Log In Sign up
The largest database of trusted experimental protocols
> Chemicals & Drugs > Amino Acid > Erythropoietin

Erythropoietin

Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein hormone produced primarily by the kidneys that stimultes the production of red blood cells (erythrocytes) from progenitor cells in the bone marrow.
It plays a crucial role in the regulation of erythropoiesis, the process of red blood cell formation.
Erythropoietin is used clinically to treat anemia associated with chronic kidney disease, chemotherapy, and other conditions.
Reasearchers can leverage the power of PubCompare.ai to optimize erythropoietn studies, locating the most effective protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents, while generating insightful comparisons to enhance reproducibility and accuuracy.

Most cited protocols related to «Erythropoietin»

1
Optimized Fibrosis Scoring for Older NAFLD Patients
This study included consecutive patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD who attended specialist fatty liver clinics at the Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium; and Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France. These formed the initial ascertainment cohort. Liver biopsies were conducted as per routine clinical care for the investigation of abnormal liver function tests (raised ALT, AST, or gamma-glutamyl transferase) or to stage disease severity in patients with radiological evidence of fatty liver. Clinical and laboratory data were collected prospectively from the time of liver biopsy. Patients with evidence of other liver disease (autoimmune hepatitis, viral hepatitis, drug induced liver injury, hemochromatosis, cholestatic liver disease, or Wilson's disease) were excluded. In addition, subjects consuming excessive amounts of alcohol (alcohol intake >20 g/day for women; >30 g/day for men) at the time of biopsy or in the past were excluded. Patients with incomplete data to calculate all the non-invasive scores were excluded.
Relevant clinical details, including gender, age, weight, and height, were obtained at the time of biopsy. The body mass index was calculated by the formula: weight (kg)/height (m)2. Patients were identified as having diabetes if they had been diagnosed with diabetes according to the 2004 American Diabetes Association criteria or if they were taking an oral hypoglycemic drug or insulin (23 (link)).
Percutaneous liver biopsies were performed as per unit protocol at the sites and were assessed by an experienced local hepatopathologist. Patients with liver biopsies specimens <15 mm in length were excluded. Histological scoring was performed according to the non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) Clinical Research Network criteria (24 (link)). The NAFLD activity score was graded from 0 to 8, including scores for steatosis (0–3), lobular inflammation (0–3), and hepatocellular ballooning (0–2). NASH was defined as steatosis with hepatocyte ballooning and inflammation ± fibrosis (25 (link)). Fibrosis was staged from F0 to F4 (24 (link)). Patients with stage F3 or F4 fibrosis were considered to have advanced fibrosis.
The AST/ALT ratio, FIB-4, and NFS were calculated from blood tests taken at the time of liver biopsy as previously described (16 (link), 26 (link), 27 (link)). Details of the formulas and cutoffs for the tests under investigation are shown in Table 1. Previously published cutoffs were used to exclude and diagnose advanced fibrosis for each score (15 (link), 16 (link), 18 (link), 19 (link))
To validate new cutoffs for the NFS and FIB-4 score optimized for use in older patients (aged ≥65 years) that were derived in the initial ascertainment cohort, anonymized biochemical, histological, and anthropometric data were collected from a separate group of histologically characterized patients from the EPoS/EASL European NAFLD Registry. The “European NAFLD Registry” was established during the EU FP7 FLIP project (2010-) and is now maintained by the EU H2020 EPoS (Elucidating Pathways of Steatohepatitis) consortium to facilitate collaborative research into NAFLD. It is the largest multi-national registry of patients with histologically characterized NAFLD. These patients had data collected according to the same methodology as the main cohort.
All statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS software version 22.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL). Continuous normally distributed variables were represented as mean ± s.d. Categorical and non-normal variables were summarized as median and range. Chi squared tests were used to determine the distribution of categorical variables between groups. To compare the means of normally distributed variables between groups, the Student's t-test or analysis of variance test was performed. To determine differences between groups for continuous non-normally distributed variables, medians were compared using the Mann–Whitney U-test. The diagnostic performance of the non-invasive tests was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The area under the ROC (AUROC) was used as an index to compare the accuracy of tests. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values (PPVs), negative predictive values (NPVs), positive likelihood ratios (LR +ve), and negative likelihood ratios (LR −ve) for relevant cutoffs were also displayed. In order to assess changes in sensitivity and specificity of the tests with age, plots of sensitivity and specificity in different age groups were displayed graphically. New cutoffs for the FIB-4 and NFS were derived for ≥65-year-old patients by taking the point on the ROC where the combined value of sensitivity and specificity was the highest. As the prevalence of advanced fibrosis can vary in different populations, the PPVs and NPVs for the new cutoffs were displayed at advanced fibrosis prevalence rates of 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40%. A P value of <0.05 was considered significant.
