pan cytokeratin (Abcam, clone C-11, ab7753) IHC staining followed by the manual assembly of tissue microarray (TMA) blocks with 4mm cores of regions containing residual tumour.
Our primary outcome for all patients was the difference in expression of selected biomarkers between normal and cancer tissue. In the subgroup of patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy, our primary outcome was the difference in expression between tumour treatment response and incomplete treatment response. We also evaluated the difference in expression of biomarkers in paired samples before and after chemotherapy treatment.
Treatment response was retrieved from clinical pathology reports. The Tumour Regression Score was graded according to the College of American Pathologists and National Comprehensive Cancer Network protocol on a 4-point scale (0 = Complete response, 1 = near complete response, 2 = partial response, 3 = poor or no response)[40 (link)]. In accordance with prior studies, treatment response was expressed as a binary variable consisting of response and incomplete response categories[12 (link)]. Responsive tumours included complete and near-complete responses, whereas incomplete responses included partial, and poor no response. Patients who progressed to metastasis while receiving neoadjuvant treatment were classified as an incomplete response.
Skubleny D., Lin A., Garg S., McLean R., McCall M., Ghosh S., Spratlin J.L., Schiller D, & Rayat G. (2023). Increased CD4/CD8 Lymphocyte ratio predicts favourable neoadjuvant treatment response in gastric cancer: A prospective pilot study. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology, 15(2), 303-317.
Publication 2023
Adenocarcinoma Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Anesthesia, Conduction Biological Markers Biopsy Cells Clone Cells Cytokeratin Diagnosis Endoscopy Formalin Gastritis Germ-Line Mutation Germ Line Homo sapiens Laparoscopy Malignant Neoplasms Microarray Analysis Mucosa, Gastric Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Neoadjuvant Therapy Neoplasm Metastasis Neoplasms Neoplastic Cell Transformation Paraffin Pathologists Patients Pharmacotherapy Residual Cancer Residual Tumor Specimen Handling Stomach Syndrome Tissues
5
Immunohistochemical Analysis of Tissue Samples
The IHC assays of all patients were conducted at the Department of Pathology in our center. All specimens were tissue sections that were fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin. The primary antibodies used were pan-cytokeratin (CK) (Santa Cruz, 1:500), Ki-67 (Dako, 1:100), p16 (Ventana, 1:500), p53 (Ventana, 1:500), p40 (Biocare, 1:100), and p63 (Dako, 1:100). The secondary antibody reagent used was a True Envision HRP Rabbit/Mouse Detection System (Dako Real Envision Systems). The sections were prepared using the 3,3’-diaminobenzidine stain, hematoxylin was used for control staining, and the rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG; r&, d, Germany) or mouse IgG (Dako Cytomation, Glostrup, Denmark) was used as a negative control. The results of the IHC assay for all markers were semiquantitatively evaluated by two trained pathologists independently in a blinded manner. The staining intensity was categorized as positive (moderate/strong staining) or negative (weak/no staining), which depended on the reactivity of the IHC marker.
Xu Q.Q., Li Q.J., Xu Z., Lan L.L., Hou Z., Liu J., Lu L., Chen Y.Y., Chen R.Z, & Wen X. (2023). Prognostic value of the immunohistochemical score based on four markers in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Frontiers in Immunology, 14, 1076890.
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Publication 2023
Antibodies Biological Assay Cytokeratin Debility Formalin Hematoxylin Immunoglobulin G Immunoglobulins Mice, House O-beta-ribosyl(1''--2')adenosine-5''-phosphate Paraffin Embedding Pathologists Patients Rabbits Stains Tissues

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DAPI is a fluorescent dye used in microscopy and flow cytometry to stain cell nuclei. It binds strongly to the minor groove of double-stranded DNA, emitting blue fluorescence when excited by ultraviolet light.
2
Fetal bovine serum (fbs) by Thermo Fisher Scientific
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Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.
3
4 6 diamidino 2 phenylindole (dapi) by Merck Group
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DAPI is a fluorescent dye that binds strongly to adenine-thymine (A-T) rich regions in DNA. It is commonly used as a nuclear counterstain in fluorescence microscopy to visualize and locate cell nuclei.
4
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Alexa Fluor 488 is a fluorescent dye used in various biotechnological applications. It has an excitation maximum at 495 nm and an emission maximum at 519 nm, producing a green fluorescent signal. Alexa Fluor 488 is known for its brightness, photostability, and pH-insensitivity, making it a popular choice for labeling biomolecules in biological research.
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Triton X-100 is a non-ionic surfactant commonly used in various laboratory applications. It functions as a detergent and solubilizing agent, facilitating the solubilization and extraction of proteins and other biomolecules from biological samples.
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Ab9377 is a laboratory antibody product developed and manufactured by Abcam. It is intended for use in various research and diagnostic applications.
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Ae1 ae3 by Agilent Technologies
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The AE1/AE3 is a high-performance UV-Vis spectrophotometer designed for laboratory use. It provides accurate and reliable measurements of absorption and transmission spectra in the ultraviolet and visible light range.
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Ab7753 by Abcam
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Ab7753 is a polyclonal antibody directed against a specific protein target. This antibody is intended for use in research applications.

More about "Cytokeratin"

Cytokeratins (CKs) are a family of intermediate filament proteins found in the intracytoplasmic cytoskeleton of epithelial tissues.
These cytoskeletal proteins play a crucial role in providing mechanical support, maintaining cell shape, and facilitating intracellular transport within epithelial cells.
Cytokeratins are often used as markers for epithelial cell differentiation and as indicators of tissue type in tumor pathology.
The CK family consists of over 20 different subtypes, each with unique structural and functional characteristics.
Commonly used cytokeratin antibodies in research and diagnostics include AE1/AE3, Ab7753, and Ab9377.
These antibodies can be used in conjunction with staining techniques like DAPI, Alexa Fluor 488, and Hoechst 33342 to visualize and analyze cytokeratin expression patterns.
Cytokeratin research is often performed using cell culture models, where treatments with Triton X-100 and bovine serum albumin (BSA) can help permeabilize cells and block non-specific binding, respectively.
These techniques, combined with the use of cytokeratin-specific probes and imaging methods, enable researchers to study the structural and functional roles of cytokeratins in epithelial cell biology, tissue differentiation, and disease processes.
PubCompare.ai, an AI-driven platform, can optimize cytokeratin research by providing intelligent analysis tools to locate the best protocols from literature, preprints, and patents.
This can improve the reproducibility and accuracy of cytokeratin studies, leading to advancements in clinal diagnostics and biological research.
Experience seamless research with PubCompare.ai and discover how it can enhance your cytokeratin-related investigations.