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Taurine

Taurine is a sulfur-containing amino acid found in various tissues, including the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle.
It plays a crucial role in numerous physiological processes, such as osmoregulation, neurotransmission, and antioxidant defense.
Taurine has been studied for its potential benefits in areas like cardiovascular health, neurological function, and metabolic regulation.
Resesrchers continue to explore the therapeutic applications of taurine, including its use in dietary supplements and pharmaceutical formulations.
Understanding the latest research on taurine can help optimize its utilization and enhance the efectiveness of related products and procedures.

Most cited protocols related to «Taurine»

1
Comprehensive Plasma Metabolite Profiling
Cited 60 times
We profiled amino acids, biogenic amines, and other polar plasma metabolites using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Formic acid, ammonium acetate, LC-MS grade solvents, and valine-d8 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. We purchased the remainder of the isotopically-labeled analytical standards from Cambridge Isotope Labs, Inc. We prepared calibration curves for a subset of the profiled analytes by serial dilution in stock pooled plasma using stable isotope-labeled reference compounds (leucine-13C, 15N, isoleucine-13C6, 15N, alanine-13C, glutamic acid-13C5, 15N, taurine-13C2, trimethylamine-N-oxide-d9). We ran samples with isotope standards for calibration curves at the beginning, middle, and end of each analytical queue. We prepared plasma samples for LC-MS analyses via protein precipitation with the addition of nine volumes of 74.9:24.9:0.2 v/v/v acetonitrile/methanol/formic acid containing two additional stable isotope-labeled internal standards for valine-d8 and phenylalanine-d8. The samples were centrifuged (10 min, 10,000 rpm, 4°C) and the supernatants were injected directly. Detailed methods are provided in the Supplementary Methods.
Wang T.J., Larson M.G., Vasan R.S., Cheng S., Rhee E.P., McCabe E., Lewis G.D., Fox C.S., Jacques P.F., Fernandez C., O’Donnell C.J., Carr S.A., Mootha V.K., Florez J.C., Souza A., Melander O., Clish C.B, & Gerszten R.E. (2011). Metabolite Profiles and the Risk of Developing Diabetes. Nature medicine, 17(4), 448-453.
Publication 2011
acetonitrile Alanine Amino Acids ammonium acetate Biogenic Amines formic acid Glutamic Acid Isoleucine Isotopes Leucine Liquid Chromatography Methanol Phenylalanine Plasma Proteins Solvents Tandem Mass Spectrometry Taurine Technique, Dilution trimethyloxamine Valine
2
Metabolic Network Analysis with MetaboNetworks
Cited 18 times
First, the appropriate data from KEGG has to be imported to Matlab. In MetaboNetworks this is done using a function that uses the KEGG REST-API to calculate a metabolite adjacency matrix that can later be used to draw the graphs. The user can select one or multiple organisms for which complete genomes are available in KEGG; for these organisms a list of enzymes (with E.C. numbers) that are associated with a gene from any of the organisms is determined. Using this enzyme list, all reactions are queried and enzymes involved in the reactions are matched against the enzyme list. Only reactions that require an enzyme from the list or that are listed as ‘non-enzymatic’ or ‘spontaneous’ are used to find their main reaction pairs. The compounds from these reaction pairs are considered adjacent. Each row/column in the adjacency matrix indicates a specific compound (with a KEGG compound ID) and a list of all names for these compounds are found from the KEGG compound database. A reaction database has previously been collected using a similar approach (Ma and Zeng, 2003 (link)) to MetaboNetworks, however, that database includes reactions from all species, whereas MetaboNetworks focusses on organisms of interest as not all reactions can occur in all organisms.
Second, when the data collection is complete, MetaboNetworks can be used to create and explore custom networks. A list of metabolites, e.g. biomarkers arising from a metabonomic experiment, can be passed to MetaboNetworks and it searches for the shortest path between each of these metabolites using the breadth-first search algorithm. All compounds that are a part of a shortest path between any of the metabolites are included in the network. By default, MetaboNetworks plots the network as a circular graph. Other graph layouts include a spring-embedded layout, high-dimensional embedding and two types of uniform edge-length layouts, the last aim to place nodes with as little overlap as possible. If the Matlab statistical toolbox is installed, multidimensional scaling can also be used.
