Lipase

Prediction of secreted proteins was performed using a custom bioinformatic pipeline (Figure 1) assessing the following combined sequence characteristics: (a) proteins were predicted as secreted if the presence of a signal peptide was detected with SignalP, with D-cutoff values set to “sensitive” (version 4.1; option eukaryotic; Petersen et al., 2011 (link)), and no transmembrane helix or one overlapping the signal peptide found by TMHMM using default parameters (version 2.0; Melén et al., 2003 (link)) and (b) protein subcellular localization. Proteins were considered as secreted if subcellular localization was assigned as a secretory pathway using TargetP with the –N option to exclude plants (version 1.1; Emanuelsson et al., 2000 (link)) and as extracellular with WolfPsort using the option “fungi” (version 0.2; Horton et al., 2007 (link)). To filter out proteins that permanently reside in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen, we scanned the proteins for the KDEL motif (Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu) in the C-terminal region (prosite accession “PS00014”) with PS-SCAN (version 1.79). Annotation of the secreted proteins was completed by a BLASTP query comparing protein sequences against different resources and specialized databases (e^value = 10⁻⁵ and choosing the best hit) using the followingdatabases: (1) CAZyme (http://www.cazy.org/), (2) MEROPS (http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/), and (3) Lipase Engineering Database (http://www.led.uni-stuttgart.de/) and the following international DNA databases: (1) Uniprot Swissprot and (2) JGI Mycocosm. We also performed domain searches with the HMMER package (version 3.0, default parameters; Finn et al., 2011 (link)) for PFAM domains. To predict whether the secreted proteins targeted nuclei, we used PredictNLS (default parameters, version 1.0.20; https://rostlab.org/owiki/index.php/PredictNLS) for determine the presence of a nuclear localization signal. We also estimated the percentage of cysteine and the KR-rich regions of the secreted proteins. We considered secretome proteins smaller than 300 amino acids as SSPs. Data mining and comparison and figure plotting have been performed using the R software (R Core Team, 2014 , http://www.R-project.org/) and an in-house Python script.

CCA quantification of Drosophila homogenates was essentially done as described in [22] (link). If not described differently eight flies per replicate were homogenized in a 2 ml screwcap tube containing 1 ml 0.05% Tween-20 and a ceramic cylinder using a peqlab Precellys 24 instrument (10 sec at 5000 rpm). Homogenates were heat-inactivated (5 min at 70°C) and debris pelleted in a Beckmann GS6KR centrifuge (3 min at 3500 rpm). Of the supernatants 50 µl samples were transferred to a 96 well microtiter plate and homogenate (blank) absorbance was measured at 540 nm in a Biorad Benchmark Microplate Reader. Prewarmed Triglyceride solution (200 µl; Thermo Fisher Scientific #981786) was added to each homogenate sample and incubated at 37°C with mild shaking for 30–35 min. Total absorbance at 540 nm was measured and corrected by subtraction of blank and substrate absorbance prior to triglyceride equivalent content calculation using 0–40 µg of triolein (Sigma T7140) as TAG standard, which was treated like the samples.
For experiments with inactive CCA reagent shown in Fig. 1C the Triglyceride solution was heat-inactivated (5 min at 96°C) or incubated with 200 µM of the lipase inhibitor Orlistat (Sigma O4139) prior to use.
For homogenate absorbance determination prior to CCA assay (Fig. 2A), the 540 nm absorbance of 250 µl 0.05% Tween-20 was subtracted as blank value. Homogenate absorbance values were calculated per mg fly wet weight.
For experiments shown in Fig. 2B, 16 flies per replicate were homogenized in 1 ml 0,05% Tween-20. Homogenate supernatants (150 µl) were added to equal volumes of 0.05% Tween-20 containing increasing amounts of triolein and treated once more in the peqlab Precellys 24 instrument as described. Aliquots (50 µl) of the resulting homogenate samples were subjected to CCA measurement as described.
Shown are representative experiments with average values of triplicate measurements and corresponding standard deviations. Experiments were repeated at least twice.
For fly free glycerol content determination eight male flies were homogenized in 0.5 ml 0.05% Tween-20 as described above. Free glycerol content of 50 µl homogenate supernatants was determined with the Free Glycerol Reagent (Sigma F6428) using 0–50 µg triolein equivalents (Glycerol Standard Solution, Sigma G7793) as standard. Total free glycerol and glyceride content was determined by diluting 25 µl of the aforementioned homogenate with 25 µl 0.05% Tween-20 before using the Free Glycerol Reagent combined with the Triglyceride Reagent (Sigma T2449+F6428) using 0–40 µg triolein as standard. Free glycerol content and total free glycerol+glyceride content both expressed as µg triolein equivalent/mg fly wet weight were calculated as described above.
Shown are average values of triplicate measurements of three independent experiments.