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Laminin

Laminin is a large, multifunctional glycoprotein that is an essential component of the extracellular matrix.
It plays a crucial role in cell adhesion, differentiation, migration, and signaling.
Laminins are found in the basal lamina and help maintain the structural integrity of tissues.
They interact with other matrix proteins and cell surface receptors, making them pivotal in tissue development and repair.
Researchers can leverage the PubCompare.ai platform to easily locate the best protocols and optimize their Laminin expereinces, driving data-driven discovery in this important field.

Most cited protocols related to «Laminin»

A schematic overview of the myocyte isolation procedure is shown in Figure 2. An expanded description of the procedure, accompanied with images and videos, and complete materials list is available in the Online Data Supplement, alongside full details of additional methods applied in this study (Appendix A-ix). All animal work was undertaken in accordance with Singapore National Advisory Committee for Laboratory Animal Research guidelines. Relevant national and institutional guidelines and regulations must be consulted before commencement of all animal work.
Buffers and media were prepared as detailed in Appendix D. EDTA, perfusion, and collagenase buffers were apportioned into sterile 10 mL syringes, and sterile 27 G hypodermic needles were attached (Online Figure IA).
C57/BL6J mice aged 8 to 12 weeks were anesthetized, and the chest was opened to expose the heart. Descending aorta was cut, and the heart was immediately flushed by injection of 7 mL EDTA buffer into the right ventricle. Ascending aorta was clamped using Reynolds forceps, and the heart was transferred to a 60-mm dish containing fresh EDTA buffer. Digestion was achieved by sequential injection of 10 mL EDTA buffer, 3 mL perfusion buffer, and 30 to 50 mL collagenase buffer into the left ventricle (LV). Constituent chambers (atria, LV, and right ventricle) were then separated and gently pulled into 1-mm pieces using forceps. Cellular dissociation was completed by gentle trituration, and enzyme activity was inhibited by addition of 5 mL stop buffer.
Cell suspension was passed through a 100-μm filter, and cells underwent 4 sequential rounds of gravity settling, using 3 intermediate calcium reintroduction buffers to gradually restore calcium concentration to physiological levels. The cell pellet in each round was enriched with myocytes and ultimately formed a highly pure myocyte fraction, whereas the supernatant from each round was combined to produce a fraction containing nonmyocyte cardiac populations.
CM yields and percentage of viable rod-shaped cells were quantified using a hemocytometer. Where required, the CMs were resuspended in prewarmed plating media and plated at an applicationdependent density, onto laminin (5 μg/mL) precoated tissue culture plastic or glass coverslips, in a humidified tissue culture incubator (37°C, 5% CO2). After 1 hour, and every 48 hours thereafter, media was changed to fresh, prewarmed culture media.
The cardiac nonmyocyte fraction was collected by centrifugation (300g, 5 minutes), resuspended in fibroblast growth media, and plated on tissue-culture treated plastic, area ≈ 23 cm2 (0.5× 12-well plate) per LV, in a humidified tissue culture incubator. Media was changed after 24 hours and every 48 hours thereafter.
Publication 2016
