The DIMSCAN system uses digital image fluorescence microscopy to quantify live cells, which selectively accumulate FDA. It is capable of measuring cytotoxicity over a 4-log dynamic range, after digital-image thresholding and eosin-Y quenching [7 (link), 30 (link)]. Cell lines were seeded in 150 μl of complete medium at 700 – 8,000 cells per well (dependent on cell size and doubling time) in 96-well plates. After overnight incubation, drugs were added as single agents in 100 μl of complete medium to the cells, at the following concentrations: 0.003–10 nM for vincristine, 0.01–100 μM for melphalan and etoposide, and 0.01–100 nM for rapamycin. Stock solutions of melphalan and etoposide were prepared at 10 mM in DMSO; vincristine at 1 mM in normal saline; rapamycin 1 mM in DMSO. Controls were treated with the appropriate drug vehicles (DMSO for etoposide, melphalan and rapamycin: final DMSO content of ≤0.1% at the highest concentration tested). Six replicate wells were tested per concentration as well as per control. Following 4 days (96 h) of incubation, 50 μl of 0.5% eosin-Y + 10 μg/ml of FDA were added to the wells. After 20 minutes of incubation in the dark, the fluorescence of viable cells in each well was measured using the DIMSCAN system. The results were expressed as the survival fraction of treated cells for each concentration relative to the control cells. The standard deviations (sd) for control wells were less than 15%, and for any plates in which the sd exceeded 15%, the assay was repeated.
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Melphalan
Melphalan
Melphalan is a chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of multiple myeloma, ovarian cancer, and other malignancies.
It works by alkylating and crosslinking DNA, leading to cell death.
PubCompare.ai helps researchers optimize Melphalan studies by surfacing the most relevant protocols from scientific literature, preprints, and patents.
With intelligent comparisons, users can identify the best methodologies and products to enhance the reproducibility and accruacy of their Melphalan research.
It works by alkylating and crosslinking DNA, leading to cell death.
PubCompare.ai helps researchers optimize Melphalan studies by surfacing the most relevant protocols from scientific literature, preprints, and patents.
With intelligent comparisons, users can identify the best methodologies and products to enhance the reproducibility and accruacy of their Melphalan research.
Most cited protocols related to «Melphalan»
Biological Assay
Cell Lines
Cells
Cell Survival
Cytotoxin
DNA Replication
Eosin
Etoposide
Fluorescence
Melphalan
Microscopy, Fluorescence
Normal Saline
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Pharmaceutical Vehicles
Sirolimus
Sulfoxide, Dimethyl
Vincristine
The Myeloma XI was a phase 3, open-label, randomised, adaptive design trial with three randomisation stages (figure 1 ). There were three potential randomisations in the study: at trial entry for all patients to allocate induction treatment separately for those considered eligible or ineligible for transplantation; after induction treatment for those patients with a suboptimal response to treatment (minimal or partial response) to allocate induction intensification; and at the completion of induction and intensification or autologous stem-cell transplantation (where applicable) to allocate maintenance treatment. This report is concerned with the results of the randomisation to maintenance treatment. Results of the induction intensification randomisations will be presented elsewhere. The trial was done at 110 National Health Service hospitals in England, Wales, and Scotland (appendix p 2 ).![]()
appendix (p 34) . Patients aged at least 18 years and who had symptomatic multiple myeloma or non-secretory multiple myeloma based on bone marrow clonal plasma cells, organ or tissue impairment considered by the clinician to be myeloma related, or paraprotein (M-protein) in serum or urine were eligible for the initial randomisation. Exclusion criteria for the initial randomisation included previous or concurrent malignancies, including myelodysplastic syndromes; previous treatment for myeloma (except local radiotherapy, bisphosphonates, and corticosteroids); grade 2 or worse peripheral neuropathy, acute renal failure (unresponsive to up to 72 h of rehydration, characterised by creatinine >500 μmol/L or urine output <400 mL per day, or requiring dialysis); and active or previous hepatitis C infection.
