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Glucagon-Like Peptide 1

Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone produced by intestinal L cells that plays a key role in regulating glucose homeostasis.
GLP-1 stimulates insulin secretion, suppresses glucagon release, and slows gastric emptying, leading to improved glycemic control.
It has also been implicated in appetite regulation and weight management.
GLP-1-based therapies, such as GLP-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, have emerged as effective treatments for type 2 diabbetes.
Understanding the mechanisms and functions of GLP-1 is crucial for developing new strategies to manage metabolic disorders.

Most cited protocols related to «Glucagon-Like Peptide 1»

hESCs were cultured and passaged as reported elsewhere [10 (link)]. The differentiation of hESCs into INS+ cells was performed using several different protocols. Adherent, flat culture differentiations based on the work of D’Amour et al. [11 (link)] and Kroon et al. [2 (link)] (referred to as ‘flat cultures’). Spin EB differentiations (referred to as ‘spin EBs’) [5 (link)], were set up in APEL medium [6 (link)]. Differentiation of spin EBs under pancreatic-specific conditions was as follows. EBs were formed by the forced aggregation of 2,000 (HES3) or 3,500 (MEL1) hESCs in APEL (the protein-free hybridoma medium component was omitted from this formulation) containing 10 ng/ml bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) and 150–200 ng/ml activin A (batch dependent) in low-attachment 96-well plates. After 3 days, medium was replaced with APEL containing 200–400 ng/ml noggin (batch dependent). At day 6, medium was replaced with APEL containing 1 × 10−5 mol/l retinoic acid (RA). At day 9, the medium was changed to APEL without polyvinyl alcohol (AEL) containing 1 × 10−5 mol/l RA, 100 μmol/l glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1), 1 × B27 and 10 mmol/l nicotinamide. At day 15 of differentiation, EBs were transferred to gelatinised, adherent 96-well plates, and insulin production was induced in AEL containing 10 mmol/l nicotinamide and 50 ng/ml IGF-I. With this system, most EBs contained INS-GFP+ cells by day 30 of differentiation. In addition, INS-GFP+ cells were also differentiated according to a protocol developed by Nostro and colleagues [12 (link)], referred to as the ‘Nostro protocol’. Recombinant human activin A, fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10), fibroblast growth factor 7 (KGF), IGF-I and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) were purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA). Basic FGF (FGF2) was purchased from Peprotech (Rocky Hill, NJ, USA). Wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 3A (WNT3A) and noggin were purchased from R&D Systems or provided by the Australia Stem Cell Centre (Melbourne, VIC, Australia). KAAD-cyclopamine was purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals (North York, ON, Canada); all-trans RA, nicotinamide, SB431542 and GLP1 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA).
Publication 2011
3-keto-N-aminoethylaminoethylcaproyldihydrocinnamoyl cyclopamine 4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide activin A Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 Cells FGF7 protein, human FGF10 protein, human Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Hepatocyte Growth Factor Homo sapiens Human Embryonic Stem Cells Hybridomas IGF1 protein, human Insulin Mouse mammary tumor virus Niacinamide noggin protein Pancreatic Diseases Polyvinyl Alcohol Proteins Stem Cells Tretinoin
Synchronized animals were raised at 20 °C, unless otherwise noted, and fed OP50 E. coli bacteria until they reached adulthood. For each strain, animals were collected with M9 solution at day 1 of adulthood for analysis. For RNAi experiments, wild-type (N2, WT) and glp-1(e2141) animals were raised at 25 °C on OP50 E. coli bacteria and were transferred onto plates freshly seeded with control bacteria or bacteria expressing dsRNA against the gene of interest. Animals were incubated at 20 °C for 48 h, then collected and washed twice with M9 solution.
Nematodes (~1,000) were flash frozen in liquid N2 and RNA was extracted with Trizol (Invitrogen/Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA) as described38 (link). Concentration and purity of RNA samples were determined with a NanoDrop spectrophotometer and samples were stored at −80 °C. Reverse transcription was performed on 1 μg RNA per sample using iScript Supermix (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). Samples were diluted 1/100 and complementary DNA standards (1/25–1/400) were prepared as serial dilutions from a mixture of the relevant cDNAs. Diluted samples and custom-designed primers (IDT, San Diego, CA) were mixed with SYBR Green (Roche, Indianapolis, IN) and samples were analysed using a Roche LightCycler 480 (Roche). Relative mRNA levels of target genes were normalized against the geometric mean39 (link) of the housekeeping genes act-1, cyn-1, cdc-42 and pmp-3. Primer sequences can be found in Supplementary Table S10. Nematode orthologues of the TFEB target genes analysed in this study were selected based on their significance in previous studies8 (link),14 (link). Each biological sample was analysed in duplicate or triplicate for each gene assayed. The mRNA levels of nematode genes are presented as mean±s.d. and statistical analysis of biological triplicates was performed by two-tailed Student’s t-test or analysis of variance using GraphPad Prism 5.0 software (GraphPad, La Jolla, CA).
Publication 2013
Animals Bacteria Biopharmaceuticals DNA, Complementary Escherichia coli Freezing Genes Genes, Bacterial Genes, Housekeeping Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Nematoda Oligonucleotide Primers prisma Reverse Transcription RNA, Double-Stranded RNA, Messenger RNA Interference Strains Student SYBR Green I Technique, Dilution TFEB protein, human trizol

