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Somatostatin Receptor

Q: What are the different subtypes of somatostatin receptors?

There are five known subtypes of somatostatin receptors, designated as SSTR1 through SSTR5. Each subtype has distinct tissue distribution and functional roles in the body, mediating the diverse biological effects of somatostatin, such as inhibition of hormone secretion, neurotransmission, and cell proliferation.

Somatostatin receptors are a family of G protein-coupled receptors that bind the peptide hormone somatostatin.
These receptors mediate the diverse biological effects of somatostatin, including inhibition of hormone secretion, neurotransmission, and cell proliferation.
Five subtypes of somatostatin receptors (SSTR1-SSTR5) have been identified, each with distinct tissue distribution and functional roles.
Somatostatin receptor subtypes are important therapeutic targets for the management of neuroendocrine tumors, acromegaly, and other disorders.
Understaning the expression and signaling of somatostatin receptors is cruical for developing effective diagnostic and treatment strategies.

Most cited protocols related to «Somatostatin Receptor»

Acromegaly Management Consensus Protocol

Cited 9 times

Literature searches were performed by meeting participants to identify new data in English language papers published between January 2014 and October 2019, and indexed in PubMed. Search terms included “acromegaly” and terms associated with each topic, including “biochemical control”, “tumor volume”, “clinical symptoms”, “side effects”, “neurosurgery”, “radiother-apy”, “somatostatin analogue”, “somatostatin receptor ligand”, “pegvisomant”, “morbidity”, “mortality”, “quality of life”,and “guidelines”. After brief plenary overviews on the state of the art for each topic, participants were divided into breakout groups for further analysis of the assigned topics and subsequently reported their conclusions to the whole group.
Consensus recommendations were produced based on speaker presentations, subgroup discussions, and reports. After the meeting, the Scientific Committee graded the evidence supporting the recommendations, and then graded the
consensus recommendations on the basis of the quality of evidence (Table 2). Final graded consensus recommendations were approved by all meeting participants.

Giustina A., Barkhoudarian G., Beckers A., Ben-Shlomo A., Biermasz N., Biller B., Boguszewski C., Bolanowski M., Bollerslev J., Bonert V., Bronstein M.D., Buchfelder M., Casanueva F., Chanson P., Clemmons D., Fleseriu M., Formenti A.M., Freda P., Gadelha M., Geer E., Gurnell M., Heaney A.P., Ho K.K., Ioachimescu A.G., Lamberts S., Laws E., Losa M., Maffei P., Mamelak A., Mercado M., Molitch M., Mortini P., Pereira A.M., Petersenn S., Post K., Puig-Domingo M., Salvatori R., Samson S.L., Shimon I., Strasburger C., Swearingen B., Trainer P., Vance M.L., Wass J., Wierman M.E., Yuen K.C., Zatelli M.C, & Melmed S. (2020). Multidisciplinary management of acromegaly: A consensus. Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders, 21(4), 667-678.

Publication 2020

Acromegaly Ligands Neurosurgical Procedures pegvisomant Somatostatin Somatostatin Receptor