Patients who were young and fit to tolerate autologous stem-cell transplantation (transplantation eligible) entered the intensive treatment pathway. Older and less fit patients (transplantation ineligible) entered the non-intensive treatment pathway. Strict age limits were deliberately avoided so that fit, older patients could receive intensive therapy and undergo autologous stem-cell transplantation. However, generally, patients aged 60 years or younger entered the intensive (younger, fitter) pathway; those aged 70 years or older entered the non-intensive (older, less fit) pathway; and those aged 61–69 years were eligible for either intensive or non-intensive therapy. The decision of treatment pathway was made on an individual patient basis, taking into account Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, clinician judgment, and patient preference.
For the maintenance therapy randomisation, eligible patients were those who completed their assigned induction therapy according to the protocol (a minimum of four cycles of cyclophosphamide, thalidomide, and dexamethasone [CTD]; cyclophosphamide, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone [CRD]; or carfilzomib, cyclophosphamide, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone [KCRD] in the intensive pathway, or a minimum of six cycles of attenuated CTD or attenuated CRD in the non-intensive pathway), and had achieved at least a minimal response and received at least 100 mg/m2 melphalan if assigned to intensive treatment.
The study was approved by the national ethics review board (National Research Ethics Service, London, UK), institutional review boards of the participating centres, and the competent regulatory authority (Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, UK), and was undertaken according to the Declaration of Helsinki and the principles of Good Clinical Practice as espoused in the Medicines for Human Use (Clinical Trials) Regulations. All patients provided written informed consent. The study is closed for accrual, but follow-up continues for planned long-term analysis.
Trial profile
*Randomisation occurred between May 26, 2010, and April 20, 2016. †Randomisation occurred between Jan 13, 2011, and Aug 11, 2017. ‡Censored for progression-free survival analysis.
Patients who were young and fit to tolerate autologous stem-cell transplantation (transplantation eligible) entered the intensive treatment pathway. Older and less fit patients (transplantation ineligible) entered the non-intensive treatment pathway. Strict age limits were deliberately avoided so that fit, older patients could receive intensive therapy and undergo autologous stem-cell transplantation. However, generally, patients aged 60 years or younger entered the intensive (younger, fitter) pathway; those aged 70 years or older entered the non-intensive (older, less fit) pathway; and those aged 61–69 years were eligible for either intensive or non-intensive therapy. The decision of treatment pathway was made on an individual patient basis, taking into account Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, clinician judgment, and patient preference.
For the maintenance therapy randomisation, eligible patients were those who completed their assigned induction therapy according to the protocol (a minimum of four cycles of cyclophosphamide, thalidomide, and dexamethasone [CTD]; cyclophosphamide, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone [CRD]; or carfilzomib, cyclophosphamide, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone [KCRD] in the intensive pathway, or a minimum of six cycles of attenuated CTD or attenuated CRD in the non-intensive pathway), and had achieved at least a minimal response and received at least 100 mg/m2 melphalan if assigned to intensive treatment.
The study was approved by the national ethics review board (National Research Ethics Service, London, UK), institutional review boards of the participating centres, and the competent regulatory authority (Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, UK), and was undertaken according to the Declaration of Helsinki and the principles of Good Clinical Practice as espoused in the Medicines for Human Use (Clinical Trials) Regulations. All patients provided written informed consent. The study is closed for accrual, but follow-up continues for planned long-term analysis.
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Acclimatization
Adrenal Cortex Hormones
BAD protein, human
Bone Marrow Cells
carfilzomib
Clone Cells
Creatinine
Cyclophosphamide
Dexamethasone
Dialysis
Diphosphonates
Ethics Committees, Research
Health Services, National
Hepatitis C
Homo sapiens
Kidney Failure, Acute
Lenalidomide
Malignant Neoplasms
Melphalan
M protein, multiple myeloma
Multiple Myeloma
Neoadjuvant Therapy
Neoplasms
Patients
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Plasma
Radiotherapy
Rehydration
secretion
Serum
Syndrome, Myelodysplastic
Thalidomide
Tissues
Transplantation
Transplantations, Stem Cell
Urine
Youth
Cyclophosphamide
Dexamethasone
Doxorubicin
Eligibility Determination
Melphalan
Multiple Myeloma
Patients
Physicians
Prednisolone
Stem Cells
Thalidomide
Transplantation, Autologous
Vincristine
Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin, and streptomycin were purchased from GIBCO® (Invitrogen, USA). Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and ethidium bromide were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). Sodium bicarbonate, neutral red (NR), and melphalan in powder form were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany). Isopropyl alcohol (biotechnology grade) was purchased from Bio Basic Inc. (USA). Methanol (analytical grade) was purchased from BDH (England). A FlexiGene DNA Kit was obtained from Qiagen (Germany). Agarose (molecular grade) was purchased from Bio-Rad (USA), and an 100 bp + 1.5 Kb DNA ladder with stain was purchased from SibEnzyme (Russia). All other reagents used in this study were purchased from Sigma Chemicals Co. (USA). An Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit was purchased from Bender MedSystems GmbH (Austria).