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Publication 2009
Animals BLOOD Blood Chemical Analysis Body Composition Diet Dietary Modification Energy Metabolism Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Euglycemic Clamp Food Gene Expression Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Glucose Homeostasis Insulin INT-777 Lipids Males Mice, Inbred C57BL Mice, Laboratory Mice, Obese Obesity Plasma Punctures Rivers Tissues Water Consumption
One of the most important features of an evidence map is the cataloging of the large number and variety of outcomes reported in the published literature. This step typically occurs after data extraction since the scope of an evidence-map database is large. Thus, it is often difficult to pre-define all outcome categories of interest. The research team worked with the stakeholder panel to classify outcomes into clinically and biologically meaningful outcome categories that could be used in evidence-map analyses. The research team recorded outcomes reported in each publication and took the first attempt in identifying clinically and biologically relevant groups. Standardized coding was then developed for each outcome category. Feedback was sought from the stakeholder panel, and the outcome categories and coding were modified based on the final consensus of the stakeholder panel. Table 2 shows the final list of outcomes for each outcome category that are reported in the studies included in the LCS evidence-map database. Specifically, outcomes related to appetite or satiety ratings such as hunger score and desire to eat were often rated by a visual analog scale (VAS) and were classified under the ‘Appetite’ category. Outcomes focused on neurological measurements and sensing signals by the brain were classified under the ‘Energy Sensing’ category. Body weight, body composition and changes in weight-related outcomes were classified under the ‘Body Weight or Composition’ category. The ‘Dietary Intake’ category included outcomes such as energy intake, dietary intake, food intake and carbohydrate intake, and finally the ‘Glycemic’ category included glucose, insulin and gastric hormones. Our stakeholder panel did not identify additional outcomes that were not reported in the literature. Both outcome categories and full outcome lists were included in the evidence-map database, which can be used in future analyses with current or new outcome category coding.

Outcomes of interest by outcome groups in the LCS evidence-map database

Outcome groupsOutcomes of interest
AppetiteAppetite ratings using a visual analog scale (VAS), hunger, desire to eat, fullness, prospective consumption, thirst, motivational and behavioral factors reported through questionnaire
Energy sensing by brainNeurological measurements (fMRI, EEG), sensory rating (sweetness, intensity, pleasantness, sensory specific satiation), taste, perception and preference, taste reaction time
Body weight or body compositionBody weight, body composition, BMI, waist circumferences, weight or BMI changes
Dietary intakeEnergy intake, dietary intake, food intake, carbohydrate intake, sugar intake, salt intake, water intake
GlycemicGlucose, Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), insulin concentration, insulin sensitivity, hypoglycemia, glucagon, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), cholecystokinin (CCK), enterostatin, ghrelin, leptin, somatostatin, oxyntomodulin
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Publication 2016
Body Composition Brain Carbohydrates Cholecystokinin Eating fMRI Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide Ghrelin Glucagon Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Glucose Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated Hormones Hunger Hypoglycemia Insulin Insulin Sensitivity Leptin Motivation Oxyntomodulin procolipase Sodium Chloride, Dietary Somatostatin Stomach Taste Thirst tyrosyltyrosine Visual Analog Pain Scale Waist Circumference
Caenorhabditis elegans strains were maintained on NGM plates and OP50 Escherichia coli bacteria at 20°C as described (Brenner, 1974)31 (link), except that daf-2 mutants (and corresponding controls for a given assay) were maintained at 15°C unless otherwise noted. The wild-type strain was N2 Bristol31 (link). Mutant strains used are described in Wormbase (www.wormbase.org): LGI: daf-16(mgDf47, mu86); LGII: eat-2(ad1116); LGIII: daf-2(e1368, e1370, and m596), rrf-3(pk1462), glp-1(bn18); and LGIV: eri-1(mg366), skn-1(tm3411, zu67, zu129, and zu135). LGX: lin-15B(n744). Transgenic lines used were: jgIs5 [ROL- 6::GFP;TTX-3::GFP]32 (link), BC12533 dpy-5(e907); sEx12533 [Pcol-89::GFP; dpy-5(+)]33 (link), CF1660 daf-16(mu86); daf-2(e1370); muIs84 [Psod-3::GFP; pRF4 rol-6(su1006gf)]; muEx211 [Pges-1::DAF-16::GFP; pRF4 rol-6(su1006gf)]15 (link), CL2166 dvIs19 [Pgst-4::GFP; pRF4 rol-6(su1006gf)]34 (link), EE86 mup-4(mg36); upIs1 [MUP-4::GFP; pRF4 rol-6(su1006gf)]35 (link), HT1883 daf-16(mgDf50); daf-2(e1370) unc-119(ed3); lpIs14 [Pdaf-16::DAF-16f::GFP + unc-119(+)]36 (link), IG274 frIs7 [Pcol-12::DsRed; Pnlp-29::GFP]37 (link), LD001 ldIs007 [Pskn-1::SKN-1b/c::GFP; pRF4 rol-6(su1006gf)]38 (link), MH2051 kuIs55 [LON-3::GFP; unc-119(+)]39 (link), SJ4005 zcIs4 [Phsp-4::GFP; lin-15(+)]40 (link), SJ4103 zcIs14 [myo-3::GFP(mit)]41 (link), TB1682 chEx1682 [QUA-1::GFP; pRF4 rol-6(su1006gf)]42 (link), TJ356 zIs356 [Pdaf-16::DAF-16a/b::GFP; pRF4 rol-6(su1006gf)]43 (link), TP12 kaIs12 [COL-19::GFP]44 (link).
Publication 2014
Alprostadil Animals, Transgenic Bacteria Biological Assay Caenorhabditis elegans Escherichia Escherichia coli Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 SH2D1B protein, human Strains