McPherson S., Hardy T., Dufour J.F., Petta S., Romero-Gomez M., Allison M., Oliveira C.P., Francque S., Van Gaal L., Schattenberg J.M., Tiniakos D., Burt A., Bugianesi E., Ratziu V., Day C.P, & Anstee Q.M. (2016). Age as a Confounding Factor for the Accurate Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Advanced NAFLD Fibrosis. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 112(5), 740-751.
Publication 2016
Age Groups Autoimmune Chronic Hepatitis Biopsy Cholestasis Diabetes Mellitus Diagnosis Diet, Formula Drug-Induced Liver Disease Erythropoietin Ethanol Europeans Fatty Liver Fibrosis gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase Gender Hematologic Tests Hemochromatosis Hepatitis Viruses Hepatocyte Hepatolenticular Degeneration Hypersensitivity Hypoglycemic Agents Index, Body Mass Inflammation Insulin Liver Liver Diseases Liver Function Tests Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Patients Population Group Specialists Steatohepatitis Tests, Diagnostic Woman X-Rays, Diagnostic
2
Osteoporosis Risk Factor Assessment
Height and weight were measured using standard techniques in all cohorts. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight divided by height squared (kg/m2) and used as a continuous variable. BMD was assessed at the femoral neck by DXA with the exception of the two Gothenburg cohorts in which BMD was measured elsewhere. Femoral neck BMD was used as a continuous variable (cohort-specific Z-scores excluding the two cohorts from Gothenburg). The clinical risk factors utilised were those identified from the previous meta-analyses [3 (link), 10 (link)–16 (link)]. These comprised a parental history of hip fracture, exposure to systemic glucocorticoids, a prior history of fragility fracture, current smoking, high intake of alcohol (3 or more units daily on average) and the presence of rheumatoid arthritis as an indicator for secondary osteoporosis.
Fracture ascertainment in the primary cohorts was undertaken by self-report (Sheffield, EVOS/EPOS, Hiroshima) and/or verified from hospital or central data-bases (Gothenburg, CaMos, DOES, Sheffield, EVOS/EPOS, Rochester, Rotterdam).
Kanis J.A., Johnell O., Oden A., Johansson H, & McCloskey E. (2008). FRAX™ and the assessment of fracture probability in men and women from the UK. Osteoporosis International, 19(4), 385-397.
Publication 2008
Erythropoietin Fracture, Bone Galloway Mowat syndrome Glucocorticoids Hip Fractures Index, Body Mass Neck, Femur Osteoporosis Parent Rheumatoid Arthritis
3
Novel Gene Expression Cassette Design
The newly constructed expression cassettes are shown in Fig. 1a. The promoters, RU5′, BGH (bovine growth hormone) polyadenylation (polyA) signal, and a sequence for multiple cloning sites, were synthesized by IDT Inc. (Coralville, IA) and inserted into pDNR-1r promoter-less vector (Clontech, Mountain View, CA) or pIDT-SMART promoter-less vector (IDT Inc.). The RU5′ sequence (269 bp: Accession No. J02029 (374–642)) is derived from the R segment and a part of the U5 sequence of HTLV Type 1 long terminal repeat and used to enhance transcription efficiency [9 (link)]. Sequences of the promoter elements were as follows: hTERT (189 bp: Accession No. DQ264729 (1618–1806)), SV40 (319 bp: Accession No. AY864928 (2156–2474)), and CMV (479 bp: Accession No. AJ318513 (159–637)). The CAG promoter was obtained from the pCAGGS vector (a kind gift from Dr. Jun-ichi Miyazaki; Osaka University, Japan). pTracer-EF/V5-His-A and pEF6/Myc-His-A were purchased from Invitrogen. Full-length cDNAs of human S100A11, REIC/Dkk-3, CD133, LGR5 (leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5), telomerase, erythropoietin (EPO), and green fluorescence protein (GFP) were amplified by RT-PCR.