Last, when the initial network layout is satisfactory the graph layout can be manually adjusted. Supported adjustments include node position, node/edge removal, highlighting nodes (see green edges of nodes in Fig. 1), and shortest paths (orange edges in Fig. 1), node text and nodes/edge/text properties (font, width, size, etc.). If additional data is supplied, the association of the metabolites with a response variable can be shown as node colour (see Fig. 1). Furthermore, the network can be exported as a tif, png, pdf, eps or other image formats, the network can always be reset to the original graph (all changes are lost). Another option is to click on a node to open a web browser showing the compound entry in KEGG or show reactions pairs in KEGG of selected nodes. The Supplementary Information includes a full walkthrough of the software and all the capabilities.

Shows the graphical user-interface of MetaboNetworks with a custom network drawn for significant metabolites from a hydrazine toxicity study in rats (Nicholls et al., 2001 (link)). Metabolites higher in hydrazine-dosed rats compared with controls are shown in red, and metabolites lower in hydrazine-dosed rats are shown in blue. The white nodes are part of shortest paths between the coloured nodes. The edges shown in orange are part of the shortest path (four reactions) between taurine and glycine. Aside from the rat, all bacteroidetes and firmicutes species were included in the database

Posma J.M., Robinette S.L., Holmes E, & Nicholson J.K. (2013). MetaboNetworks, an interactive Matlab-based toolbox for creating, customizing and exploring sub-networks from KEGG. Bioinformatics, 30(6), 893-895.
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Publication 2013
Bacteroidetes Biological Markers Enzymes Firmicutes Genes Genome Glycine hydrazine Taurine
3
Quantitative Brain Metabolite Mapping by NMR
Cited 16 times
In vivo 1H NMR spectra were analyzed using LCModel (18 (link),19 (link)). The unsuppressed water signal measured from the same VOI without OVS was used as an internal reference for quantification, assuming 80% brain water content. LC-Model basis sets for 4T and 7T included spectra of 19 brain metabolites: alanine (Ala), ascorbate (Asc), aspartate (Asp), creatine (Cr), phosphocreatine (PCr), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glucose (Glc), glutamate (Glu), glutamine (Gln), glutathione (GSH), glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC), phosphorylcholine (PCho), glycine, myo-inositol (myo-Ins), scyllo-inositol (scyllo-Ins), lactate (Lac), N-acetylaspartate (NAA), N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG), phosphorylethanolamine (PE), and taurine (Tau). All spectra for both 4T and 7T basis sets were simulated using Varian spectrometer spin-simulation software (neglecting J-evolution for ultrashort TE) based on a recently updated database of chemical shifts and coupling constants (20 (link),21 ). Averaged spectra of fast relaxing macromolecules measured from five subjects at 4T and 7T using metabolite nulling inversion-recovery experiments with a short repetition time (TR = 2 s, TI = 0.675 s) were also included in the 4T and 7T LCModel basis sets. Before putting macromolecule spectra into the LCModel basis set, the residual signal of PCr with a short T1 was removed from FIDs and the high-frequency noise was suppressed by the Gaussian filter (σ= 0.05 s). The LCModel analysis was performed on spectra within the chemical shift range 0.5–4.2 ppm. The default value of the LCModel parameter DESDSH, controlling the uncertainty in referencing between in vivo spectra and spectra in the LCModel basis set, was decreased from 0.004 ppm to 0.002 ppm. All four parameters controlling the zero- and first-order phase correction and their deviations were set to zero. The hidden parameter DKNTMN, controlling the knot spacing for the spline baseline fitting, was set to 0.20. LCModel analysis was performed in chemical shift range 0.5–4.2 ppm.
Cramér-Rao lower bounds (CRLB) of LCModel analysis were used to eliminate meaningless fitting results with extremely high estimated errors. Metabolites quantified with CRLB above 100% were excluded from further analysis. If a metabolite was not quantified with CRLB < 100% in at least 50% of analyzed spectra of a given subject and a given number of summed transients, then this metabolite was eliminated from further analysis for this subject and NT. If a metabolite was not quantified from spectra with a given NT for at least five subjects, then this metabolite was eliminated from further analysis. Finally, if the average CRLB of a specific metabolite was higher than 50%, this metabolite was considered “not detectable” under these conditions (B0, NT). The correlation matrix from the detailed LCModel output was used to evaluate the correlation between fitted concentrations of metabolites with similar spectral patterns and high spectral overlap. t-Tests with and without corrections for multiple comparisons were used to evaluate the statistical significance of differences between 4T and 7T data. Average values are always reported as mean ± SD.