Most recents protocols related to «Glucagon-Like Peptide 1»

Example 11

CREB responsive luciferase stable HEK 293 cell line overexpressing human glucagon receptor (GCGR), glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R), Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR), or Glucagon-like peptide 2 receptor (GLP-2R) was generated as follows.

HEK293 cells were infected with lent virus encoding firefly luciferase gene under the control of CRE promoter, as described in the manual (Qiagen, Netherlands) and then were selected using 1p g/mL puromycin (Life technologies, Carlsbad) for 1 week. The survived cells were named as CRE-HEK293, expanded and then transfected with a G418 selective mammalian expression plasmid encoding human GCGR, GLP-1R, GIPR or GLP-2R. In brief, GCGR, GLP-1R, GIPR, or GLP-2R plasmid was transfected into CRE-HEK293 cells using Lipofectamine 2000 and selected with 400 μg/mL geneticin (Life technologies, Carlsbad, CA). Single colony stable cell lines overexpressing both CRE-luciferase and GCGR, GLP-1R, GIPR, or GLP-2R were then established for in vitro activity assays. These four stable cell lines were named as HEK293-GCGR-CRE, HEK293-GLP-1R-CRE, HEK293-GIPR-CRE, and HEK293-GLP-2R-CRE.

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Patent 2024
antibiotic G 418 Biological Assay Cell Lines Cells gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor Genes, Viral Geneticin Glucagon Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 Receptor Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Glucagon Receptor HEK293 Cells Homo sapiens lipofectamine 2000 Luciferases Luciferases, Firefly Mammals Plasmids Puromycin
The present study was a randomized control trial following CONsolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) guideline. After institutional review board (IRB) approval (November 19, 2019), the trial was conducted in DM patients who were set for cardiac surgery undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) at the Cardiac Center, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital. Inclusion criteria were 20–80 years of age, DM Type 2 (T2DM), and scheduling for elective valvular heart surgery (VHS) or coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). Exclusion criteria were 1) DM Type 1, 2) insulin-dependent T2DM, 3) BG <60 or >300 mg/dL from 6 pm of the day before surgery, 4) preoperative administration of insulin, glucose, or dextrose solution, 5) preoperative inotropes/vasopressors infusion or mechanical cardiovascular support devices, 6) history of postoperative nausea or vomiting (PONV), 7) thyroid cancer or endocrine neoplasia syndromes, 8) chronic pancreatitis or previous surgery of pancreas, 9) recent steroid administration, 10) pregnancy, and 11) current treatment with GLP-1 analogs. Written informed consent was obtained from all the enrolled samples.
Publication 2023
Carcinoma, Thyroid Cardiopulmonary Bypass Cardiovascular System Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery Elective Surgical Procedures Endocrine Gland Neoplasms Ethics Committees, Research Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Glucose Heart Heart Valves Inotropism Insulin Medical Devices Operative Surgical Procedures Pancreas Pancreatitis, Chronic Patients Pregnancy Steroids Surgical Procedure, Cardiac Syndrome Vasoconstrictor Agents
Plasma insulin, active GLP-1, TNF and IL-6 were quantified by electrochemiluminescence (MESO SECTOR S 600) using kits from MesoScale Diagnostics (Cat# K152BZC, K150JWC and K15048, respectively).
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Publication 2023
Diagnosis Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Insulin Plasma
Colon tissue was digested (0.3 mg/mL collagenase XI (Cat# C7657, Sigma)) and collected as previously described [58 ] and cells uniformly distributed on a 24-well plate coated with 0.1% gelatin (Sigma). To assess GLP-1 release, cells were pre-incubated with Krebs Ringer solution (0.1 mM glucose) 37 °C, 15 min, followed by 2 h of collection in low (0.1 mM) or high (11.1 mM) glucose, with concomitant DEP (125 µg/mL) or PBS treatment. GLP-1 secretion was normalized to protein content (Pierce BCA protein assay kit, Cat# 23,227, Thermo Fischer Scientific).
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Publication 2023
Biological Assay Cells Collagenase Colon Gelatins Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Glucose Krebs-Ringer solution Proteins secretion Tissues
For GTTs, mice received a glucose bolus i.p. (2 g/kg body weight, Braun) after 6 h of fasting. Blood glucose was measured after 0, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min using a freestyle lite glucometer (Cat#7091870, Abbott). Blood was collected at time points 0, 15 and 30 min for insulin measurements.
For ITTs, mice were fasted 3 h and injected with 1U/kg body weight insulin (Actrapid Penfill Insulin 100 IU/mL, Novo Nordisk). Glucose levels were measured at 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after injection.
For GLP-1 measurements, mice were i.p. injected with 25 mg/kg body weight Sitagliptin (Cat# sc-364620, Santa Cruz) 30 min prior to oral glucose administration and blood collected in diprotein A (Cat# I9759, Bachem). To block GLP-1 signaling, synthetic exendin (9–39) 25 nM/kg body weight (Cat# H-8740, Bachem) was injected i.p. 1 min prior to GTT.
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Publication 2023
Actrapid insulin Administration, Oral BLOOD Blood Glucose Body Weight Cardiac Arrest Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Glucose Glucose Tolerance Test Insulin Mice, House Sitagliptin