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Apoptosis
Bicarbonate, Sodium
Bio-Base
BP 100
Eagle
Ethidium Bromide
Fetal Bovine Serum
FITC-annexin A5
Isopropyl Alcohol
Melphalan
Methanol
Penicillins
Powder
Sepharose
Stains
Streptomycin
Sulfoxide, Dimethyl
The crude extracts were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at 20 mg/ml as stock solutions which were then diluted with DMEM to desired concentrations ranging from 10 to 500 μg/ml. The final concentration of DMSO in each sample did not exceed 1% v/v, to keep the cytotoxicity of DMSO at less than 10%. The HepG2 cell line and normal Vero cell line were used as cell models. Cytotoxicity testing was performed with a neutral red (NR) method [8 (link)]. Melphalan was used as a standard anticancer drug for comparison with the crude extracts. Briefly, the cells were seeded in 96-well plates (100 μl/well at a density of 3 × 105cells/ml) and treated with various concentrations of the samples for 24 hours. Then, cells were washed twice with 1× PBS and the supernatant was discarded. A total of 100 μl NR solution (50 μg/ml) was added to each well and incubated at 37°C for another hour. NR was then dissolved by 100 μl of 0.33% HCl. Absorbance of NR dye was detected by a dual-wavelength UV spectrometer (Anthos 2010; Biochrom, UK) at 520 nm with a 650 nm reference wavelength. The percentage of cytotoxicity compared to the untreated cells was determined with the equation given below. A plot of % cytotoxicity versus sample concentrations was used to calculate the concentration which showed 50% cytotoxicity (IC50).
The selectivity index (SI), which indicates the cytotoxic selectivity (ie safety) of the crude extract against cancer cells versus normal cells [9 (link)], was calculated from the IC50 of the crude sample in normal cells versus cancer cells.
The selectivity index (SI), which indicates the cytotoxic selectivity (ie safety) of the crude extract against cancer cells versus normal cells [9 (link)], was calculated from the IC50 of the crude sample in normal cells versus cancer cells.
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Cell Lines
Cells
Complex Extracts
Cytotoxin
Genetic Selection
Hep G2 Cells
Malignant Neoplasms
Melphalan
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Safety
Sulfoxide, Dimethyl
Most recents protocols related to «Melphalan»
Example 13
NLT 80% of batch volume ethanol was transferred into a manufacturing vessel.
Propylene glycol was added to a vessel containing ethanol. Melphalan was added to the above mixture. Check the pH of the sample and if required adjust the pH to 3.5-5.5 using 0.1N NaOH/0.1N HCL. Final batch volume was made up using ethanol. The obtained solution was filtered and filled in vials followed by capping and sealing. The formulation was tested for stability at 2-8° C. for a period of 1 Month. Stability data is summarized 13A.
Although the formulations, compositions, schemes and methods of the present disclosure have been described with reference to exemplary embodiments thereof, the present disclosure is not limited thereby. Indeed, the exemplary embodiments are implementations of the disclosed methods are provided for illustrative and non-limitative purposes. Changes, modifications, enhancements and/or refinements to the disclosed methods may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the present disclosure. Accordingly, such changes, modifications, enhancements and/or refinements are encompassed within the scope of the present invention. All publications, patent applications, patents, figures and other references mentioned herein are expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety.
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Blood Vessel
Ethanol
Melphalan
Propylene Glycol
Example 5
EDTA was dissolved in water and added to a manufacturing vessel containing a mixture of PEG and ethanol. Melphalan and povidone were added to the above solution mixture. pH was adjusted to 3.5-5.5 using 0.1N HCl. Volume was made up using mixture of PEG and ethanol. The obtained solution was filtered and filled in vials followed by capping and sealing. The formulation was tested for stability at 25° C./60% RH for a period of 22 days. Stability data is summarized in Table 5A.
