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Polymyxins

Polymyxins are a class of antibiotics derived from the bacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa.
These cyclic polypeptide compounds demonstrate potent antimicrobial activity against a variety of Gram-negative pathogens, including Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and Enterobacteriaceae.
Polymyxins work by disrupting the bacterial cell membrane, leading to cell death.
They are commonly used as a last resort treatment for multidrug-resistant infections.
Researchers can use PubCompare.ai's intelligent comparison tool to identify the optimal polymyxin products and procedures to advance thier research, based on the latest literature, preprints, and patents.

Most cited protocols related to «Polymyxins»

1
Polymyxin Antibiotic Pharmacokinetics and Toxicity
The recommendations in this guideline were developed following a review of studies published before December 31, 2018, in English. Studies were identified through Library of Congress, LISTA (Library, Information Science & Technology Abstracts [EBSCO]), and PubMed database searches with no date restrictions using Medical Subject Headings. Examples of keywords used to conduct literature searches were polymyxin, colistin, polymyxin B, nephrotoxicity, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, area under the curve, toxicodynamics, resistance, carbapenem, A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Tsuji B.T., Pogue J.M., Zavascki A.P., Paul M., Daikos G.L., Forrest A., Giacobbe D.R., Viscoli C., Giamarellou H., Karaiskos I., Kaye D., Mouton J.W., Tam V.H., Thamlikitkul V., Wunderink R.G., Li J., Nation R.L, & Kaye K.S. (2019). International Consensus Guidelines for the Optimal Use of the Polymyxins: Endorsed by the American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP), European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID), Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), International Society for Anti-infective Pharmacology (ISAP), Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), and Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists (SIDP). Pharmacotherapy, 39(1), 10-39.
Publication 2019
Carbapenems cDNA Library Colistin Drug Kinetics Klebsiella pneumoniae Polymyxin B Polymyxins Pseudomonas aeruginosa
2
Mycobacterial Detection in Sputum Samples
Sputum samples were decontaminated according to the sodium
hydroxide–N-acetyl-L-cysteine method.21 An aliquot was used for
microscopical examination of auramine-stained sputum smears, and the
remainder was used for parallel Löwenstein–Jensen
culture, automated mycobacterial culture, and MODS culture (see Fig. I in
the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this article at
www.nejm.org). Löwenstein–Jensen culture
and automated mycobacterial culture with the use of the MBBacT system
(bioMérieux) were selected because they are reference methods
commonly used in developing and industrialized countries, respectively.
After inoculation of 250 μl of decontaminant,
Löwenstein–Jensen slants were incubated at
37°C and examined twice weekly from day 7 through day 60.21 MBBacT bottles were inoculated with
500 μl of decontaminant, and cultures were monitored
continuously for 42 days according to the recommendations of the
manufacturer.
The MODS assay was performed as described previously.6 (link),7 (link)
Briefly, broth cultures were prepared in 24-well tissue-culture plates
(Becton Dickinson), each containing 720 μl of decontaminant,
Middlebrook 7H9 broth (Becton Dickinson), oxalic acid, albumin, dextrose,
and catalase (OADC) (Becton Dickinson), and polymyxin, amphotericin B,
nalidixic acid, trimethoprim, and azlocillin (PANTA) (Becton Dickinson). For
each sample, 12 wells were used: in 4 control wells, no drug was added, and
each of the remaining 8 wells contained one of four drugs at one of two
concentrations tested. The cultures were examined under an inverted light
microscope at a magnification of 40× every day (except Saturday
and Sunday) from day 4 to day 15, on alternate days from day 16 to day 25,
and twice weekly from day 26 to day 40. To minimize cross-contamination and
occupational exposure, plates were permanently sealed inside plastic ziplock
bags after inoculation and were subsequently examined within the bag.
Positive cultures were identified by cord formation, characteristic of
M. tuberculosis growth, in liquid medium in drug-free
control wells, as described previously.6 (link),7 (link),22 (link) Nontuberculous mycobacteria were recognized by
their lack of cording or, for M. chelonae (which is the
only nontuberculous mycobacteria that does form cords), by rapid overgrowth
by day 5. Fungal or bacterial contamination was recognized by rapid
overgrowth and clouding in wells.