Tkáč I., Öz G., Adriany G., Uğurbil K, & Gruetter R. (2009). In Vivo 1H NMR Spectroscopy of the Human Brain at High Magnetic Fields: Metabolite Quantification at 4T vs. 7T. Magnetic resonance in medicine : official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 62(4), 868-879.
Publication 2009
1H NMR Alanine Aspartate Biological Evolution Brain Creatine gamma Aminobutyric Acid Glucose Glutamate Glutamine Glycerylphosphorylcholine Glycine Inositol Inversion, Chromosome Lactates N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate N-acetylaspartate Phosphocreatine phosphoethanolamine Phosphorylcholine scyllitol Taurine Transients
4
Muscle Fiber Permeabilization for Respiration
Cited 15 times
The technique is partially adapted from previous methods [12 (link), 17 (link)] and has been described previously [18 , 19 (link)]. Briefly, small portions (∼25 mg) of muscle were dissected and placed in ice-cold buffer X, containing (in mM) 50 MES, 7.23 K2EGTA, 2.77 CaK2EGTA, 20 imidazole, 0.5 DTT, 20 taurine, 5.7 ATP, 14.3 PCr, and 6.56 MgCl2-6 H2O (pH 7.1, 290 mOsm). The muscle was trimmed of connective tissue and fat. Four small muscle bundles (∼2-7 mm, 1.0-2.5 mg wet weight) of either red or white gastrocnemius were prepared from each rat. Each bundle was gently separated along the longitudinal axis with a pair of needle-tipped forceps under magnification (MX6 Stereoscope, Leica Microsystems, Inc., Wetzlar, DE). Rat bundles were then treated with 50 μg/ml saponin in ice-cold buffer X, and incubated on a rotor for 30 min at 4°C. Human muscle fibre bundles were treated with 30 μg/ml saponin, as separate experiments determined optimal respiration with this saponin concentration in humans [20 (link)]. Saponin is a mild, cholesterol-specific detergent that selectively permeabilizes the sarcolemmal membranes while keeping mitochondrial membranes, which contain little cholesterol, completely intact [21 (link), 22 (link)]. Following permeabilization, the PmFB were placed in buffer Z containing (in mM) 105 K-MES, 30 KCl, 1 EGTA, 10 K2HPO4, and 5 MgCl2-6 H2O, 0.005 glutamate, and 0.002 malate with 5.0 mg/ml BSA (pH 7.4, 290 mOsm). PmFB remained in buffer Z on a rotator at 4°C until analysis (< 30 min).
Perry C.G., Kane D.A., Lin C.T., Kozy R., Cathey B.L., Lark D.S., Kane C.L., Brophy P.M., Gavin T.P., Anderson E.J, & Neufer P.D. (2011). Inhibiting Myosin-ATPase Reveals Dynamic Range of Mitochondrial Respiratory Control in Skeletal Muscle. The Biochemical journal, 437(2), 10.1042/BJ20110366.
Publication 2011
Buffers Cell Respiration Cholesterol Common Cold Connective Tissue Detergents Egtazic Acid Epistropheus Fibrosis Forceps Glutamate Homo sapiens imidazole Magnesium Chloride malate Mitochondrial Membranes Muscle, Gastrocnemius Muscle Tissue Needles potassium phosphate, dibasic Saponin Taurine Tissue, Membrane
5
Analytical Standards Identification Protocol
Cited 13 times
Individual stock solutions of 15 analytical standards from different chemical classes were prepared by adding 1 mg of each of the following analytical standard into 1 mL of water (or other solvent, if specified): 1-methyluric acid (water + 5 µL sodium hydroxide 5 mM), 3-methylhistidine, ADMA, caffeine, CDP-choline, creatinine, dAMP, glutaric acid, glycero-phosphocholine, methionine, phenylpyruvic acid (ethanol), serine, sphingosine (methanol), taurine and threonic acid. Next, 200 µL of each standard solution were pipetted into a 5 mL Eppendorf tube, together with 40 µL of formic acid and 960 µL of ACN, resulting in 4 mL of a standard mix solution at 50 ppm. For data acquisition, 5 µL of standard mix solution was injected into a LC-MS system equipped with an Agilent 1290 UHPLC device (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) coupled with a SCIEX 5600 QTOF (AB Sciex LLC, Framingham, MA, USA). An Acquity UPLC BEH Amide Column (130 Å, 1.7 µm, 2.1 mm × 100 mm) was used in association with the respective pre-column. An IDA experiment (information dependent analysis, also known as data dependent analysis or DDA) was performed using a 50–1000 m/z range, with a 250 ms accumulation time for MS1 data. MS2 data were acquired using the same m/z range and a 1000 cps threshold. In addition, 50 mDa was used as mass tolerance with a maximum number of candidate ions per cycle set at 20. Dynamic background subtract and dynamic accumulation were also employed, with an accumulation time of 100 ms and collision energy set at 20 V.