Schematic diagram of modified gene expression systems and their capabilities for gene expressions. a A series of indicated plasmids were constructed on the basis of the promoter-less pDNR-1r vector. b Expression of KLF16 protein was assessed by Western blot analysis after transfecting the indicated plasmids carrying KLF16 cDNA in HEK293, MCF7, PC-3, HeLa, and HepG2 cells. c Plasmid vectors carrying various cDNAs were constructed using the same series of vectors as those shown in (A). The vectors were transfected to HEK293 cells, and the level of each protein was determined by Western blot analysis. Lane numbers in b and c correspond to the vector numbers shown in (a)

Sakaguchi M., Watanabe M., Kinoshita R., Kaku H., Ueki H., Futami J., Murata H., Inoue Y., Li S.A., Huang P., Putranto E.W., Ruma I.M., Nasu Y., Kumon H, & Huh N.H. (2014). Dramatic Increase in Expression of a Transgene by Insertion of Promoters Downstream of the Cargo Gene. Molecular Biotechnology, 56(7), 621-630.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2014
CCXCR1 receptor, human Cloning Vectors DKK3 protein, human DNA, Complementary Erythropoietin Gene Expression Genitalia Green Fluorescent Proteins growth hormone, bovine HEK293 Cells HeLa Cells Hep G2 Cells Homo sapiens Leucine Long Terminal Repeat MCF-7 Cells Plasmids Polyadenylation protein B Proteins Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Simian virus 40 T-Cell Leukemia Viruses, Human Telomerase Transcription, Genetic Western Blot
4
mRNA Transcription and Modification Protocol
mRNAs were transcribed as previously described (5 (link)), using linearized plasmids encoding firefly luciferase (pT7TSLuc and pTEVLuc), codon-optimized murine erythropoietin (pTEVmEPO), enhanced green fluorescent protein (pTEVeGFP), Metridia luciferase (pT7TSMetluc) or Renilla luciferase (pT7TSRen and pTEVRen) and T7 RNA polymerase (Megascript, Ambion). All mRNAs were transcribed to contain 30 or 51-nt long poly(A) tails. Additional poly(A) tail was added with yeast poly(A) polymerase (USB) and noted as An. Triphosphate-derivatives of pseudouridine (Ψ) and 5-methylcytidine (m5C) (TriLink) were used to generate modified nucleoside containing RNA. All RNAs were capped using the m7G capping kit with or without 2′-O-methyltransferase (ScriptCap, CellScript) to obtain cap1 or cap0. We did not observed differences in the immunogenicity of cap0- and cap1-containing nucleoside-modified RNAs. All RNAs were analyzed by denaturing or native agarose gel electrophoresis. Pseudouridine-modified mRNAs encoding KLF4, LIN28, cMYC, NANOG, OCT4 and SOX2 were a kind gift of CellScript, Inc.
Karikó K., Muramatsu H., Ludwig J, & Weissman D. (2011). Generating the optimal mRNA for therapy: HPLC purification eliminates immune activation and improves translation of nucleoside-modified, protein-encoding mRNA. Nucleic Acids Research, 39(21), e142.
Publication 2011
5-methylcytidine Antigens bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase Codon derivatives Electrophoresis, Agar Gel enhanced green fluorescent protein Erythropoietin KLF4 protein, human Luciferases Luciferases, Firefly Luciferases, Renilla methylcobalamin-coenzyme M methyltransferase Mus Nucleosides Plasmids Poly(A) Tail Polynucleotide Adenylyltransferase POU5F1 protein, human Pseudouridine RNA RNA, Messenger Saccharomyces cerevisiae SOX2 protein, human triphosphate
5
Detection of Cytokine Autoantibodies Using LIPS
The detection of autoantibodies against cytokines with the use of Luciferase Immunoprecipitation Systems has been reported previously.4 (link) Autoantibodies were evaluated against 41 targets: interferons γ, α1, β1, ε, λ1, λ3, and ω; interleukins 1α and 1β; the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist; interleukins 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12p35, 12p40, 15, 17A,17F, 18, 21, 22, 23p19, 27p28, 32, and 33; Epstein–Barr virus–induced gene 3 protein (interleukin-27b); granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF); granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF); TNF-α; tumor necrosis factor β; B-cell–activating factor; a proliferation inducing ligand; the Fas ligand (FasL); the CD40 ligand; erythropoietin; transforming growth factor β; and the extracellular domain of the CD4 receptor. Additional methodological details are described in the Supplementary Appendix; a detailed protocol and video describing the Luciferase Immunoprecipitation Systems technique are also included in an article by Burbelo et al.21 Anti–interferon-γ–specific autoantibody isotype and IgG subclasses were determined with the use of a particle-based assay, as described previously 22 (link); total IgG subclasses were determined with the use of the Bio-Plexisotype kit (Bio-Rad Laboratories)according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Interferon-γ–specific IgG was purified by fractionating total IgG on protein G columns (Ab SpinTrap, GE Healthcare) and applying the total IgG fraction to an interferon-γ column.