If contamination was detected, the original sample was cultured
again after being decontaminated once more. Spacer oligonucleotide typing
(spoligotyping), polymerase chain reaction with multiple primers,23 (link) or both were applied to all isolates
from each of the three types of cultures in order to confirm the presence of
M. tuberculosis.
Moore D.A., Evans C.A., Gilman R.H., Caviedes L., Coronel J., Vivar A., Sanchez E., Piñedo Y., Saravia J.C., Salazar C., Oberhelman R., Hollm-Delgado M.G., LaChira D., Escombe A.R, & Friedland J.S. (2006). Microscopic-Observation Drug-Susceptibility Assay for the Diagnosis of TB. The New England journal of medicine, 355(15), 1539-1550.
Publication 2006
Acetylcysteine Albumins Amphotericin B Auramine O Azlocillin Bacteria Biological Assay Catalase Cone-Rod Dystrophy 2 Glucose Light Microscopy Multiple Organ Failure Mycobacterium Nalidixic Acid Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Oligonucleotide Primers Oligonucleotides Oxalic Acids Pharmaceutical Preparations Polymerase Chain Reaction Polymyxins Sputum Tissues Trimethoprim Tuberculosis Vaccination
3
Isolation of Bacillus anthracis Spores from Soil
The method used for the isolation of spores from environmental samples was that described in OIE Terrestrial Manual 2012 [15 ], with some modifications. For culturing and isolation of B. anthracis the TSMP medium was used, consisting in the semi-selective Columbia blood agar added with trimethoprim (16 mg/lt), sulfamethoxazole (80 mg/lt), methanol (5 ml/lt) and polymyxin (300,000 units/lt). Based on our experience, TSMP has the same efficacy of PLET in isolating B. anthracis (data not shown). Briefly, to each 7.5 gram aliquot of soil sample were added 22.5 ml of deionized sterile water. After 30 minutes of washing by vortexing, the suspension was incubated at 64°C for 20 min to eliminate any vegetative forms of soil contaminants [16 (link)].From each sample, 10 ml of supernatant were collected and dilutions of 1:10 and 1:100 were made using normal saline solution.
Subsequently, 10 plates of TMSP were seeded with the undiluted suspension (100 μl/plate), 10 plates with the 1:10 dilution and 10 plates with the 1:100 dilution. After 24 and 48 hours of incubation at 37°C, each plate was examined for the presence of suspect colonies of B. anthracis and of contaminants. All colonies were counted. B. anthracis colonies were identified by Gram staining, colony morphology and anthrax-specific PCRs [17 (link)].
Fasanella A., Di Taranto P., Garofolo G., Colao V., Marino L., Buonavoglia D., Pedarra C., Adone R, & Hugh-Jones M. (2013). Ground Anthrax Bacillus Refined Isolation (GABRI) method for analyzing environmental samples with low levels of Bacillus anthracis contamination. BMC Microbiology, 13, 167.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2013
Agar Anthrax Bacillus anthracis Blood isolation Methanol Normal Saline Polymerase Chain Reaction Polymyxins Spores Sterility, Reproductive Sulfamethoxazole Technique, Dilution Trimethoprim
4
Meropenem–vaborbactam vs Best Available Therapy
Patients randomized to meropenem–vaborbactam received 7–14 days of treatment as monotherapy (2–2 g) via IV infusion over 3 h every 8 h. BAT included any of the following as monotherapy or in combination: polymyxins, carbapenems, aminoglycosides, or tigecycline; or monotherapy with ceftazidime-avibactam. Use of an aminoglycoside beyond 72 h in subjects with a pathogen(s) susceptible to meropenem–vaborbactam or ceftazidime-avibactam was considered a treatment failure. BAT was selected by the primary service and confirmed by the unblinded investigator according to institutional standards of care, patient characteristics (i.e., renal function, previous treatments, infection type, organism with corresponding MICs, etc.), and local regulatory approval. The choice of BAT regimen was left up to the investigator. Planned BAT was documented prior to randomization.