Rainer J., Vicini A., Salzer L., Stanstrup J., Badia J.M., Neumann S., Stravs M.A., Verri Hernandes V., Gatto L., Gibb S, & Witting M. (2022). A Modular and Expandable Ecosystem for Metabolomics Data Annotation in R. Metabolites, 12(2), 173.
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Publication 2022
1-methyluric acid 3-methylhistidine Alarmins Amides Caffeine Citicoline Creatinine Ethanol formic acid glutaric acid Immune Tolerance Ions Medical Devices Methanol Methionine phenylpyruvic acid Phosphorylcholine Serine Sodium Hydroxide Solvents Sphingosine Taurine threonic acid

Most recents protocols related to «Taurine»

1
Mitochondrial Respiration Analysis by High-Resolution Respirometry
Cited 1 time
Mitochondrial respiration was measured by high-resolution respirometry using the Oroboros® Oxygraph-2K (Oroboros Instruments, Innsbruck, Austria). This device allows for simultaneous recording of the O2 concentration in two parallel chambers calibrated for 2 mL of mitochondrial respiration medium MiR05 (49 (link)). This medium contains 110 mM D-sucrose (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), 60 mM K-lactobionate (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), 0.5 mM ethylene glycol tetra acetic acid (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), 1 g/L bovine serum albumin free from essential fatty acids (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), 3 mM MgCl2 (Scharlau, Hamburg, Germany), 20 mM taurine (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), 10 mM KH2PO4 (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), 20 mM HEPES (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), adjusted to pH 7.1 with KOH and equilibrated with 21% O2 at 37°C. Directly after cell isolation, 10 × 106 PBMCs/granulocytes suspended in MiR05 were filled into a chamber and stirred at 750 rpm. Sealing the chambers of the device according to the manufacturers protocol started the continuous recording of mitochondrial respiration. Quantification of the oxygen flux (JO2) was based on the rate of change in the O2 concentration in the chambers and normalized for the cell number. Once the chambers were sealed, specific analysis of mitochondrial respiratory function was achieved by sequential injections of substrates and inhibitors into the respiration medium. Firstly, routine respiration was recorded once a stable JO2-value was achieved after closing the chambers. Subsequently, 2.5 μM oligomycin was injected to block the ATP-synthase. This yielded the LEAK-state, which represents the respiratory activity required to maintain a stable membrane potential in absence of ATP-turnover. The titration of carbonyl cyanide p-(trifluoromethoxy)-phenylhydrazone (FCCP) in 1 µM steps allowed to achieve the maximum respiratory activity in the uncoupled state (ETS-state). The ETS state corresponds to state 3 as defined in Chance and Williams et al. (50 (link)) and is neither limited by substrate availability, cell energy demand, nucleotide availability or ATP synthase activity. Finally, 0.5 μM rotenone + 5 μM antimycin were added to block complex I and III respectively, yielding the residual (non-mitochondrial) oxygen consumption.
Wolfschmitt E.M., Hogg M., Vogt J.A., Zink F., Wachter U., Hezel F., Zhang X., Hoffmann A., Gröger M., Hartmann C., Gässler H., Datzmann T., Merz T., Hellmann A., Kranz C., Calzia E., Radermacher P, & Messerer D.A. (2023). The effect of sodium thiosulfate on immune cell metabolism during porcine hemorrhage and resuscitation. Frontiers in Immunology, 14, 1125594.