Browne S.K., Burbelo P.D., Chetchotisakd P., Suputtamongkol Y., Kiertiburanakul S., Shaw P.A., Kirk J.L., Jutivorakool K., Zaman R., Ding L., Hsu A.P., Patel S.Y., Olivier K.N., Lulitanond V., Mootsikapun P., Anunnatsiri S., Angkasekwinai N., Sathapatayavongs B., Hsueh P.R., Shieh C.C., Brown M.R., Thongnoppakhun W., Claypool R., Sampaio E.P., Thepthai C., Waywa D., Dacombe C., Reizes Y., Zelazny A.M., Saleeb P., Rosen L.B., Mo A., Iadarola M, & Holland S.M. (2012). Adult-onset immunodeficiency in Thailand and Taiwan. The New England journal of medicine, 367(8), 725-734.
Publication 2012
Autoantibodies Biological Assay CD4 Antigens CD40 Ligand Cytokine EBI3 protein, human Erythropoietin G-substrate Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Immunoglobulin Isotypes Immunoprecipitation Interferons Interferon Type II Interleukin-2 Interleukin-4 Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein Interleukins Ligands Luciferases Transforming Growth Factors Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR BETA Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 6

Most recents protocols related to «Erythropoietin»

1
Erythroid Differentiation of CD34+ Cells
CD34+ cells were individually cultured in a 2-phase medium systems to drive the cellular commitment to the erythroid lineage and differentiate into mature red blood cells. Cells from each donor were cultured in Phase I medium: Iscove’s Modified Dulbecco’s Medium (IMDM, Gibco®, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., MA, USA) containing 20% FBS (Sigma-Aldrich®, Sigma-Aldrich, Inc., MO, USA), 300 μg/mL holo-Transferrin (holo-TF, PromoCell®, PromoCell GmbH, Heidenberg, Germany), 50 ng/mL human Stem Cell Factor (hSCF, CellSignaling Technology®, Cell Signaling, Inc., MA, USA), 10 ng/mL interleukine-3 (IL-3, CellSignaling Technology®), 2 U/mL erythropoietin (EPO, EPREX®, Janssen-Cilag, Auckland, NZ) in the presence of 100 U penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco®). On day 5, cells were replaced with fresh Phase II medium: IMDM containing 20% FBS, 300 μg/mL holo-TF, 5 U/mL EPO and 100 U penicillin/streptomycin at 37°C under 5% CO2 and 100% humidity. Fig 1 displays a flowchart of experimental design for cell culture, lentiviral transduction settings, and strategies for erythroid differentiation.
Chumchuen S., Sripichai O., Jearawiriyapaisarn N., Fucharoen S, & Peerapittayamongkol C. (2023). Induction of fetal hemoglobin: Lentiviral shRNA knockdown of HBS1L in β0-thalassemia/HbE erythroid cells. PLOS ONE, 18(3), e0281059.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
Cell Culture Techniques Cells Eprex Erythrocytes Erythropoietin Humidity KITLG protein, human Penicillins Streptomycin Tissue Donors Transferrin
2
Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell Assays
For HPC colony assays, BM cells flushed from femurs of the indicated mice were plated at 5×104 cells/mL in 1% methylcellulose culture medium with 0.1 mM hemin (MilliporeSigma), 30% FBS, 1 U/mL recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) (Amgen), 50 ng/mL recombinant mouse stem cell factor (rmSCF) (R&D Systems; catalog 455-MC), and 5% vol/vol pokeweed mitogen mouse splenic cell conditioned medium. Colonies were scored after 6 days of incubation in 5% CO2 and lowered 5% O2 in a humidified chamber, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units (CFU-GM), erythrocyte burst-forming units (BFU-E), and granulocyte, erythrocyte, macrophage, and megakaryocyte colony-forming units (CFU-GEMM) were distinguished by morphology of colonies. The total numbers of colonies per femur were calculated. For high specific activity tritiated thymidine kill assays, BM cells were treated with 50 μCi high specific activity [3H]Tdr (20 Ci/mmol; DuPont NEN) at RT for 40 minutes and then washed twice prior to plating for HPC colony assays (37 (link), 38 (link)).