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The DPP4 inhibitor is a type of laboratory equipment designed for the detection and quantification of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) enzyme. DPP4 is an important enzyme involved in various biological processes, and its measurement is crucial for research and clinical applications. The DPP4 inhibitor provides researchers with a tool to accurately measure DPP4 levels in various sample types, such as cell extracts, tissue homogenates, or biological fluids. This equipment enables researchers to analyze DPP4 activity and its role in different physiological and pathological conditions.
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GLP-1 is a laboratory equipment product developed by Merck Group. It is designed to measure and analyze glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels in biological samples. GLP-1 is an incretin hormone that plays a crucial role in glucose homeostasis and insulin regulation.
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The EZGLP1T-36K is a laboratory instrument designed for the detection and measurement of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels. It utilizes enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technology to quantify GLP-1 concentrations in biological samples. The core function of this product is to provide accurate and reliable GLP-1 analysis for research and clinical applications.
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The EGLP-35K is a laboratory equipment product manufactured by the Merck Group. It is designed for general laboratory use. The core function of the EGLP-35K is to perform laboratory tasks, but a detailed description is not available while maintaining an unbiased and factual approach.
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More about "Glucagon-Like Peptide 1"

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a crucial incretin hormone produced by intestinal L cells that plays a pivotal role in regulating glucose homeostasis.
This versatile peptide stimulates insulin secretion, suppresses glucagon release, and slows gastric emptying, leading to improved glycemic control.
Additionally, GLP-1 has been implicated in appetite regulation and weight management, making it a key target for the development of effective treatments for type 2 diabetes and other metabolic disorders.
The mechanisms and functions of GLP-1 are not limited to its role in glucose regulation.
GLP-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, also known as 'gliptins,' have emerged as potent therapeutic options for managing type 2 diabetes.
DPP-4 inhibitors work by preventing the breakdown of GLP-1, thereby enhancing its effects and improving glycemic control.
Understanding the intricate workings of GLP-1 is crucial for ongoing research and the development of novel strategies to address metabolic disorders.
Researchers can leverage cutting-edge tools like PubCompare.ai to optimize their GLP-1-related studies, accessing the best reproducible and accurate protocols from literature, preprints, and patents.
By harnessing the power of artificial intelligence, scientists can enhance their GLP-1 research and drive groundbreaking scientific discoveries.
Key subtopics and related terms in the GLP-1 research landscape include EZGLP1T-36K, EGLP-35K, Aprotinin, FBS (fetal bovine serum), and the GLP-1 active ELISA kit.
These tools and techniques are instrumental in advancing our understanding of this dynamic hormone and its potential therapeutic applications.
In summary, the exploration of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 and its associated therapies, such as GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors, holds immense promise for the management of metabolic disorders and the pursuit of improved health outcomes.
By combining the insights from the scientific literature with the power of AI-driven protocol optimization, researchers can unlock new frontiers in GLP-1 research and drive impactful discoveries.