Liver and isolated hepatocytes were homogenized in RIPA buffer containing a protease inhibitor cocktail (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) and incubated on ice for 10 min. After centrifuging for 15 min at a maximum speed, the protein concentration of the supernatant was determined using the PierceTM BCA Protein Assay Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Twenty micrograms of liver protein or 5 μg of hepatocyte protein were used for immunoblotting with primary antibodies for fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36) (AF2519, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA), fatty acid binding protein 1 (FABP1) (ab7366, Abcam), fatty acid synthase (FASN) (3180, Cell Signaling Technology, Beverly, MA, USA), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) (3676, Cell Signaling Technology), insulin receptor (IR) (3025, Cell Signaling Technology), PY99 (p-Tyr, 7020, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) (611394, BD Bioscience, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3-K) (610045, BD Bioscience), sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) (NB600-582, NB100-2215, Novus Biologicals, Centennial, CO, USA), protein kinase B (Akt) (9272, Cell Signaling Technology), phospho-Akt (Ser473, 9271, Cell Signaling Technology), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) (2983, Cell Signaling Technology), phospho-mTOR (Ser2448, 2971, Cell Signaling Technology), AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα) (2603, Cell Signaling Technology), phospho-AMPKα (Thr172, 2535, Cell Signaling Technology), or β-Actin (A5441, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), at dilutions suggested by the manufacturers. Densitometric analysis was performed by ImageQuantTM LAS 4000 (GE Healthcare Bioscience, Piscataway, NJ, USA), and quantification values were normalized against β-Actin.
Tajima O., Fujita Y., Ohmi Y., Furukawa K, & Furukawa K. (2023). Ganglioside GM3 prevents high fat diet-induced hepatosteatosis via attenuated insulin signaling pathway. PLOS ONE, 18(2), e0281414.