Midgut Neuroendocrine Tumor Treatment Trial

Cited 7 times

This international, multicenter, phase 3 trial was conducted at 41 centers in 8 countries worldwide. Eligible patients were adults who had midgut neuroendocrine tumors that had metastasized or were locally advanced, that were inoperable, that were histologically confirmed and centrally verified, and that showed disease progression (according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors [RECIST], version 1.1^{19 (link)}) on either computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) over the course of a maximum period of 3 years during treatment with octreotide LAR (20 to 30 mg every 3 to 4 weeks for at least 12 weeks before randomization). Patients were required to have a Karnofsky performance-status score of at least 60 (on a scale from 0 to 100, with lower numbers indicating greater disability), a tumor with well-differentiated histologic features, and somatostatin receptors present on all target lesions (as confirmed by blinded, independent central review). Welldifferentiated histologic features were defined as a Ki67 index (the percentage of cells that are positive for Ki67 as determined by immunostaining of the primary tumor) of 20% or less; tumors were assessed as low-grade if they had a Ki67 index of 0 to 2%, intermediate-grade if they had a Ki67 index of 3 to 20%, or high-grade if they had a Ki67 index of greater than 20%, with a lower grade indicating a lower rate of proliferative activity. Target lesions were selected from CT or MRI, and the degree of expression of somatostatin receptors was determined on the basis of the lesion that had the highest uptake of radiotracer observed on planar somatostatin receptor scintigraphy within 24 weeks before randomization. All CT and MRI images were reviewed and evaluated for disease progression (according to RECIST criteria) and somatostatin receptor expression by independent central reviewers who were unaware of the treatment assignments.
Key exclusion criteria were a serum creatinine level of more than 150 μmol per liter (1.7 mg per deciliter) or a creatinine clearance of less than 50 ml per minute; a hemoglobin level of less than 8.0 g per deciliter; a white-cell count of less than 2000 per cubic millimeter; a platelet count of less than 75,000 per cubic millimeter; a total bilirubin level of more than 3 times the upper limit of the normal range; a serum albumin level of more than 3.0 g per deciliter, unless the prothrombin time value was within the normal range; treatment with more than 30 mg of octreotide LAR within 12 weeks before randomization; peptide receptor radionuclide therapy at any time before randomization; and any surgery, liver-directed transarterial therapy, or chemotherapy within 12 weeks before randomization.

Strosberg J., El-Haddad G., Wolin E., Hendifar A., Yao J., Chasen B., Mittra E., Kunz P.L., Kulke M.H., Jacene H., Bushnell D., O'Dorisio T.M., Baum R.P., Kulkarni H.R., Caplin M., Lebtahi R., Hobday T., Delpassand E., Van Cutsem E., Benson A., Srirajaskanthan R., Pavel M., Mora J., Berlin J., Grande E., Reed N., Seregni E., Öberg K., Sierra M.L., Santoro P., Thevenet T., Erion J.L., Ruszniewski P., Kwekkeboom D, & Krenning E. (2017). Phase 3 Trial of 177Lu-Dotatate for Midgut Neuroendocrine Tumors. The New England journal of medicine, 376(2), 125-135.

Publication 2017

Adult Bilirubin Creatinine Cuboid Bone Disabled Persons Disease Progression Hemoglobin A Leukocyte Count Liver Neoplasms Neuroendocrine Tumors Octreotide Operative Surgical Procedures Patients Peptide Receptor Pharmacotherapy Platelet Counts, Blood Radioisotopes Radionuclide Imaging Serum Serum Albumin Somatostatin Receptor Therapeutics Times, Prothrombin X-Ray Computed Tomography

Measuring Pressure Pain Thresholds with Algometer

Cited 6 times

For immediate changes in PPT before and after the SSTR and SR interventions, a pressure pain algometer (Baseline) was used. The pressure pain algometer is a portable instrument for measuring the PPT of a specific muscle; its pressure gauge can be calibrated in kilograms per square centimeter with a 1-cm diameter rubber tip.^{[21 ]} The intra-examiner correlation coefficients of the PPT, when using the pressure pain algometer, ranged from 0.64 to 0.92.^{[21 ]}For PPT measurements using the pressure pain algometer, the subject sat comfortably on a chair with backrest with both hands placed on top of the knees, while facing forward.^{[13 (link)]} The PPT of the SCM muscle was measured from the halfway point between the mastoid process and the manubrium of the sternum, while the PPT of the UT muscle was measured from the midpoint of the line connecting the tip of the acromion and the C7 spinous process.^{[13 (link)]} A metal rod was placed vertically on the skin surface of the measurement area of the SCM and UT muscles, and the subject was instructed to immediately notify the examiner when the pressure applied caused pain rather than just pressure, at which time the pressure was shut off. For data analysis, the mean value (kilograms per square centimeter) of 3 repeated measurements taken 30 seconds apart was used.^{[14 (link)]}

Kim S.J, & Lee J.H. (2018). Effects of sternocleidomastoid muscle and suboccipital muscle soft tissue release on muscle hardness and pressure pain of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and upper trapezius muscle in smartphone users with latent trigger points. Medicine, 97(36), e12133.