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Blood Vessel
Edetic Acid
Ethanol
Melphalan
Povidone
Example 4
EDTA was dissolved in water and added to a manufacturing vessel containing a mixture of PEG and ethanol to obtain a clear solution. Melphalan was added to the above solution mixture. pH was adjusted to 3.5-5.5 using 0.1N HCl. Volume was made up using mixture of PEG and ethanol. The obtained solution was filtered and filled in vials followed by capping and sealing. The formulation was tested for stability at 2-8° C. for a period of 5 months. Stability data is summarized in Table 4A.
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Blood Vessel
Edetic Acid
Ethanol
Melphalan
polyethylene glycol 300
Example 10
EDTA was dissolved in water and added to a manufacturing vessel containing a mixture of PG and benzyl alcohol. Melphalan was added to the above solution mixture. pH was adjusted between pH 3.5-5.5 using 0.1N HCl/0.1N NaOH. Volume was made up using PG and benzyl alcohol. The obtained solution was filtered and filled in vials followed by capping and sealing. The formulation was tested for stability at 2-8° C. for a period of 22 days. Stability data is summarized in Table 10A.
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Benzyl Alcohol
Blood Vessel
Edetic Acid
Melphalan
Example 7
EDTA and povidone was dissolved in water and added to a manufacturing vessel containing a mixture of PG and ethanol. Melphalan and povidone were added to the above solution mixture. pH was adjusted to 7.5-9.0 using 0.1 N NaOH. Volume was made up using PG and ethanol. The obtained solution was filtered and filled in vials followed by capping and sealing. The formulation was tested for stability at 25° C./60% RH for a period of 22 days. Stability data is summarized in Table 7A.
Table 7A
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Blood Vessel
Edetic Acid
Ethanol
Melphalan
Povidone
Top products related to «Melphalan»
Sourced in United States, Germany, Sweden
Melphalan is a laboratory equipment product manufactured by Merck Group. It is a type of alkylating agent used in various research and analytical applications. The core function of Melphalan is to serve as a reagent for chemical synthesis and analysis purposes.
Sourced in United States, Germany, China, United Kingdom, Belgium
Bortezomib is a proteasome inhibitor used in research laboratory settings. It functions by blocking the proteasome, a complex of enzymes responsible for the degradation of unwanted or damaged proteins within cells.
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, France, China, India, Italy, Poland, Macao, Japan, Sao Tome and Principe, Canada, Spain, Brazil, Australia, Belgium, Switzerland, Singapore, Israel
Doxorubicin is a cytotoxic medication that is commonly used in the treatment of various types of cancer. It functions as an anthracycline antibiotic, which works by interfering with the DNA replication process in cancer cells, leading to their destruction. Doxorubicin is widely used in the management of different malignancies, including leukemia, lymphoma, and solid tumors.
Sourced in United States, China, United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, Japan, Canada, Italy, France, Switzerland, New Zealand, Brazil, Belgium, India, Spain, Israel, Austria, Poland, Ireland, Sweden, Macao, Netherlands, Denmark, Cameroon, Singapore, Portugal, Argentina, Holy See (Vatican City State), Morocco, Uruguay, Mexico, Thailand, Sao Tome and Principe, Hungary, Panama, Hong Kong, Norway, United Arab Emirates, Czechia, Russian Federation, Chile, Moldova, Republic of, Gabon, Palestine, State of, Saudi Arabia, Senegal
Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, China, France, Canada, Japan, Australia, Switzerland, Italy, Israel, Belgium, Austria, Spain, Brazil, Netherlands, Gabon, Denmark, Poland, Ireland, New Zealand, Sweden, Argentina, India, Macao, Uruguay, Portugal, Holy See (Vatican City State), Czechia, Singapore, Panama, Thailand, Moldova, Republic of, Finland, Morocco
Penicillin is a type of antibiotic used in laboratory settings. It is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent effective against a variety of bacteria. Penicillin functions by disrupting the bacterial cell wall, leading to cell death.
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, China, France, Canada, Australia, Japan, Switzerland, Italy, Belgium, Israel, Austria, Spain, Netherlands, Poland, Brazil, Denmark, Argentina, Sweden, New Zealand, Ireland, India, Gabon, Macao, Portugal, Czechia, Singapore, Norway, Thailand, Uruguay, Moldova, Republic of, Finland, Panama
Streptomycin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used in laboratory settings. It functions as a protein synthesis inhibitor, targeting the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, which plays a crucial role in the translation of genetic information into proteins. Streptomycin is commonly used in microbiological research and applications that require selective inhibition of bacterial growth.