Animals Animals, Laboratory Ascending Aorta Buffers Calcium Centrifugation Chest Collagenase Culture Media Descending Aorta Dietary Supplements Digestion Edetic Acid enzyme activity Fibroblasts Forceps Gravity Heart Heart Atrium Hyperostosis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hypodermic Needles isolation Laminin Left Ventricles Mus Muscle Cells Perfusion physiology Population Group Retreatments Rod Photoreceptors Sterility, Reproductive Syringes Tissues Ventricles, Right
hESCs or iPSCs were isolated from MEFs following dissociation to single cells with Accutase (Innovative Cell Technologies) by a 1 hr pre-plate on gelatin-coated dishes in hESC medium supplemented with 10 ng/ml FGF2 and 10 μM ROCK inhibitor (Calbiochem). The non-adherent pluripotent stem cells were harvested and plated on Matrigel (BD) coated 12-well plates in MEF-conditioned hESC medium with 10 ng/ml FGF2. Once the cell culture reached 95% confluence, neural induction was initiated by changing the culture medium to a culture medium that supports neural induction, neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation (referred to as 3N medium), a 1:1 mixture of N2- and B27-containing media. N2 medium: DMEM/F12, N2 (GIBCO), 5 μg/ml Insulin, 1mM L-Glutamine, 100 μm non-essential amino acids, 100 μM 2-mercaptoethanol, 50 U/ml Penicillin and 50 mg/ml Streptomycin; B27 medium: Neurobasal (Invitrogen), B27 with or without vitamin A (GIBCO), 200 mM Glutamine, 50 U/ml Penicillin and 50 mg/ml Streptomycin. 3N medium was supplemented with either 1 μm Dorsomorphin (Tocris) or 500 ng/ml mouse Noggin-CF chimera (R&D Systems), and 10 μm SB431542 (Tocris) to inhibit TGFβ signaling during neural induction 19 (link). Cells were maintained in this medium for 8-11 days, during which time the efficiency of neural induction was monitored by the appearance of cells with characteristic neuroepithelial cell morphology. Neuroepithelial cells were harvested by dissociation with Dispase and replated in 3N medium including 20 ng/ml FGF2 on poly-ornithine and laminin-coated plastic plates. After a further 2 days, FGF2 was withdrawn to promote differentiation. Cultures were passaged once more with Accutase, replated at 50,000 cells/cm2 on poly-ornithine and laminin-coated plastic plates in 3N medium and maintained for up to 100 days with a medium change every other day.
For quantitative RT-PCR, total RNA was isolated from three cultures at each timepoint (days 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25) (Trizol, Sigma). Total RNA was reverse-transcribed and used for quantitative RT-PCR with primers specific to Foxg1 and Tbr2 using the Applied Biosystems 7000 system. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR with primers for Emx1, Dlx1, Nkx2.1, HoxB4 and Isl1 was carried out according to standard techniques on first strand, random-primed cDNA generated from total RNA extracted from cultures grown in the presence or absence of purmorphamine.
Publication 2012
2-Mercaptoethanol 4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide accutase Amino Acids, Essential Cardiac Arrest Cell Culture Techniques Cells Chimera Culture Media, Conditioned dispase DNA, Complementary dorsomorphin Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 Gelatins Glutamine Human Embryonic Stem Cells Hyperostosis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Insulin Laminin matrigel Mus Nervousness Neuroepithelial Cells Neurogenesis Neurons NKX2-1 protein, human noggin protein Oligonucleotide Primers Ornithine Penicillins Pluripotent Stem Cells Poly A purmorphamine Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Streptomycin Transforming Growth Factor beta trizol Vitamin A