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Publication 2018

Acromion Knee Manubrium Metals Muscle Tissue Neoplasm Metastasis Pain Pressure Process, Mastoid Rubber Skin Somatostatin Receptor Spinous Processes

Randomized Trial of 177Lu-Dotatate for Neuroendocrine Tumors

Cited 6 times

In this open-label, phase 3 trial, we randomly assigned patients, in a 1:1 ratio, to receive ¹⁷⁷Lu-Dotatate plus best supportive care, consisting of octreotide LAR at a dose of 30 mg every 4 weeks for symptom control (¹⁷⁷Lu-Dotatate group) or to receive high-dose octreotide LAR, at a dose of 60 mg every 4 weeks (control group). Randomization was performed with the use of a centralized permuted block (block size of 4) randomization scheme, with stratification according to the highest tumor uptake score on somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (grade 2, 3, or 4 on a scale ranging from 0 [no uptake by tumor] to 4 [very intense uptake by tumor] with higher grades indicating a higher level of expression of somatostatin receptors)^{12 (link)} and according to the length of time that a patient had been receiving a constant dose of octreotide (≤6 months or >6 months).
In the ¹⁷⁷Lu-Dotatate group, 7.4 GBq (200 mCi) of ¹⁷⁷Lu-Dotatate was infused intravenously over a period of 30 minutes. Patients received four infusions every 8 weeks (cumulative radioactivity, 29.6 GBq [800 mCi]) unless unacceptable toxic effects occurred, centrally confirmed disease progression (according to RECIST) was present on imaging, the patient was unable or unwilling to adhere to trial procedures, the patient withdrew consent, or the patient died. For renal protection, an intravenous amino acid solution (Aminosyn II 10% [21.0 g of lysine and 20.4 g of arginine in 2 liters of solution] or VAMIN-18 [18 g of lysine and 22.6 g of arginine in 2 liters of solution]) was administered concomitantly for at least 4 hours, starting 30 minutes before infusion of the radiopharmaceutical. In the ¹⁷⁷Lu-Dotatate group, patients continued to receive supportive care with octreotide LAR, which was administered intramuscularly at a dose of 30 mg approximately 24 hours after each infusion of ¹⁷⁷Lu-Dotatate and then monthly after completion of all four treatments. In the control group, octreotide LAR at a dose of 60 mg was administered intramuscularly every 4 weeks. In both treatment groups, patients were allowed to receive subcutaneous rescue injections of octreotide in the event of hormonal symptoms (i.e., diarrhea or flushing) associated with their carcinoid syndrome.

Publication 2017

Amino Acids Aminosyn Arginine Diarrhea Disease Progression Kidney lutetium Lu 177 dotatate Lysine Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome Neoplasms Octreotide Patients Radioactivity Radionuclide Imaging Radiopharmaceuticals Somatostatin Receptor Subcutaneous Injections Vamin