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, China, Japan, Italy, Sao Tome and Principe, Macao, France, Australia, Switzerland, Canada, Denmark, Spain, Israel, Belgium, Ireland, Morocco, Brazil, Netherlands, Sweden, New Zealand, Austria, Czechia, Senegal, Poland, India, Portugal
Dexamethasone is a synthetic glucocorticoid medication used in a variety of medical applications. It is primarily used as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant agent.
Sourced in Germany
The CliniMACS CD34 Reagent System is a laboratory equipment for the selection and enrichment of CD34+ cells from human blood or bone marrow samples. It utilizes magnetic beads coated with antibodies targeting the CD34 surface antigen to isolate the desired cell population.
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, China, Canada, France, Japan, Australia, Switzerland, Israel, Italy, Belgium, Austria, Spain, Gabon, Ireland, New Zealand, Sweden, Netherlands, Denmark, Brazil, Macao, India, Singapore, Poland, Argentina, Cameroon, Uruguay, Morocco, Panama, Colombia, Holy See (Vatican City State), Hungary, Norway, Portugal, Mexico, Thailand, Palestine, State of, Finland, Moldova, Republic of, Jamaica, Czechia
Penicillin/streptomycin is a commonly used antibiotic solution for cell culture applications. It contains a combination of penicillin and streptomycin, which are broad-spectrum antibiotics that inhibit the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Sourced in United States, Germany, France
RPMI8226 is a human myeloma cell line derived from the peripheral blood of a patient with multiple myeloma. The cell line is widely used in research for studying multiple myeloma and related blood disorders.
More about "Melphalan"
Melphalan, a chemotherapeutic agent, is widely used in the treatment of multiple myeloma, ovarian cancer, and other malignancies.
This alkylating agent works by damaging DNA, leading to cell death.
PubCompare.ai, an AI-powered platform, helps researchers optimize Melphalan studies by surfacing the most relevant protocols from scientific literature, preprints, and patents.
By enabling intelligent comparisons, the tool allows users to identify the best methodologies and products to enhance the reproducibility and accuracy of their Melphalan research.
Melphalan is often used in combination with other chemotherapeutic drugs, such as Bortezomib and Doxorubicin, to treat multiple myeloma.
Additionally, Dexamethasone, a corticosteroid, is frequently administered alongside Melphalan to manage side effects and improve treatment outcomes.
When conducting Melphalan studies, researchers may utilize various cell culture techniques, including the use of RPMI8226 cell lines and supplementing the growth medium with Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) and Penicillin/Streptomycin antibiotics.
The CliniMACS CD34 Reagent System may also be employed to isolate and purify specific cell populations for Melphalan-related research.
By leveraging the insights provided by PubCompare.ai, researchers can optimize their Melphalan studies, leading to more reproducible and accurate results, ultimately advancing the understanding and treatment of multiple myeloma, ovarian cancer, and other malignancies.
This alkylating agent works by damaging DNA, leading to cell death.
PubCompare.ai, an AI-powered platform, helps researchers optimize Melphalan studies by surfacing the most relevant protocols from scientific literature, preprints, and patents.
By enabling intelligent comparisons, the tool allows users to identify the best methodologies and products to enhance the reproducibility and accuracy of their Melphalan research.
Melphalan is often used in combination with other chemotherapeutic drugs, such as Bortezomib and Doxorubicin, to treat multiple myeloma.
Additionally, Dexamethasone, a corticosteroid, is frequently administered alongside Melphalan to manage side effects and improve treatment outcomes.
When conducting Melphalan studies, researchers may utilize various cell culture techniques, including the use of RPMI8226 cell lines and supplementing the growth medium with Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) and Penicillin/Streptomycin antibiotics.
The CliniMACS CD34 Reagent System may also be employed to isolate and purify specific cell populations for Melphalan-related research.
By leveraging the insights provided by PubCompare.ai, researchers can optimize their Melphalan studies, leading to more reproducible and accurate results, ultimately advancing the understanding and treatment of multiple myeloma, ovarian cancer, and other malignancies.