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Publication 2023
Acetic Acid antimycin Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone Cardiac Arrest Cell Respiration Cells Cell Separation Glycol, Ethylene Granulocyte HEPES inhibitors lactobionate Magnesium Chloride Medical Devices Membrane Potentials mesoxalonitrile Mitochondria NADH Dehydrogenase Complex 1 Nitric Oxide Synthase Nonesterified Fatty Acids Nucleotides Oligomycins Oxygen Consumption phenylhydrazone Respiration Respiratory Rate Rotenone Serum Albumin, Bovine Sucrose Taurine Tetragonopterus Titrimetry
2
Patch-clamp analysis of cardiac myocyte APs
Isolated myocytes were studied in Petri dishes on the stage of an inverted microscope (Nikon TE200-S, Japan). AP were recorded at room temperature using the whole cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique in its current-clamp mode. For data acquisition, an Axopatch 200B (Molecular Devices, United State) amplifier connected to a Digidata 1322 A/D (Molecular Devices, United State) were used. Data were recorded and analyzed using pClamp software 9 (Molecular Devices, United State). Signals were digitized at a frequency of 10 KHz and filtered at 2 KHz using a 8-pole Bessel low pass filter. Patch pipettes resistance was usually comprised between 1.2 and 2.5 MΩ when filled with the intrapipette solution described below.
AP were elicited by 1 ms supra-threshold current steps at a frequency of 0.1 Hz. Bath solution was composed by (in mmol/L): 130 NaCl, 5.4 KCl, 1.4 MgCl2, 0.4 NaH2PO4, 4.2 HEPES, 10 Glucose, 20 Taurine, 10 Creatine, 1 CaCl2; pH 7.4 with NaOH. Pipette solution was composed by (in mmol/L): 10 NaCl, 130 K-Glutamate, 9 KCl, 5 ATPMg, 0.5 MgCl2, 10 HEPES, 0.4 GTP-Tris, 0.5 EGTA, 0.12 CaCl2; pH 7.2 with KOH.
AP amplitude was measured as the difference between the peak of overshoot and the resting membrane potential. The maximum rate of rise of the AP (dV/dtmax) was calculated by differentiation of the AP upstroke using Clampfit software. Action potential duration (APD) was measured as the duration from the trigger of AP to 20%, 50% and 90% of repolarization (APD20, APD50 and APD90, respectively).
AP parameters under 8-CPT-AM superfusion (10 μmol/L) have been assessed at the steady state effect of the compound (∼5 min). To evaluate the EPAC1 selective inhibition by AM-001, cells were first treated by 8-CPT-AM (10 μmol/L) alone, then co-treated for at least 15 min by superfusion of both 8-CPT-AM (10 μmol/L) and AM-001 (20 μmol/L). The impact of the co-treatment has been evaluated at the steady state of the effect after this time lapse.
Guillot B., Boileve A., Walton R., Harfoush A., Conte C., Sainte-Marie Y., Charron S., Bernus O., Recalde A., Sallé L., Brette F, & Lezoualc’h F. (2023). Inhibition of EPAC1 signaling pathway alters atrial electrophysiology and prevents atrial fibrillation. Frontiers in Physiology, 14, 1120336.
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Publication 2023
Action Potentials Bath Cells Creatine Egtazic Acid Glucose Glutamate HEPES Hyperostosis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Magnesium Chloride Medical Devices Membrane Potentials Microscopy Muscle Cells Precipitating Factors Psychological Inhibition Sodium Chloride Taurine Tromethamine
3
Isolation of Atrial Myocytes from Mice
Atrial Myocytes were dissociated as previously described (Jansen and Rose, 2019 (link)). Briefly, mice were anesthetized by inhalation of isoflurane (2% in air) then heparinized by intraperitoneal injection of Heparin (200 UI). Mice anesthesia was checked by absence of the paw withdrawal reflex. Mice were subsequently killed by cervical dislocation and atrial appendages were rapidly excised. After the excision, all digestion steps were realized at 37°C. Atria were quickly washed and minced in modified Tyrode solution (in mmol/L: 140 NaCl, 5.4 KCl, 1.2 KH2PO4, 5 HEPES, 5.55 Glucose, 1 MgCl2, 1.8 CaCl2, 5 U/mL Heparin; pH 7.4 with NaOH) and transferred in a pre-digestion buffer solution (in mmol/L: 140 NaCl, 5.4 KCl, 1.2 KH2PO4, 5 HEPES, 18.5 Glucose, 50 Taurine, 0.066 CaCl2, 1 mg/mL Bovine Serum Albumin; pH 6.9 with NaOH). After 5 min of pre-digestion, tissues were transferred in a digestion solution corresponding to the pre-digestion buffer supplemented by 0.11 mg/mL (equivalent to 0.34 Wünsch unit/mL and 36.7 units/mL Dispase) of Liberase (Medium Thermolysine, Roche, France). The digestion step lasted 20–23 min. After digestion was completed, atrial stripes were washed in a modified Kraft-Brühe solution (in mmol/L: 100 K-Glutamate, 10 K-Aspartate, 25 KCl, 10 KH2PO4, 2 MgSO4, 20 Taurine, 5 Creatine, 0.5 EGTA, 20 Glucose, 5 HEPES, 0,1% Bovine Serum Albumin; pH 7.2 with KOH), and mechanically triturated in this solution to allow cell isolation. Once the dissociation ended, cells were gradually reintroduced to 1 mmol/L calcium concentration by addition of calcium in the Kraft-Brühe solution (in mmol/L of free calcium: 0.125, 0.25, 0.375, 0.5, 0.625, 0.75, 0.875, and 1). Cells were used for patch clamp experiments during the 8 h following the dissociation. Only rod shaped and striated cells were used for experiments.