Radiosensitizing Effect of Olaparib in Neuroendocrine Tumor Cells

Cited 5 times

Experiments were performed on human osteosarcoma cells (U2OS), U2OS cells stably expressing SSTR2 11 (link) and the SSTR positive rat pancreatic Ca20948 cells 12 (link). Cells were cultured in DMEM (Lonza), supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Biowest), penicillin (50 units/mL) and streptomycin (50 µg/mL) (Sigma Aldrich), at 37°C and 5% CO₂.
For PRRT experiments, cells were treated for 4 h with different activity quantities of ¹⁷⁷Lu-DTPA (saturated with DTPA) or ¹⁷⁷Lu-DOTA-TATE (specific activity 53 MBq/nmol, radiometal incorporation >95% and radiochemical purity >90%) (IDB Holland). This specific activity is the same as used during patient treatment 5 (link), 13 (link). Activity concentrations are based on a previous study by Capello and collaborators 14 . Subsequently, the radioligands were removed, cells were washed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (Lonza) and incubated in non-radioactive medium with or without 1 μM Olaparib (AZD2281, Ku-0059436) (Selleckchem). The Olaparib concentration was based on previous screens (data not shown) and we have used 1 μM because it had minimal effect as monotreatment on our cells. For comparative external beam irradiation experiments, cells were pretreated with 1 μM Olaparib for 4 h and subsequently irradiated with a Cesium-137 source (0.6Gy/min, Gammacell 40, Theratronics).
All experiments were performed 2 or 3 times (with technical triplicates) and averages of experiments were plotted in the figures. In some figures, only ¹⁷⁷Lu-DTPA and ¹⁷⁷Lu-DOTA-TATE results are shown for simplicity. In these experiments, no difference was observed between non treated (NT) samples and ¹⁷⁷Lu-DTPA treated samples. NT data can be found in the supplemental figures.

Nonnekens J., van Kranenburg M., Beerens C.E., Suker M., Doukas M., van Eijck C.H., de Jong M, & van Gent D.C. (2016). Potentiation of Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy by the PARP Inhibitor Olaparib. Theranostics, 6(11), 1821-1832.

Publication 2016

AZD 2281 Cells Cesium-137 dotatate Fetal Bovine Serum Homo sapiens Lutetium-177 olaparib Osteosarcoma Pancreas Patients Penicillins Pentetic Acid Phosphates Radioactivity Radiopharmaceuticals Saline Solution Somatostatin Receptor SSTR2 protein, human Streptomycin

Most recents protocols related to «Somatostatin Receptor»

Somatostatin Receptor PET/CT for Tumor Progression

As this was a retrospective investigation, the local ethics committee of the University Hospital Würzburg waived the need for further approval (waiver no.: 2021041503). Somatostatin receptor–directed PET/CT was performed because of suspected tumor progression potentially requiring a change in therapy or to determine a rationale for PRRT. Informed consent on diagnostic procedures was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

Serfling S.E., Hartrampf P.E., Zhi Y., Higuchi T., Kosmala A., Serfling J., Schirbel A., Hörning A., Buck A.K., Weich A, & Werner R.A. (2023). Somatostatin Receptor-Directed PET/CT for Therapeutic Decision-Making and Disease Control in Patients Affected With Small Cell Lung Cancer. Clinical Nuclear Medicine, 48(4), 309-314.

Publication 2023

Disease Progression Neoplasms Regional Ethics Committees Scan, CT PET Somatostatin Receptor Tests, Diagnostic Therapeutics

SSTR PET/CT Response Criteria

Cited 1 time

Assessing the impact of management change on outcome, we also investigated first follow-up imaging after SSTR PET/CT. In this regard, we used RECIST criteria 1.1, and stable, partial, or complete response was then subsumed as controlled disease.^{12 (link),15 (link)}

Publication 2023

Scan, CT PET Somatostatin Receptor

Imaging-Guided Systemic Therapy Decisions

After molecular imaging, treatment changes were determined by assessing treatment modifications before and after SSTR-directed imaging. Change in existing CTx regimen or initiation of novel CTx, PRRT, or TKI was subsumed as systemic treatment, whereas active surveillance or RTx was classified as nonsystemic therapy.

Publication 2023

Somatostatin Receptor Therapeutics Treatment Protocols

Evaluating 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT Imaging

All patients received SSTR-directed PET/CT with an average activity of 120 ± 24 MBq [⁶⁸Ga]DOTATOC, and imaging was then performed at 1 hour postinjection. PET/CT was conducted either on a Siemens Biograph mCT 64 or 128 (Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany). Whole-body imaging was performed from the complete skull to midthigh. All PET images were reconstructed iteratively as implemented by the manufacturer (Siemens Healthineers). For further details, refer to Serfling et al.^{12 (link)} In brief, we applied a 3D mode (200 × 200 matrix, 3 iterations, minimum 21 subsets, Gaussian filtering 2 mm). For CT, the following parameters were used: reference tube current 35 mAs (low-dose scans; 160 mAs, full dose scans), minimum 100-keV tube voltage, minimum 0.8 pitch, and rotation time of 0.5 second, along with reconstructed axial slice thickness, 3.0–5.0 mm.^{13 (link)} Assessments of CT, SSTR PET, and hybrid imaging were conducted by an expert reader and verified by a second experienced observer in inconclusive cases, and superiority of the respective image modality was then determined, as described by Rowe et al.^{14 (link)}

