Vancomycin

In all centres, patients undergoing FMT treatment were registered prospectively. Data about IBD outcome and long-term follow-up were in part collected retrospectively (Supplemental Figure 1).
Data collection was performed by each centre using files of the FMT services and hospital records for the patients. If possible, patients were contacted directly. The following baseline characteristics were collected: age, gender, and the use of PPIs. The following data about the CDI were collected: number of episodes; diagnostics by polymerase chain reaction or toxin enzyme immunoassay; and information about previous treatment with metronidazole, vancomycin, fidaxomicin, or bezlotoxumab. Severe CDI was defined as leukocytes ⩾15 × 10⁹/L and/or a 50% increase in creatinine at baseline.^{17 (link)} FMT data included the pre-treatment regimen (antibiotics, bowel lavage), total number of FMTs needed per patient, the route of administration of FMT, and the total amount of faeces (grams) used for preparation of the suspensions or capsules that were administered per patient. Data about clinical recurrence and microbiological testing for CDI after FMT were collected at 8–12 weeks after FMT. Long-term follow-up data of CDI recurrence were included if available.
For IBD, information was collected about the diagnosis according to the Montreal classification and the disease duration. Previous and current IBD medication at the moment of FMT and the use of immunosuppressive medication (including corticosteroids and budesonide, immunomodulators and biologicals) was assessed. Both at baseline and 8 weeks after FMT, the presence of an IBD flare was based on information from the treating physician and/or endoscopic scores. In case of a concomitant flare, remission-induction therapy was defined as the use of prednisolone or budesonide at the moment of FMT, or recently initiated antitumor necrosis factor (TNF) treatment (⩽2 months before FMT). Also haemoglobin (mmol/l) and C-reactive protein (mg/l) in the blood and the calprotectin (µg/g) in the faeces were collected at baseline and after 8 weeks.
The long-term follow-up period per patient was calculated from the date of FMT up to 31 December 2020. Long-term follow-up data included information about possibly occurring events and if yes, the number of days after FMT it occurred. Possible occurring events, collected via patient recall or from hospital records, were as follows: a recurrence of CDI, the development of an IBD flare, general infection and antibiotic use, hospital admission, colectomy, and occurrence of death.