Embryoid bodies were generated from hiPSCs and then transferred to nonadherent plates (Corning). Colonies were maintained in suspension in N2 media (DMEM/F12 (Invitrogen), 1x N2 (Invitrogen)) for 7 days and then plated onto polyornithine (PORN)/Laminin-coated plates. Visible rosettes formed within 1 week and were manually dissected and cultured in NPC media (DMEM/F12, 1x N2, 1x B27-RA (Invitrogen), 1 µg/ml Laminin (Invitrogen) and 20 ng/ml FGF2 (Invitrogen). NPCs are maintained at high density, grown on PORN/Laminin-coated plates in NPC media and split approximately 1:4 every week with Accutase (Millipore). For neural differentiations, NPCs were dissociated with Accutase and plated at low density in neural differentiation media (DMEM/F12-Glutamax, 1x N2, 1x B27-RA, 20 ng/ml BDNF (Peprotech), 20 ng/ml GDNF (Peprotech), 1 mm dibutyrl-cyclicAMP (Sigma), 200 nM ascorbic acid (Sigma) onto PORN/Laminin-coated plates.
Assays for neuronal connectivity, neurite outgrowth, synaptic protein expression, synaptic density, electrophysiology, spontaneous calcium transient imaging and gene expression were used to compare control and SCZD hiPSC neurons.
Additional methods are found in S.I.
Publication 2011
accutase Ascorbic Acid Biological Assay Calcium Culture Media Embryoid Bodies Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 GDNF protein, human Gene Expression Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Laminin Nervousness Neuronal Outgrowth Neurons polyornithine Proteins Schizophrenia Transients
The following matrices were assessed for the ability to support pluripotent growth and subsequent cardiac differentiation: 9 µg/cm2 growth-factor reduced Matrigel (1:200, Corning) in DMEM/F12; 625 ng/cm2 vitronectin peptide (Synthemax II-SC, 1:320, Corning) in ultrapure water (1:50 also tested); 1 µg/cm2 full length recombinant human vitronectin (1:50, Primorigen) in D-PBS with CaCl2 and MgCl2; 2.5 µg/cm2 laminin-521 (1:80, Biolamina) in DPBS; 2 µg/cm2 truncated recombinant human laminin-511 iMatrix-511 (1:50, Iwai North America, Foster City, CA, USA) in DPBS; 1 µg/cm2 rH E-cadherin (1:25, StemAdhere, Primorigen/Stemcell Technologies); and 10 µg/cm2 fibronectin (1:20, EMD Millipore) in D-PBS. All were used at 2 mL per well of a 6-well (9.6 cm2). Matrices were assessed on both 6-well polystyrene tissue culture plates and untreated plates (both from Greiner). Also tested were Synthemax-T 6-well plates, and fibronectin mimetic plates (both from Corning) and 10 µg/cm2 Pronectin (Sigma-Aldrich).
Publication 2014
Cadherins FN1 protein, human Growth Factor Heart Homo sapiens Laminin laminin-511, human Magnesium Chloride matrigel Peptides Polystyrenes Stem Cells Tissues Vitronectin
The following matrices were assessed for the ability to support pluripotent growth and subsequent cardiac differentiation: 9 µg/cm2 growth-factor reduced Matrigel (1:200, Corning) in DMEM/F12; 625 ng/cm2 vitronectin peptide (Synthemax II-SC, 1:320, Corning) in ultrapure water (1:50 also tested); 1 µg/cm2 full length recombinant human vitronectin (1:50, Primorigen) in D-PBS with CaCl2 and MgCl2; 2.5 µg/cm2 laminin-521 (1:80, Biolamina) in DPBS; 2 µg/cm2 truncated recombinant human laminin-511 iMatrix-511 (1:50, Iwai North America, Foster City, CA, USA) in DPBS; 1 µg/cm2 rH E-cadherin (1:25, StemAdhere, Primorigen/Stemcell Technologies); and 10 µg/cm2 fibronectin (1:20, EMD Millipore) in D-PBS. All were used at 2 mL per well of a 6-well (9.6 cm2). Matrices were assessed on both 6-well polystyrene tissue culture plates and untreated plates (both from Greiner). Also tested were Synthemax-T 6-well plates, and fibronectin mimetic plates (both from Corning) and 10 µg/cm2 Pronectin (Sigma-Aldrich).
Publication 2014
Cadherins FN1 protein, human Growth Factor Heart Homo sapiens Laminin laminin-511, human Magnesium Chloride matrigel Peptides Polystyrenes Stem Cells Tissues Vitronectin