Publication 2023

Cranium Edotreotide Human Body Hybrids Patients Radionuclide Imaging Scan, CT PET Somatostatin Receptor

Metastatic Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor Treatment

In this retrospective cohort study, all 212 patients with metastatic Si-NET G2 diagnosed between 2000 and 2019 and receiving any treatment at the Department of Endocrine Oncology, Uppsala University Hospital, a tertiary referral centre, and at the Department of Oncology, Ryhov County Hospital, a regional hospital, were eligible for inclusion. One-third of the patients were referred from other hospitals in Sweden and Norway. Patients with radical surgical resection not relapsing during the study period were not included. Following approval from the Uppsala ethical review board, data on patients’ clinical status including Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS), treatments given, Ki-67, laboratory tests, radiology and cause of death were extracted from the hospitals’ medical records. Chromogranin A (CgA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were reported as times the upper limit of normal. In case of multiple biopsies, the highest Ki-67 value before or within 6 months of the start of a new line of treatment was reported. SSTR status was evaluated on Octreoscan in the majority of patients; during the final years of the study, ⁶⁸Gallium DOTATATE positron emission tomography could alternatively be used. An uptake below or equal to liver uptake was considered negative/low. Cases with small tumours not visible on the initial Octreoscan, which upon progression showed clear uptake in subsequent imaging, were considered positive. Survival status was censored on October 31, 2021, or at last known contact. Causes of death due to tumour progression, adverse events, surgical morbidity and cases where cause of death was indeterminate but cancer-related death likely were classified as cancer-specific mortality. Patients dying from causes unrelated to their NET tumour were censored at the time of death.
Treatments studied included SSA, PRRT, everolimus, IFNα and chemotherapy. Patients were treated with various doses of SSA. In the first study years, treatment was often initiated at lower (hereby referred to as below-label) doses, mostly 20 mg of octreotide long-acting release (LAR) every 4 weeks. After the publication of PROMID and CLARINET trials, a standard (label) dose of 30 mg octreotide LAR/120 mg lanreotide autogel every 4 weeks was used. Dose could be escalated to above-label doses, often in consecutive steps, for progression or symptom control.
Cancer-specific survival (CSS) and OS for first-line treatment were calculated from start of treatment for metastatic disease to cancer-related death or death from any cause, respectively. PFS was calculated from start of each treatment to radiological progression, unequivocal clinical progression or death. Radiological progression was based on conventional multidisciplinary team assessment at 3- to 6-month intervals and defined as any unequivocal increase in the size of known tumours or detection of new lesions. Biochemical partial response was defined as a reduction of baseline CgA or 5-HIAA by at least 50% and biochemically progressive disease (PD) as an increase by at least 25%, whereas values in between were deemed as biochemically stable disease (SD).

Papantoniou D., Grönberg M., Thiis-Evensen E., Sorbye H., Landerholm K., Welin S, & Tiensuu Janson E. (2023). Treatment efficacy in a metastatic small intestinal neuroendocrine tumour grade 2 cohort. Endocrine-Related Cancer, 30(3), e220316.