Tikka C., Beasley L., Xu C., Yang J., Cooper S., Lechner J., Gutch S., Kaplan M.H., Capitano M, & Yang K. (2023). BATF sustains homeostasis and functionality of bone marrow Treg cells to preserve homeostatic regulation of hematopoiesis and development of B cells. Frontiers in Immunology, 14, 1026368.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
Biological Assay Cells Colony-Forming Units, Granulocyte-Erythroid-Macrophage-Megakaryocyte Culture Media Culture Media, Conditioned Erythrocytes Erythropoietin Femur Granulocyte Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Forming Units Hemin Homo sapiens Macrophage Megakaryocytes Methylcellulose Mus Pokeweed Mitogens Spleen Stem Cell Factor
3
Expert Guidance on Asthma and CRS
The experts comprised 16 practicing physicians from Belgium, Denmark, Finland, The Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden. Each was selected for their experience in managing patients with asthma and/or CRS. Also considered was their involvement in scientific meetings, guidelines, and education, and publications records. Selection ensured a variety of care models, and equal numbers of pulmonologists and ENT physicians/rhinologists—including those also specialized in allergology—were represented.
The expert group was led by a Steering Committee of eight individuals with at least one member from each country, and co-chaired by one pulmonologist and one ENT physician. The Steering Committee guided the project's scope and provided clinical leadership.
To ensure the suggestions arising from the experts’ discussions were relevant to patients’ and primary care concerns, the all-expert meeting was joined by a practicing GP from Norway, and a patient from Finland with severe asthma and CRS.
For the purposes of this initiative, CRSwNP was defined as per the European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps (EPOS) 2020 guidelines (44 (link)).
Backer V., Cardell L.O., Lehtimäki L., Toppila-Salmi S., Bjermer L., Reitsma S., Hellings P.W., Weinfeld D., Aanæs K., Ulrik C.S., Braunstahl G.J., Aarli B.B., Danielsen A., Kankaanranta H., Steinsvåg S, & Bachert C. (2023). Multidisciplinary approaches to identifying and managing global airways disease: Expert recommendations based on qualitative discussions. Frontiers in Allergy, 4, 1052386.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
Asthma Erythropoietin Europeans Nasal Polyps Otolaryngologist Patients Physicians Primary Health Care Pulmonologists
4
Cultivation and Maintenance of HEK293T and HUDEP-2 Cells
HEK293T (ATCC CRL-3216) cell lines were cultivated in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM, Gibco) with 10% (vol/vol) fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco) and 1% Penicillin-Streptomycin (Gibco) antibiotic mix. HUDEP-2 cells were maintained and expanded in serum-free expansion medium (Stem Cell Technologies) supplemented with human Stem Cell Factor (SCF, 50 ng ml−1, PeproTech), erythropoietin (EPO, 3 IU ml−1, PeproTech), dexamethasone (1 µM, Sigma), doxycycline (1 µg ml−1, Takara Bio) and 2% penicillin–streptomycin (Gibco). All cell lines used were maintained at 37 °C, 5% CO2 in the incubator.
