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Zein

Zein is a prolamin protein derived from corn (maize) that has a wide range of applications in food, pharmaceutical, and industrial sectors.
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Most cited protocols related to «Zein»

1
Genetic Screening of Pakistani Familial Hearing Loss
Cited 4 times
Three new cohorts of Pakistani families segregating HL were examined by NGS. Cohorts 1, 2 and 3 have 261, 40, and 20 families, respectively, for a total of 321 families. For cohort 1, DNA samples from two affected individuals were first screened for variants in HGF (Schultz et al., 2009 (link)), CIB2 [c.272T>C; p.(Phe91Ser)] (Riazuddin et al., 2012 (link)), and GJB2 (Santos, Wajid, Pham, et al., 2005 (link)), using Sanger sequencing. HL-associated variants were found in 94 of these families. DNA samples from the family members of these 94 families were also Sanger-sequenced to test co-segregation of variants with HL. For the remaining 167 families that were negative for variants of GJB2, CIB2 or HGF, DNA samples for 129 families were genotyped using microsatellite or single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Genotype data were checked for errors using PedCheck (O’Connell and Weeks, 1998) and MERLIN (Abecasis, et al. 2002). Analysis was performed using HomozygosityMapper (Seelow, Schuelke, Hildebrandt, & Nurnberg, 2009 (link)) and Allegro for linkage analysis (Gubjartsson, et al., 2005). Out of 129 families with genotype data, 46 families were mapped to a region containing a known HL gene and the putatively pathogenic variant was identified and co-segregation with HL confirmed using Sanger sequencing.
The remaining 121 families from cohort 1 included those who were not mapped to known HL genes and were negative when followed-up with Sanger sequencing. Forty additional families (cohort 2) did not have genome-scan genotype data. A DNA sample from an affected individual from each of these families (total 161 DNA samples) were exome sequenced either at the University of Maryland School of Medicine (UMSOM), University of Washington Center for Mendelian Genomics (UWCMG), or at the National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD) Genomic and Computational Biology Core.
Aside from the first two cohorts of 301 families, an additional 20 families (cohort 3) were screened using a gene panel that includes all known nonsyndromic and selected syndromic HL genes (n=101) (Zein et al., 2014 (link)) and the segregation of pathogenic variants identified from this panel was verified by Sanger sequencing the DNA of all informative family members.
Variants were considered further if (a) they have allele frequency <1% and (b) Combined Annotation Dependent Depletion (CADD; (Kircher et al., 2014 (link))) scaled score was ≥20 and/or (c) at least two of the following algorithms predict the mutation to be deleterious: PROVEAN (Y. Choi & Chan, 2015 (link)), SIFT (Kumar, Henikoff, & Ng, 2009 (link)), MutationTaster (Schwarz, Rodelsperger, Schuelke, & Seelow, 2010 (link)), MutationAssessor (Reva, Antipin, & Sander, 2007 (link)), FATHMM (Shihab et al., 2013 (link); Shihab et al., 2015 (link)) and PolyPhen2 (Adzhubei et al., 2010 (link)). Splice site and splice region variants were evaluated using splice site-altering scoring algorithms such as dbscSNV (Jian, Boerwinkle, & Liu, 2014 (link)) and Human Splice Finder (Desmet et al., 2009 (link)). Further details of bioinformatics analyses are described in Supp. Tables S1 and S2. All variants were tested for co-segregation with HL in the corresponding family via Sanger sequencing. All novel variants have been submitted to ClinVar public databasis (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/).
Richard E.M., Santos-Cortez R.L., Faridi R., Rehman A.U., Lee K., Shahzad M., Acharya A., Khan A.A., Imtiaz A., Chakchouk I., Takla C., Abbe I., Rafeeq M., Liaqat K., Chaudhry T., Bamshad M.J., Schrauwen I., Khan S.N., Morell R.J., Zafar S., Ansar M., Ahmed Z.M., Ahmad W., Riazuddin S., Friedman T.B., Leal S.M, & Riazuddin S. (2018). Global genetic insight contributed by consanguineous Pakistani families segregating hearing loss. Human mutation, 40(1), 53-72.
Publication 2018
Allegro Communicative Disorders DNA, A-Form Exome Family Member Genes Genetic Linkage Analysis Genome Genotype Homo sapiens Mutation nf2 Gene Pathogenicity Radionuclide Imaging Short Tandem Repeat Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Syndrome Zein
2
Chromosome-wide Linkage Disequilibrium Analysis
Cited 3 times
For Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium analysis by population and chromosome, the Bonferroni criterion was adopted to keep a global level of significance of 1%. To characterize the block and step patterns of LD in the populations, we constructed LD maps by chromosome using the interval method [17 (link)]. We defined a cold spot region as a chromosome segment including SNPs with the same LDU position. To evaluate if the LD maps allow inference of the overall degree of LD by chromosome in the populations, we also processed a simulated data set, generated with REALbreeding software (available by request). This software has been recently used in studies on population structure [18 (link)], QTL mapping [19 (link)], genomic selection [20 (link)], and genome-wide association studies [21 (link)]. We simulated the genotyping of 200 individuals in a population (generation 0) and 200 individuals in the same population after 10 generations of random crossings (generation 10), for 287 SNPs spanning 298 cM (density of 1 cM) of a single chromosome.