Guillot B., Boileve A., Walton R., Harfoush A., Conte C., Sainte-Marie Y., Charron S., Bernus O., Recalde A., Sallé L., Brette F, & Lezoualc’h F. (2023). Inhibition of EPAC1 signaling pathway alters atrial electrophysiology and prevents atrial fibrillation. Frontiers in Physiology, 14, 1120336.
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Publication 2023
Anesthesia Aspartate Auricular Appendage Buffers Calcium Cells Cell Separation Creatine Digestion dispase Egtazic Acid Glucose Glutamate Heart Atrium Heparin HEPES Inhalation Injections, Intraperitoneal Isoflurane Joint Dislocations Liberase Magnesium Chloride Mus Muscle Cells Neck Reflex Serum Albumin, Bovine Sodium Chloride Sulfate, Magnesium Taurine Tissues Tyrode's solution
4
Thermogenic Supplement Efficacy in Healthy Adults
The thermogenic supplement treatment and placebo were in powder form with uniform scoop sizes and dissolved in 300 mL of cold water. Lab staff prepared the powder and water mixture to mix appropriately and observed the participants’ consumption of the treatments, which had to be completed in <5 min. The ingredients in the active treatment, which contains 150 mg of caffeine (OxyShred Thermogenic Fat Burner, EHP Labs, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA) are presented in Table 1, while the placebo contained only inactive ingredients (gum Arabic, citric acid, malic acid, NAT Watermelon Type, NAT bitter blocker, sucralose, silicon dioxide, calcium silicate, beet color powder). Treatment and placebo powders were blinded for taste, texture, and appearance, produced by the manufacturer, and arrived in blinded containers. All containers were kept at room temperature in a cool and dry location. The treatment was given to the participants after completion of all baseline testing and questionnaires.

EHP Labs OxyShred thermogenic fat burner ingredients list

OxyShred (one serving)Amount/serving% DV
Calories5 
Total carbohydrate1.0 g<1
Dietary fiber0.2 g4*
Vitamin C173 mg193
Thiamin0.56 mg46
Riboflavin0.78 mg60
Niacin20 mg123
Vitamin B60.98 mg58
Vitamin B120.9 mcg38
Pantothenic acid1.7 mg34
Chromium picolinate10 mcg3
Fat burning matrixAcetyl L-carnitine HCl, Garcinia cambogia fruit extract (60% hydroxycitric acid), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), grapefruit seed extract 4:1, raspberry ketones (from raspberry fruit extract), Mangifera indica seed extract, bitter orange fruit extract, green coffee bean extract (50% chlorogenic acid), olive leaf extract (10% oleuropein), guggul extract powder, chromium picolinate2003 mg 
Immunity booster & prebiotic complexL-glutamine, inulin fiber, vitamin c (ascorbic acid)625 mg 
Mood enhancer matrixL-tyrosine, taurine, caffeine anhydrous (150 mg), Huperzia serrata whole herb extract (Huperzine A)851 mg 
Full B vitamin spectrumNiacinamide (niacin), calcium pantothenate (pantothenic acid), pyridoxine HCl (vitamin B6), riboflavin (vitamin B2), thiamine mononitrate (vitamin B1), cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12)24.59 mg 
Prather J.M., Florez C.M., Vargas A., Soto B., Harrison A., Willoughby D., Tinsley G, & Taylor L. (2023). The effects of a thermogenic supplement on metabolic and hemodynamic variables and subjective mood states. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 20(1), 2185538.