Xue N., Liu X., Zhang D., Wu Y., Zhong Y., Wang J., Fan W., Jiang H., Zhu B., Ge X., Gonzalez R.V., Chen L., Zhang S., She P., Zhong Z., Sun J., Chen X., Wang L., Gu Z., Zhu P., Liu M., Li D., Zhong T.P, & Zhang X. (2023). Improving adenine and dual base editors through introduction of TadA-8e and Rad51DBD. Nature Communications, 14, 1224.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
Antibiotics Cell Lines Cells Dexamethasone Doxycycline Eagle Erythropoietin KITLG protein, human Penicillins Serum Stem Cells Streptomycin
5
Spatial-Aware Transformer for Glomerular Analysis
Transformers are inherently temporally and spatially agnostic, at their core relying on simple self-attention mechanisms (capturing similarity or alignment) between every pair of input tokens. For applications where the order (e.g., words in natural language) or structure (e.g., pixels in computer vision) of inputs is important, a positional embedding is added to the representation of each input token before the self-attention process. Positional embeddings are typically based on absolute position of a token, such as the word number in a sentence (one-dimensional) or the (x, y) coordinates of a pixel or patch in an image (two-dimensional). However, in our application, the order of segmented glomeruli does not contain any inherent or natural order. Furthermore, the absolute (x, y) position of each glomerulus carries little meaning in a WSI, except for their relation to other glomeruli. With enough training data, a transformer can be expected to learn spatial relationships from enough examples of tokens equipped with absolute coordinates; but, given our limited dataset, learning such interactions from scratch is likely infeasible.
One significant contribution of our work is the adaptation of recent transformer literature on relative positional embeddings [57 , 58 ] to spatial applications, and integration of data-driven spatial relationships with prior knowledge extracted from WSIs. Inspired by recent methods to induce graph structure within transformer architectures [59 ], we develop a pairwise relative positional embedding based on the Euclidean distance between every pair of glomeruli centroids (Figure 1). Instead of adding any independent spatial information to each token (e.g., embeddings based on raw positional coordinates), we inject relative distance-based embeddings during the pairwise self-attention step.
For each set Gi of observable glomeruli in patient i’s WSI (each patient’s image contains |Gi| glomeruli), we developed a pairwise distance matrix Di∈ℝGi×Gi that computes the Euclidean distance between the centroids of every pair of glomeruli as measured in pixels:
di,j=cxj−cxi2+cyj−cyi2
where cxi,cyi is the computed centroid of glomerulus i, and cxj,cyj is the computed centroid of glomerulus j. We modified the standard pairwise self-attention operation from Vaswani et al. [28 ] (Equation 2)
AttentionQ,K,V=softmaxQKTdkV
to add to the pairwise dot product calculations a learned embedding matrix Epos∈ℝGi×Gi calculations, indexed by the relative pairwise centroid distance between every pair of glomeruli extracted from a given WSI (Equation 3):
AttentionQ,K,V=softmaxQKTdk+EposDiV
By replacing the standard self-attention equation (Equation 2) with the spatially aware modification (Equation 3) and parameterizing with prior Euclidean distances computed during the segmentation step, the transformer prediction model can learn to weight every pairwise glomeruli interaction by relative spatial proximity in addition to alignment of imaging characteristics. In this study, we discretized continuous Euclidean distances between glomeruli centroids to consecutively numbered bins of width 4096 pixels based on prior ViT work with cancer histology [55 ]. Our discretization process allows integer lookup into the Epos embedding table and provides an additional measure of regularization that is important in our limited data setting. Our dataset contained 19 unique bins of discretized pairwise centroid distances.
Shickel B., Lucarelli N., Rao A.S., Yun D., Moon K.C., Han S.S, & Sarder P. (2023). Spatially Aware Transformer Networks for Contextual Prediction of Diabetic Nephropathy Progression from Whole Slide Images. medRxiv.
Publication Preprint 2023
Acclimatization Attention Erythropoietin Kidney Glomerulus Malignant Neoplasms Patients Vision

Top products related to «Erythropoietin»

1
Dexamethasone (dex) by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, China, Japan, Italy, Sao Tome and Principe, Macao, France, Australia, Switzerland, Canada, Denmark, Spain, Israel, Belgium, Ireland, Morocco, Brazil, Netherlands, Sweden, New Zealand, Austria, Czechia, Senegal, Poland, India, Portugal
Dexamethasone is a synthetic glucocorticoid medication used in a variety of medical applications. It is primarily used as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant agent.
2
Penicillin streptomycin by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, China, Canada, France, Japan, Australia, Switzerland, Israel, Italy, Belgium, Austria, Spain, Gabon, Ireland, New Zealand, Sweden, Netherlands, Denmark, Brazil, Macao, India, Singapore, Poland, Argentina, Cameroon, Uruguay, Morocco, Panama, Colombia, Holy See (Vatican City State), Hungary, Norway, Portugal, Mexico, Thailand, Palestine, State of, Finland, Moldova, Republic of, Jamaica, Czechia
Penicillin/streptomycin is a commonly used antibiotic solution for cell culture applications. It contains a combination of penicillin and streptomycin, which are broad-spectrum antibiotics that inhibit the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
3
Interleukin 3 (il 3) by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Canada, Israel, Switzerland, France, Macao, Japan
IL-3 is a recombinant protein that supports the growth and differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. It plays a critical role in the regulation of blood cell production.