Most recents protocols related to «Laminin»

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Example 1

Proliferation of Pluripotent and/or Multipotent Stem Cells

When the cells have reached about 90% confluency the cells were splitted. For that the medium was removed and the cells were washed with PBS and then harvested with TrypLE (Life Technologies, 12563029). The cell suspension was centrifuged for 5 min at 300×g. The supernatant was removed and diluted in fresh StemMACS iPS-Brew XF medium (Miltenyi Biotec, 130-104-368). After determining the cell number 80.000-100.000 cells per 6-well were seeded in 2 ml fresh iPS Brew medium with Thiazovivin (2 μM; Miltenyi Biotec 130-104-461) in 6-well plates which were coated with Laminin-521 (0.5 μg/cm2; BioLamina LN521-02) diluted in PBS++ over night at 4° C. After two days the medium was changed on daily basis without Thiazovivin until reaching about 90% confluency.

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Patent 2024
Cell Proliferation Cells Hydrochloride, Dopamine Laminin Mesencephalon Multipotent Stem Cells thiazovivin
The muscles were cut on a cryostat at − 23 °C (7 μm), air-dried, and stored at − 20 °C. Slides were air-dried, rehydrated, and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) for 20 min at the time of staining. For CD63/DAPI/laminin staining, sections were incubated with mouse anti-CD63 IgG1 antibody (1:100 dilution, ab108950, Abcam, Cambridge, UK) and rabbit anti-laminin IgG antibody (1:100 dilution, L9393, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) overnight at 4 °C. Slides were washed in PBS, then incubated with Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-mouse IgG1 (1:250 dilution, A11001, Invitrogen, Waltham, MA) and Alexa Fluor 594 goat anti-rabbit IgG (1:250 dilution, A11012, Invitrogen) secondary antibodies for 1 h at room temperature. Slides were washed in PBS and mounted with VectaShield fluorescent mounting media with DAPI (H-1200-10, Vector Laboratories, Newark, CA). For CD9/DAPI/dystrophin staining, sections were incubated with rabbit anti-CD9 IgG (1:100 dilution, SA35-08, Invitrogen) and mouse anti-dystrophin IgG2b (1:250 dilution, 08168, Sigma-Aldrich) overnight, followed by incubation with Alexa Fluor 594 goat anti-rabbit IgG (1:250 dilution, A11012, Invitrogen) and Alexa Fluor 647 goat anti-mouse IgG2b (1:250 dilution, A32728, Invitrogen) for 1 h at room temperature. For CD81/DAPI/dystrophin staining, sections were incubated with rabbit anti-CD81(1:100 dilution, SN206-01, Novus Biologicals, Centennial, CO) and mouse anti-dystrophin IgG2b (1:250 dilution, 08168, Sigma-Aldrich) overnight, followed by incubation with Alexa Fluor 594 goat anti-rabbit IgG (1:250 dilution, A11012, Invitrogen) and Alexa Fluor 647 goat anti-mouse IgG2b (1:250 dilution, A32728, Invitrogen) for 1 h at room temperature. For Pax7/CD9/DAPI/WGA staining, sections were subjected to epitope retrieval using sodium citrate (10 mM, pH 6.5) at 92 °C, followed by blocking of endogenous peroxidase activity with 3% hydrogen peroxide in PBS. Sections were incubated overnight in mouse anti-Pax7 IgG1 (1:100 dilution, Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank, Iowa City, IA) and rabbit anti-CD9 IgG (1:100 dilution, SA35-08, Invitrogen), followed by incubation in goat anti-mouse biotin-conjugated secondary antibody (dilution 1:1,000, 115-065-205; Jackson ImmunoResearch, West Grove, PA) and Alexa Fluor 647 goat anti-rabbit IgG (1:250 dilution, A32733, Invitrogen) for 1 h at room temperature. Next, sections were incubated with streptavidin-HRP (1:500 dilution, S-911, Invitrogen) and Texas Red-conjugated Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA) (1:50 dilution, W21405, Invitrogen) at room temperature for 1 h, before incubation in Tyramide Signal Amplification (TSA) Alexa Fluor 488 (1:500 dilution, B40953, Invitrogen). Sections were mounted with VectaShield fluorescent mounting media with DAPI (H-1200-10, Vector Laboratories).
Images were captured with a Zeiss upright microscope (AxioImager M1, Oberkochen, Germany). To quantify the percentage of nuclei (DAPI+) expressing CD63, MyoVision software was used for automated analysis of nuclear density in cross-sections [39 (link)], and nuclei-expressing CD63 (identified as DAPI+/CD63+ events) were counted manually in a blinded manner by the same assessor for all sections using the Zen Blue software.
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Publication 2023
Alexa594 alexa fluor 488 Alexa Fluor 647 anti-IgG Antibodies Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic Biological Factors Biotin Cardiac Arrest Cell Nucleus Cloning Vectors DAPI DMD protein, human Epitopes Goat Hybridomas IgG1 IgG2B Immunoglobulins Laminin Microscopy Mus Muscle Tissue Novus paraform PAX7 protein, human Peroxidase Peroxides Rabbits Sodium Citrate Streptavidin Technique, Dilution Tritium Wheat Germ Agglutinins