For patients with moderate-to-severe renal impairment (estimated creatinine clearance < 50 mL/min), meropenem–vaborbactam dose modifications were made (NCT02168946). BAT doses were adjusted according to local protocols.
Wunderink R.G., Giamarellos-Bourboulis E.J., Rahav G., Mathers A.J., Bassetti M., Vazquez J., Cornely O.A., Solomkin J., Bhowmick T., Bishara J., Daikos G.L., Felton T., Furst M.J., Kwak E.J., Menichetti F., Oren I., Alexander E.L., Griffith D., Lomovskaya O., Loutit J., Zhang S., Dudley M.N, & Kaye K.S. (2018). Effect and Safety of Meropenem–Vaborbactam versus Best-Available Therapy in Patients with Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Infections: The TANGO II Randomized Clinical Trial. Infectious Diseases and Therapy, 7(4), 439-455.
Publication 2018
Aminoglycosides avibactam - ceftazidime Carbapenems Creatinine Infection Intravenous Infusion Kidney meropenem - vaborbactam Minimum Inhibitory Concentration pathogenesis Patients Polymyxins Renal Insufficiency Tigecycline Treatment Protocols
5
Standardized Detection of Bacillus cereus
The qualitative and quantitative detection of B. cereus were performed according to National Food Safety Standard (The Hygiene Ministry of China, 2010a ) with minor modification. In brief, 25 ml of sample was mixed and homogenized with 225 ml Trypticase-soy-polymyxin (TSB) broth (Huankai, China) at 30°C for 48 h. Then cultures were streaked on the Mannitol-egg yolk-polymyxin (MYP) agar plate (Selective media; Huankai, China) and Chromogenic plate (Huankai, China) and incubated at 30°C for 24 h. Colonies with pink sparkle in blue or blue-green precipitation on Chromogenic plate were picked for further biochemical identification using the B. cereus biochemistry assessor (Huankai, China). The quantitative detection assay was conducted by B. cereus most probable number (MPN) counting method in Food Safety Standards (The Hygiene Ministry of China, 2010a ).
Gao T., Ding Y., Wu Q., Wang J., Zhang J., Yu S., Yu P., Liu C., Kong L., Feng Z., Chen M., Wu S., Zeng H, & Wu H. (2018). Prevalence, Virulence Genes, Antimicrobial Susceptibility, and Genetic Diversity of Bacillus cereus Isolated From Pasteurized Milk in China. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9, 533.
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Publication 2018
Agar azo rubin S Biological Assay Mannitol Polymyxins trypticase-soy broth Yolks, Egg

Most recents protocols related to «Polymyxins»

1
Surveillance of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales
Bacterial isolates cultured as part of routine clinical diagnostics were acquired from a regional hospital in Central Texas. Isolates were obtained from patients both within the hospital and from other facilities (eg long-term care facilities) within the same region (from which isolates/samples were submitted to the hospital for testing) from December 2018 to January 2020. Species identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing were conducted on the VITEK 2 system using the GN ID card and the AST-GN69 and AST-XN06 susceptibility cards, respectively (BioMérieux). All isolates designated “ESBL” by VITEK analysis (n=116) or meeting the CDC definition of CRE (n=16) were included in this study. CRE is defined by the CDC as “Enterobacterales that test resistant to at least one of the carbapenem antibiotics”.8 CRE isolates (Klebsiella spp. and E. coli only) were submitted to the Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS) for additional analyses per CDC recommendations.9 At DSHS they were tested for carbapenemase production (mCIM method).10 (link) MICs for select aminoglycosides, monobactams, carbapenems, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, tigecycline, polymyxins, piperacillin/tazobactam, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole were also determined by broth microdilution (BMD). PCRs for important carbapenemase genes (blaKPC, blaOXA-48, blaNDM, blaIMP, and blaVIM) and colistin-resistance genes (mcr-1 and mcr-2) were also performed by DSHS. For a few of the CRE isolates, either the VITEK or the DSHS report was unavailable.