4
L glutamine by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Canada, Switzerland, Italy, Australia, Belgium, China, Japan, Austria, Spain, Brazil, Israel, Sweden, Ireland, Netherlands, Gabon, Macao, New Zealand, Holy See (Vatican City State), Portugal, Poland, Argentina, Colombia, India, Denmark, Singapore, Panama, Finland, Cameroon
L-glutamine is an amino acid that is commonly used as a dietary supplement and in cell culture media. It serves as a source of nitrogen and supports cellular growth and metabolism.
5
Erythropoietin by Amgen
Sourced in United States, Canada
Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein hormone that regulates the production of red blood cells. It is produced primarily by the kidneys and stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells, which are essential for carrying oxygen throughout the body.
6
Fetal bovine serum (fbs) by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, China, United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, Japan, Canada, Italy, France, Switzerland, New Zealand, Brazil, Belgium, India, Spain, Israel, Austria, Poland, Ireland, Sweden, Macao, Netherlands, Denmark, Cameroon, Singapore, Portugal, Argentina, Holy See (Vatican City State), Morocco, Uruguay, Mexico, Thailand, Sao Tome and Principe, Hungary, Panama, Hong Kong, Norway, United Arab Emirates, Czechia, Russian Federation, Chile, Moldova, Republic of, Gabon, Palestine, State of, Saudi Arabia, Senegal
Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.
7
Stem cell factor (scf) by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Germany, Japan, Switzerland, Israel, Macao
The SCF is a versatile laboratory instrument designed to perform supercritical fluid extraction and chromatography. It utilizes the unique properties of supercritical fluids, such as adjustable solvent power and low viscosity, to efficiently extract, fractionate, and purify a wide range of compounds. The core function of the SCF is to provide researchers and analysts with a powerful tool for sample preparation, purification, and analysis across various industries and applications.
8
Iscove modified dulbecco media (imdm) by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, China, Germany, Canada, France, Italy, Austria, Israel, Switzerland, Belgium, Australia
IMDM (Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium) is a cell culture medium formulated for the growth and maintenance of a wide variety of cell types, including hematopoietic cells. It provides a balanced salt solution and essential nutrients required for cell proliferation and survival.
9
Erythropoietin by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, Canada
Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein hormone produced by the kidneys that regulates red blood cell production. It stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells, which are responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body.
10
Interleukin 3 (il 3) by STEMCELL
Sourced in Canada, United States, United Kingdom
IL-3, or Interleukin-3, is a cytokine that plays a key role in the growth and differentiation of various blood cell types, including hematopoietic stem cells, myeloid progenitor cells, and lymphoid progenitor cells. It is a critical regulator of cell proliferation and survival within the hematopoietic system.

More about "Erythropoietin"

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein hormone that plays a crucial role in the regulation of erythropoiesis, the process of red blood cell (erythrocyte) formation.
Produced primarily by the kidneys, EPO stimulates the production of red blood cells from progenitor cells in the bone marrow.
This hormone is clinically used to treat anemia associated with chronic kidney disease, chemotherapy, and other conditions.
Researchers can leverage the power of AI-driven platforms like PubCompare.ai to optimize their erythropoietin studies.
These tools can help locate the most effective protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, while providing insightful comparisons to enhance reproducibility and accuracy.
By utilizing PubCompare.ai, researchers can streamline their EPO studies and elevate their research efforts.
When studying EPO, researchers may also consider incorporating other related compounds, such as dexamethasone, penicillin/streptomycin, IL-3 (interleukin-3), L-glutamine, and serum factors like FBS (fetal bovine serum) and SCF (stem cell factor).
These additives can play a role in supporting erythropoiesis and overall cell culture conditions.
By exploring the synergies between EPO and these related factors, researchers can gain a deeper understanding of the complex mechanisms underlying red blood cell production and develop more effective therapeutic strategies.
PubCompare.ai can be a valuable tool in this process, helping to identify the most promising protocols and optimize experimental designs for enhanced reproducibility and accuracy.