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Publication 2023
Cells Cortex, Cerebral Embryo Laminin Mice, Inbred C57BL Neurons polyornithine
DRG from adult BALB/c mice were excised and cultured as previously described7 (link). Briefly, DRG from cervical to sacral (up to S2) level were bilaterally excised, collected and accurately de-sheathing in a dish containing cold F12 (Nutrient Mixture F12 Ham) medium (Sigma–Aldrich Inc., Italy). After incubation at 37 °C (1 h) with collagenase from Clostridium hystoliticum 0.125% (Sigma–Aldrich Inc., Italy), DRG were dissociated. Cells were plated on laminin (Sigma–Aldrich Inc., Italy) coated glass coverslips (24 mm) and cultured at 37 °C with 5% CO2 for 48 h in Bottenstein and Sato medium (BS)7 (link) supplemented with Recombinant Human β-NGF, Recombinant Murine GDNF and Recombinant Human NT3 (Peprotech, Rocky Hill, NJ, USA). The administration of OHP (0.1 μg/ml) and 5-FU (500 nM) was performed 48 h after the isolation of DRG neurons and all the experiments were performed from 48 to 54 h of culture.
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Publication 2023
Adult Cells Clostridium collagenase 1 Common Cold Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Homo sapiens Hyperostosis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal isolation Laminin Mice, Inbred BALB C Mus Neck Neurons Nutrients Sacral Region
SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line (ECACC, 94030304) and the mouse spontaneously immortalized microglia-9 (SIM-A9) cell line (ATCC-CRL-3265) [30 (link)] were cultured in Gibco™ DMEM/ F-12 with GlutaMAX™ (ThermoFisher, Waltham, MA, 31331028), supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (ThermoFisher, Waltham, MA, 10100139) and 5 μg/ml plasmocin™ (InvivoGen, San Diego, CA, ant-mpt). The culture medium of SIM-A9 cells was supplemented with 5% horse serum (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, H1270). Embryonic cortical-hippocampal neurons from wild-type (WT) and SREBF-2 mice (B6;SJL-Tg(rPEPCKSREBF2)788Reh/J, RRID:IMSR_JAX:003311) were isolated on day 16–17 of pregnancy by trypsin digestion following a standard protocol [31 (link)]. Dissociated cells were grown in Neurobasal™ medium (ThermoFisher, 21103–049) supplemented with 2.5% (v/v) B27 supplement (ThermoFisher, 17504–001), 0.5 mM L-glutamine (Sigma-Aldrich, G7513) and 5 μg/ml plasmocinTM (InvivoGen, ant-mpt), and plated onto poly-D-lysine (Sigma-Aldrich, P6407)- and laminin (Sigma-Aldrich, L2020)-coated plates at a density of 2 × 105 cells/cm2. Half of the culture medium was changed every 3 or 4 days. Over 95% of neuronal purity was confirmed by immunochemistry using antibodies targeting neuronal and glial markers. Experiments were performed at 7 to 10 days in vitro (DIV). All procedures involving animals and their care were approved by the ethics committee of the University of Barcelona and were conducted in accordance with institutional guidelines in compliance with national and international laws and policies.
Cell cholesterol enrichment was achieved by incubation with a cholesterol:methyl-β-cyclodextrin complex (CHO:MCD; containing 50 μg/ml of cholesterol) (Sigma-Aldrich, C4951) for 1 h followed by 4-h recovery. To induce inflammasome activation, cells were treated with 10 μg/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli O111:B4 (Sigma-Aldrich, L4391), 10 μg/ml N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine hydrate (also known as muramyl dipeptide, MDP; Sigma-Aldrich, A9519), 5 mM ATP (Sigma-Aldrich, A2383), 150 μg/ml monosodium urate crystals (MSU; Santa Cruz Biotech., sc-202711), and oligomeric Aβ at the indicated times. Preincubation with 4 mM glutathione ethyl ester (GSHee) or with the cell-permeable caspase 1 inhibitor I (10 μM; Bachem, 4095744) was performed 30 min before treatment when indicated.
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Publication 2023
Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine Animals Antibodies Cell Lines Cells Cholesterol Cortex, Cerebral Culture Media Cyclodextrins Dietary Supplements Digestion Embryo Equus caballus Escherichia coli Ethics Committees Fetal Bovine Serum Glutamine Homo sapiens Inflammasomes interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme inhibitor isoglutamine Laminin Lipopolysaccharides Lysine Microglia Mus Neuroblastoma Neuroglia Neurons Permeability plasmocin Poly A Pregnancy S-ethyl glutathione Serum Sodium Urate Monohydrate Trypsin