Parker J.K., Gu R., Estrera G.A., Kirkpatrick B., Rose D.T., Mavridou D.A., Mondy K.E, & Davies B.W. (2023). Carbapenem-Resistant and ESBL-Producing Enterobacterales Emerging in Central Texas. Infection and Drug Resistance, 16, 1249-1261.
Publication 2023
Aminoglycosides Antibiotics Bacteria carbapenemase Carbapenems Cephalosporins Colistin Diagnosis Escherichia coli Fluoroquinolones Genes Klebsiella Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Monobactams Patients Personal Health Services Piperacillin-Tazobactam Combination Product Polymerase Chain Reaction Polymyxins Susceptibility, Disease Tigecycline Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Combination
2
Evaluation of Polymyxin Susceptibility Testing
The BMD method, as the standard reference method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST), was performed in strict accordance with the CLSI M7-A10 document.13 The antibiotic drugs polymyxin B and colistin were obtained from the National Institutes for Food and Drug Control of China (polymyxin B lot: 130313-202111, colistin lot: 130327-200906). E. coli ATCC25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853 were used as polymyxin-susceptible control strains, while E. coli NCTC 13846 (mcr-1-positive) and K. pneumoniae CCUG59348 (colistin resistant, mcr-negative) served as the polymyxin-resistant control strains.14 (link) The performance of five commercial methods, including VITEK 2® COMPACT (BioMérieux, Marcy l’Etoile, France) with an AST-N335 card (colistin), PhoenixTM M50 (Becton Dickinson Diagnostics, Sparks, MD, USA) with a NMIC-502 card (colistin), DL-96II (Zhuhai DL Biotech Co., Ltd., Zhuhai, China) with a DL-E card (polymyxin B), MA120 (Zhuhai Meihua Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Zhuhai, China) with a MA card (polymyxin B), and Polymyxin B Susceptibility Test strip (Autobio Diagnostics Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, China), which were performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions, were evaluated.
The possible ranges of MIC readings for each method were as follows: BMD (colistin and polymyxin B), ≤ 0.5 to ≥ 32mg/L; Vitek 2, ≤ 0.5 to ≥ 16 mg/L; Phoenix M50, ≤ 1 to ≥ 8 mg/L; DL-96II, ≤ 2 to ≥ 4 mg/L; MA120, ≤ 1 to ≥ 4 mg/L; Polymyxin B Susceptibility Test Strip (POL E-Strip), ≤ 0.06 to ≥ 256 mg/L. All POL E-Strip results were recorded up to the nearest MIC measured in the BMD category (eg, 0.75 mg/L was recorded as 1 mg/L).
Zhang Q., Yan W., Zhu Y., Jing N., Wang S., Yuan Y., Ma B., Xu J., Chu Y., Zhang J., Ma Q., Wang B., Xu W., Zhu L., Sun Y., Shi C., Fang J., Li Y, & Liu S. (2023). Evaluation of Commercial Products for Colistin and Polymyxin B Susceptibility Testing for mcr-Positive and Negative Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in China. Infection and Drug Resistance, 16, 1171-1181.
Publication 2023
Antibiotics Colistin Diagnosis Escherichia coli Food Klebsiella pneumoniae Microbicides Polymyxin B Polymyxins Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains Susceptibility, Disease
3
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiling
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the reference broth microdilution method as described in CLSI document M07-A11 [17 ]. The following antimicrobial classes were tested: aminoglycoside, cephalosporin, carbapenem, β-lactamase inhibitor combination, fluoroquinolone, glycylcycline, and polymyxin. Susceptibility rates were calculated using both the 2022 CLSI [5 ] and 2022 US FDA [6 ] breakpoints as well as the recently revised 2023 CLSI breakpoints for aminoglycosides [15 ].
Sader H.S., Mendes R.E., Kimbrough J.H., Kantro V, & Castanheira M. (2023). Impact of the Recent Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Breakpoint Changes on the Antimicrobial Spectrum of Aminoglycosides and the Activity of Plazomicin Against Multidrug-Resistant and Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales From United States Medical Centers. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 10(2), ofad058.