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Publication 2023
4-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone ARID1A protein, human Ascorbic Acid Beta vulgaris Caffeine calcium silicate Carnitine Chlorogenic Acid Chromium Citric Acid Cobalamins Coffee Cold Temperature Dietary Supplements Excipients Fibrosis Fruit Garcinia cambogia Glutamine grapefruit seed extract gugulu extract Gum Arabic Huperzia huperzine A hydroxycitric acid Inulin Linoleic Acids, Conjugated malic acid Mangifera indica bark Mood Niacin oleuropein olive leaf extract Pantothenate, Calcium Pantothenic Acid Placebos Powder Prebiotics Pyridoxine Hydrochloride Raspberries Response, Immune Riboflavin Secondary Immunization Silicon Dioxide Sodium Chloride sucralose Taste Taurine Thermogenesis Thiamine Thiamine Mononitrate Tyrosine Vitamin B6 Vitamins Watermelon
5
Guinea Pig Cardiomyocyte Isolation Protocol
Adult male guinea pigs (240–340 g) were obtained from Southwest Medical University. The animals were housed (4 per cage) under conditions of controlled humidity (55%–65%) and temperature (23–25°C) with a 12‐h dark/light cycle. Guinea pig hearts were isolated by thoracotomy after intraperitoneal injection of heparin (3125 UI/kg) and sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg). The depth of the anesthesia was evaluated by foot pinch to assure a deep anesthesia and that the animal does not experience any pain. In single cell experiments, hearts were excised rapidly, and ventricular myocytes were obtained by Langendorff enzymatic digestion. Excised hearts were mounted on a Langendorff apparatus (Harvard Apparatus) and retrogradely perfused via the aorta. After an initial 2–3 min perfusion with oxygenated (100% O2) Tyrode solution containing (mmol/L): 140 NaCl, 1 MgCl2, 5 KCl, 5 HEPES, 10 D‐Glucose, 1.8 CaCl2 (pH adjust to 7.35 with NaOH) in constant flow rate (8 mL/min), Ca2+‐free Tyrode solution was used to perfuse the heart for 8–10 min, followed by a digestive solution containing 0.02% collagenase (Type II, Worthington Biochemical) and 0.1% BSA. When the heart became softened, the whole ventricle was dissected and minced in an oxygenated (100% O2) KB (high‐K+) solution containing (mmol/L): 120 K‐glutamate, 20 D‐Glucose, 10 KCl, 10 KH2PO4, 10 taurine, 10 HEPES, 10 mannitol, 1.8 MgSO4, 0.5 EGTA, as well as 0.2% BSA (pH adjust to 7.3 with KOH) at room temperature.
You T., Xie Y., Luo C., Zhang K, & Zhang H. (2023). Mechanistic insights into spontaneous transition from cellular alternans to ventricular fibrillation. Physiological Reports, 11(5), e15619.
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Publication 2023
Adult Anesthesia Animals Aorta Cavia Cells Cerebral Ventricles Collagenase Digestion Digestive System Egtazic Acid Enzymes Foot Glucose Glutamate Heart Heart Ventricle Heparin HEPES Humidity Injections, Intraperitoneal Magnesium Chloride Males Mannitol Muscle Cells Pain Pentobarbital Sodium Perfusion Sodium Chloride Sulfate, Magnesium Taurine Thoracotomy Tyrode's solution

Top products related to «Taurine»

1
Taurine by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, Italy, China, United Kingdom, France, Macao, Spain, Switzerland
Taurine is a chemical compound that serves as a key component in various laboratory equipment and instruments. It is a sulfur-containing amino acid that plays a crucial role in several biological processes. Taurine is commonly used in the manufacture of specialized reagents, buffers, and solutions for scientific research and analysis.
2
Oxygraph 2k by Oroboros
Sourced in Austria
The Oxygraph-2k is a high-performance respirometer designed for precise measurement of oxygen consumption and production in biological samples. It provides real-time monitoring of oxygen levels, making it a valuable tool for researchers in the fields of cell biology, physiology, and bioenergetics.
3
Collagenase type 2 by Worthington
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Jersey, Germany, Japan, Switzerland, Canada, Australia, France
Collagenase type II is an enzyme used in cell and tissue culture applications. It is responsible for the breakdown of collagen, a structural protein found in the extracellular matrix. This enzyme is commonly used to facilitate the dissociation of cells from tissues during cell isolation and harvesting procedures.