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Publication 2023

Biopsy Chromogranin A Disease Progression dotatate Ethical Review Everolimus Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid Interferon-alpha lanreotide Liver Malignant Neoplasms Neoplasm Metastasis Neoplasms OctreoScan Octreotide Operative Surgical Procedures Patients Pharmacotherapy Positron-Emission Tomography Somatostatin Receptor System, Endocrine X-Rays, Diagnostic

Top products related to «Somatostatin Receptor»

Biograph mct 64 by Siemens

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Rneasy mini kit by Qiagen

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The RNeasy Mini Kit is a laboratory equipment designed for the purification of total RNA from a variety of sample types, including animal cells, tissues, and other biological materials. The kit utilizes a silica-based membrane technology to selectively bind and isolate RNA molecules, allowing for efficient extraction and recovery of high-quality RNA.

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Octreoscan by Mallinckrodt

Sourced in United States, Netherlands

Octreoscan is a diagnostic imaging agent used in nuclear medicine procedures. It contains the synthetic peptide octreotide, which binds to somatostatin receptors expressed by certain types of neuroendocrine tumors. Octreoscan is used to detect the presence and location of these tumors in the body.

High capacity cdna reverse transcription kit by Thermo Fisher Scientific

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The Bitter compounds is a laboratory equipment designed to analyze and measure the presence of bitter-tasting compounds in various samples. It serves as an analytical tool for researchers and scientists working in fields such as food science, flavor development, and sensory evaluation. The core function of this product is to provide accurate and reliable data on the concentration and profile of bitter compounds in a given sample, without interpretation or extrapolation beyond its primary purpose.

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Ab109495 is a primary antibody that recognizes the Histone H3 (acetyl K9) protein. This antibody is designed for use in various immunoassay applications, such as Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

What are the different subtypes of somatostatin receptors?

What are the main therapeutic applications of somatostatin receptors?

How can PubCompare.ai help with somatostatin receptor research?

PubCompare.ai can assist in the optimal use and comparison of somatostatin receptor research protocols. The platform allows you to screen protocol literature more efficiently and leverage AI to pinpoint critical insights. PubCompare.ai's AI-driven analysis can help researchers identify the most effective protocols related to somatostatin receptor for their specific research goals, enabling them to choose the best option for reproducibility and accureacy.

What are some common usage challenges with somatostatin receptor research?

Somatostatin receptor research can sometimes be challenging due to the complex and diverse functions of these receptors in the body. Understaning the nuances of the different receptor subtypes and their varying expression patterns can be crucial for designing effective experiments and interpreting results. PubCompare.ai can help address these challenges by providing insights into the most reliable and reproducible protocols for somatostatin receptor studies.

More about "Somatostatin Receptor"

Somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) are a family of G protein-coupled receptors that bind the peptide hormone somatostatin.
These receptors mediate the diverse biological effects of somatostatin, including inhibition of hormone secretion, neurotransmission, and cell proliferation.
Five subtypes of somatostatin receptors (SSTR1-SSTR5) have been identified, each with distinct tissue distribution and functional roles.
Somatostatin receptor subtypes are important therapeutic targets for the management of neuroendocrine tumors, acromegaly, and other disorders.
Understanding the expression and signaling of somatostatin receptors is crucial for developing effective diagnostic and treatment strategies.
Researchers can utilize tools like the Biograph mCT 64 PET/CT scanner, RNeasy Mini Kit for RNA extraction, and the Hermes Hybrid Viewer for image analysis to study somatostatin receptor expression and localization.
The Octreoscan, a radiolabeled somatostatin analog, is commonly used for imaging and detecting somatostatin receptor-positive tumors.
Additionally, the High-Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit can be employed to synthesize cDNA from somatostatin receptor mRNA, while GraphPad Prism v6 software can be used for statistical analysis of somatostatin receptor data.
Somatostatin receptors are also involved in the regulation of bitter compound signaling, as evidenced by the use of Ab134152, an anti-SSTR2 antibody.
Furthermore, somatostatin receptor research often involves culturing cells in DMEM media and utilizing Ab109495, an anti-SSTR5 antibody, for immunodetection.
By leveraging these tools and techniques, researchers can gain deeper insights into the structure, function, and therapeutic potential of somatostatin receptors, ultimately leading to improved diagnostic and treatment options for various diseases.