Publication 2023
Aminoglycosides beta-Lactamase Inhibitors Carbapenems Cephalosporins Fluoroquinolones glycylcycline Microbicides Polymyxins Susceptibility, Disease
4
Viability Assessment of M. tuberculosis in Urine
Solid culture in Middlebrook 7H11 was used to assess the viability of M. tb spiked in urine samples. A total of 0.1 mL was inoculated into each compartment of the Middlebrook 7H11. The media was supplemented with OADC, 0.5% (v/v) of glycerol, and a cocktail of antibiotics consisting of Polymyxin, Amphotericin, Carbenicillin, and Trimethoprim (PACT). The plates were incubated at 37 °C for a maximum of 6 weeks. Growth of M. tb colonies was observed weekly, and colony count was conducted from a dilution with 10–200 colonies.
Mapamba D.A., Sauli E., Lalashowi J., Buza J., John J., Mwaisango Z., Tarmo P., Sabi I., Rachow A., Ntinginya N.E, & Mtafya B. (2023). Performance of Tuberculosis Molecular Bacterial Load Assay Compared to Alere TB-LAM in Urine of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients with HIV Co-Infections. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(4), 3715.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
Amphotericin Antibiotics, Antitubercular Carbenicillin Glycerin Polymyxins Technique, Dilution Trimethoprim Urine
5
Characterization of Food-Borne Outbreak Isolates
The isolates from the food-borne outbreak comprised two from food: FC1 and FC2 (obtained from the leftover pasta sauce: mussels and smoked mackerel in garlic butter sauce) and five from the vomit of one patient: FC6, FC7, FC8, FC9, and FC10. They were isolated on Polymyxin Pyruvate Egg-Yolk Mannitol Bromothymol-Blue Agar (PEMBA), which was incubated at 37 °C for 48 h. The isolates were examined using phase-contrast microscopy and biochemically characterized using the API 20E and API 50 CHB systems (BioMérieux, Marcy-l’Étoile, France). Growth at 40 °C, 42 °C, 45 °C, 48 °C, and 50 °C, was also observed in Tryptone Soy Broth (Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK) cultures incubated in water baths. B. cereus F4810/72 (also known as strain B0358 in the Logan Bacillus Collection at Glasgow) was used as a reference emetic toxin-producing strain. All bacterial cultures were maintained on Tryptone Soy Agar (TSA) (Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK), stored at 4 °C, or in lyophilized form.
Pheepakpraw J., Kaewkod T., Konkit M., Krongdang S., Jantakee K., Praphruet R., Bovonsombut S., Panya A., Tragoolpua Y., Logan N.A, & Chitov T. (2023). Intraspecific Diversity and Pathogenicity of Bacillus thuringiensis Isolates from an Emetic Illness. Toxins, 15(2), 89.
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Publication 2023
Agar Bacillus Bacteria Bath Bromthymol Blue Butter Croakers Emetics Food Garlic Mannitol Microscopy, Phase-Contrast Mussels Pastes Patients Polymyxins Pyruvate Strains Toxins, Biological Vomiting Yolks, Egg

Top products related to «Polymyxins»

1
Vitek 2 system by bioMérieux
Sourced in France, United States, Germany, Italy, Macao, United Kingdom, Sweden, Belgium, India, Japan, Brazil
The Vitek 2 system is an automated microbiology platform designed for the rapid identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of microorganisms. The system utilizes miniaturized biochemical testing to provide accurate results for a wide range of bacterial and yeast species.
2
Polymyxin b by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, Australia, United Kingdom, India, China, France, Italy, Sao Tome and Principe, Switzerland
Polymyxin B is a laboratory product manufactured by Merck Group. It is an antibiotic compound used in various research and analytical applications.