4
Protease type xiv by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Belgium
Protease type XIV is an enzyme used in laboratory settings. It is a non-specific protease that can cleave peptide bonds in a variety of proteins. The core function of Protease type XIV is to facilitate the breakdown and analysis of protein samples.
5
Fetal bovine serum (fbs) by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, China, United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, Japan, Canada, Italy, France, Switzerland, New Zealand, Brazil, Belgium, India, Spain, Israel, Austria, Poland, Ireland, Sweden, Macao, Netherlands, Denmark, Cameroon, Singapore, Portugal, Argentina, Holy See (Vatican City State), Morocco, Uruguay, Mexico, Thailand, Sao Tome and Principe, Hungary, Panama, Hong Kong, Norway, United Arab Emirates, Czechia, Russian Federation, Chile, Moldova, Republic of, Gabon, Palestine, State of, Saudi Arabia, Senegal
Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.
6
Bovine serum albumin (bsa) by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, China, Italy, Japan, France, Sao Tome and Principe, Canada, Macao, Spain, Switzerland, Australia, India, Israel, Belgium, Poland, Sweden, Denmark, Ireland, Hungary, Netherlands, Czechia, Brazil, Austria, Singapore, Portugal, Panama, Chile, Senegal, Morocco, Slovenia, New Zealand, Finland, Thailand, Uruguay, Argentina, Saudi Arabia, Romania, Greece, Mexico
Bovine serum albumin (BSA) is a common laboratory reagent derived from bovine blood plasma. It is a protein that serves as a stabilizer and blocking agent in various biochemical and immunological applications. BSA is widely used to maintain the activity and solubility of enzymes, proteins, and other biomolecules in experimental settings.
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Collagenase 2 by Worthington
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, China, Singapore
Collagenase II is an enzyme used in cell and tissue dissociation. It is a mixture of proteolytic enzymes derived from Clostridium histolyticum that breaks down collagen, a major structural component of the extracellular matrix.
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Hydrocortisone by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, France, China, Italy, Canada, Macao, Japan, Israel, Switzerland, Australia, Sao Tome and Principe, Spain, Austria, Portugal, Belgium, Denmark, Sweden, Argentina, Brazil, Poland, New Zealand
Hydrocortisone is a laboratory-grade reagent used in various research and analytical applications. It is a synthetic corticosteroid compound with anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant properties. Hydrocortisone is commonly utilized as a standard or reference material in analytical procedures, such as assays and chromatographic techniques, to quantify and identify related compounds.
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Penicillin streptomycin by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, China, Canada, France, Japan, Australia, Switzerland, Israel, Italy, Belgium, Austria, Spain, Gabon, Ireland, New Zealand, Sweden, Netherlands, Denmark, Brazil, Macao, India, Singapore, Poland, Argentina, Cameroon, Uruguay, Morocco, Panama, Colombia, Holy See (Vatican City State), Hungary, Norway, Portugal, Mexico, Thailand, Palestine, State of, Finland, Moldova, Republic of, Jamaica, Czechia
Penicillin/streptomycin is a commonly used antibiotic solution for cell culture applications. It contains a combination of penicillin and streptomycin, which are broad-spectrum antibiotics that inhibit the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

More about "Taurine"

Taurine is a crucial sulfur-containing amino acid found in various tissues, including the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle.
It plays a vital role in numerous physiological processes, such as osmoregulation, neurotransmission, and antioxidant defense.
Taurine has been extensively studied for its potential benefits in areas like cardiovascular health, neurological function, and metabolic regulation.
Researchers continue to explore the therapeutic applications of taurine, including its use in dietary supplements and pharmaceutical formulations.
Taurine is also known by its chemical name, 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, and can be abbreviated as Tau.
This versatile compound has been the subject of numerous studies, with researchers investigating its effects on conditions like heart disease, neurological disorders, and metabolic disorders.
In addition to its primary functions, taurine has been studied in combination with other compounds, such as Oxygraph-2k, Collagenase type II, Protease type XIV, FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum), Bovine Serum Albumin, Collagenase II, and Hydrocortisone.
These substances are often used in cell culture and tissue engineering applications, where taurine may play a role in optimizing the growth and development of cells and tissues.
Understanding the latest research on taurine can help optimize its utilization and enhance the efectiveness of related products and procedures.
Whether you're a researcher, healthcare provider, or individual interested in taurine's potential benefits, staying informed on the latest developments in this field can be crucial for making informed decisions and improving outcomes.