Top products related to «Laminin»

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Laminin is a protein component found in the extracellular matrix of cells. It plays a key role in cell attachment, differentiation, and migration processes.
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Laminin is a protein found in the extracellular matrix of various tissues. It plays a key role in the structural support and organization of the basement membrane. Laminin serves as a substrate for cell attachment and migration, and is involved in various cellular processes.
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Penicillin/streptomycin is a commonly used antibiotic solution for cell culture applications. It contains a combination of penicillin and streptomycin, which are broad-spectrum antibiotics that inhibit the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
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Neurobasal medium is a cell culture medium designed for the maintenance and growth of primary neuronal cells. It provides a defined, serum-free environment that supports the survival and differentiation of neurons. The medium is optimized to maintain the phenotypic characteristics of neurons and minimizes the growth of non-neuronal cells.
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B27 supplement is a serum-free and animal component-free cell culture supplement developed by Thermo Fisher Scientific. It is designed to promote the growth and survival of diverse cell types, including neurons, embryonic stem cells, and other sensitive cell lines. The core function of B27 supplement is to provide a defined, optimized combination of vitamins, antioxidants, and other essential components to support cell culture applications.
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GlutaMAX is a chemically defined, L-glutamine substitute for cell culture media. It is a stable source of L-glutamine that does not degrade over time like L-glutamine. GlutaMAX helps maintain consistent cell growth and performance in cell culture applications.
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Poly-D-lysine is a synthetic polymer commonly used as a coating for cell culture surfaces. It enhances cell attachment and promotes cell growth by providing a positively charged substrate that facilitates cell adhesion.
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Poly-L-ornithine is a synthetic polymer consisting of the amino acid L-ornithine. It is commonly used as a cell culture substrate to promote cell attachment and growth.
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Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.
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Poly-L-lysine is a synthetic polymer composed of the amino acid L-lysine. It is commonly used as a coating agent for various laboratory applications, such as cell culture and microscopy. Poly-L-lysine enhances the attachment and growth of cells on surfaces by providing a positively charged substrate.

More about "Laminin"

Laminin is a crucial component of the extracellular matrix (ECM), a complex network of macromolecules that provide structural and functional support to cells within tissues.
As a large, multifunctional glycoprotein, Laminin plays a pivotal role in various cellular processes, including adhesion, differentiation, migration, and signaling.
Laminins are found in the basal lamina, a specialized ECM layer that underlies epithelial cells and surrounds muscle, nerve, and fat cells.
These proteins help maintain the structural integrity of tissues by interacting with other matrix proteins and cell surface receptors, such as integrins.
This interaction is essential for tissue development, repair, and regeneration.
Researchers studying Laminin can leverage the PubCompare.ai platform to easily locate and compare the best protocols from literature, preprints, and patents.
This AI-driven platform provides valuable insights and recommendations to optimize Laminin experiments, driving data-driven discovery in this important field.
In addition to Laminin, researchers may also utilize other common cell culture components like Penicillin/Streptomycin, Neurobasal medium, B27 supplement, GlutaMAX, Poly-D-lysine, Poly-L-ornithine, and Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) to support the growth and differentiation of cells in their experiments.
By combining these tools and resources, scientists can enhance the reproducibility and accuracy of their Laminin research, leading to breakthroughs in areas such as tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and disease modeling.