3
Etest by bioMérieux
Sourced in France, Sweden, United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Denmark, Italy, Australia, Spain, Switzerland, Japan
Etest is a quantitative antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) method developed by bioMérieux. It provides minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for specific antimicrobial agents. Etest utilizes a predefined antimicrobial gradient on a plastic strip to determine the MIC of a tested microorganism.
4
Tryptone soy broth (tsb) by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United Kingdom, Australia, United States, India, Germany
Tryptone Soy Broth is a general-purpose culture medium used for the growth of a wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi. It provides the necessary nutrients for the cultivation and propagation of these organisms. The broth contains tryptone, soy peptone, and other essential components that support microbial growth and metabolism.
5
Maldi tof ms by Bruker
Sourced in Germany, United States, France, United Kingdom, Japan, Italy, Switzerland, Canada, Poland
MALDI-TOF MS is a type of mass spectrometry instrument that uses Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) as the ionization technique and Time-of-Flight (TOF) as the mass analyzer. It is designed to analyze and identify a wide range of compounds, including proteins, peptides, lipids, and small molecules.
6
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso) by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, China, Italy, Sao Tome and Principe, France, Macao, India, Canada, Switzerland, Japan, Australia, Spain, Poland, Belgium, Brazil, Czechia, Portugal, Austria, Denmark, Israel, Sweden, Ireland, Hungary, Mexico, Netherlands, Singapore, Indonesia, Slovakia, Cameroon, Norway, Thailand, Chile, Finland, Malaysia, Latvia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Pakistan, Uruguay, Bangladesh
DMSO is a versatile organic solvent commonly used in laboratory settings. It has a high boiling point, low viscosity, and the ability to dissolve a wide range of polar and non-polar compounds. DMSO's core function is as a solvent, allowing for the effective dissolution and handling of various chemical substances during research and experimentation.
7
Api 20e by bioMérieux
Sourced in France, United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Japan, Macao, Denmark, Italy
The API 20E is a standardized identification system for Enterobacteriaceae and other non-fastidious Gram-negative rods. It consists of 20 miniaturized biochemical tests, which allow the identification of the most frequently encountered members of the Enterobacteriaceae family as well as certain other Gram-negative bacteria.
8
Vitek 2 by bioMérieux
Sourced in France, United States, Germany, Italy, United Kingdom, Canada, Poland, Macao
The Vitek 2 is a compact automated microbiology system designed for the identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of clinically significant bacteria and yeasts. The system utilizes advanced colorimetric technology to enable rapid and accurate results for clinical decision-making.
9
Polymyxin agarose column by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Polymyxin-agarose column is a laboratory product used for affinity chromatography. It is designed to purify and isolate biomolecules, such as endotoxins, from complex samples. The column matrix consists of polymyxin B immobilized on agarose beads, which selectively binds to and removes lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from the sample.

More about "Polymyxins"

Polymyxins are a class of powerful antimicrobial agents derived from the bacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa.
These cyclic polypeptide compounds, also known as polymyxin antibiotics, demonstrate potent activity against a variety of Gram-negative pathogens, including Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and Enterobacteriaceae.
Polymyxins work by disrupting the bacterial cell membrane, leading to cell death, making them a critical last resort treatment for multidrug-resistant infections.
Researchers can utilize the Vitek 2 system, a powerful automated microbiology platform, to rapidly identify and characterize polymyxin-resistant strains.
The Etest, a user-friendly antimicrobial susceptibility testing method, can also be employed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of polymyxins against target organisms.
Tryptone Soy Broth, a nutrient-rich growth medium, is commonly used to cultivate and study these bacteria.
Advanced analytical techniques like MALDI-TOF MS (Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry) can provide detailed insights into the molecular composition and structure of polymyxins, while DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide) is often used as a solvent to facilitate their study.
The API 20E system, a standardized identification method, can be leveraged to classify Gram-negative bacteria, including those susceptible or resistant to polymyxins.
Researchers can leverage PubCompare.ai's intelligent comparison tool to identify the optimal polymyxin products and procedures to advance their work, based on the latest literature, preprints, and patents.
This AI-driven platform can help researchers optimize their protocols and enhance the accuracy of their polymyxin research.