We then evaluated the degree of LD by chromosome in the populations concerning SNPs separated by up to 500 kb, using a two marker expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm [22 (link)]. For the whole-genome LD decay and LD decay extent analyses, we computed the average |D'| and r2 values, defining intervals of 50 kb (0–50 to 451–500). To define a haplotype block, we adopted the criterion proposed by Gabriel et al. [6 (link)]. The haplotypes were estimated using an accelerated EM algorithm with a partition-ligation approach [23 (link)] to generate phased haplotypes for population frequency [24 (link)].
The LD and haplotype block analyses were also performed at the intragenic level. We choose 12 genes related to zein (one), starch (four), cellulose (five), and fatty acid biosynthesis (two) (S1 Table). With two exceptions, the selected genes had at least five SNPs in each population (maximum of 21). For the intragenic LD decay and LD decay extent analyses, we computed the average |D'| and r2 values defining intervals of 1 kb (0–1 to 10.1–11 kb). All analyses were performed using LDMAP [17 (link)] and Haploview [22 (link)]. Heatmaps were generated using the R package pheatmap. To assess the haplotype blocks information, the haplotype files for each population and chromosome were read by a program (Haplotype blocks summary) developed in REALbasic 2009 by Prof. José Marcelo Soriano Viana.
Andrade A.C., Viana J.M., Pereira H.D., Pinto V.B, & Fonseca e Silva F. (2019). Linkage disequilibrium and haplotype block patterns in popcorn populations. PLoS ONE, 14(9), e0219417.
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Publication 2019
Anabolism Cellulose Chromosomes Cold Temperature Fatty Acids Genes Genome Genome-Wide Association Study Haplotypes KB 11 Ligation Microtubule-Associated Proteins Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Starch Zein
3
Curating High-Quality Plant BAC Sequences
Cited 3 times
All plant BACs were obtained from the nucleotide database in NCBI with search criteria ‘BAC[All Fields] AND plants[filter]’. To filter out non-nuclear BACs, sequences with following keywords in the title were excluded: plastid, chloroplast, mitochondri, ribosomal, transposon, gene, plasmid, vector, virus, TINY, Micromonas, Podospora, Uncultured, Rdr1, Co-Gene, S-locus, Patent, zein, scaffold, and shotgun. Finished BACs with ‘complete sequence’ indicated in the title and sequence length ≥ 20 Kb were retained. For draft BACs with less than 10 gaps, the sequence pieces ≥ 20 Kb were also retained. BAC sequences of the same species were put together as one sample. Samples that were < 3 Mb in size or contained less than 5% of LTR sequences were not used in the analyses. The Carica papaya sample was removed due to the low abundance of intact LTR-RT (only 0.3% of the sample size). Finally, a total of 14,826 high-quality BAC sequences derived from 21 plant species were retained for subsequent analysis.
Ou S., Chen J, & Jiang N. (2018). Assessing genome assembly quality using the LTR Assembly Index (LAI). Nucleic Acids Research, 46(21), e126.
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Publication 2018
Carica papaya Chloroplasts Cloning Vectors Genes Jumping Genes Nucleotides Plants Plasmids Plastids Podospora Ribosomes Virus Zein
4
Quantifying MRSA Biofilm Inhibition in Pig Skin
Cited 3 times
The routine preparation of the pig skin followed this procedure. Thawed pig skin (ex-abattoir, stored for weeks frozen) was epilated with a dry razor, stripped with a tape 10-times to remove the upper dead layers, and finally cut into 1 × 1 cm2 pieces. The pieces were sterilised firstly by immersing in 70% ethanol for 20 min, dried for 20 min in a biosafety cabinet, followed by soaking in a solution of antibiotics for 16 h (kanamycin sulfate 20 μg/mL and ampicillin 50 μg/mL). On the day of the experiment, a cut 0.9 cm long was created along the skin to reach the epidermal layer using a sharp knife. The cut pig skin squares were then placed on TSB agar plates prepared with antibiotics (kanamycin sulfate 20 μg/mL and ampicillin 50 μg/mL).
S. aureus MRSA252 or ATCC 25923 were cultured (15 h) in TSB-GN. Inoculation was with an aliquot (20 μL) of bacterial suspension applied to the epidermal side of the skin and spread uniformly. The inoculated skin pieces were incubated for 5 days at 37°C in a humidified chamber. Every day the pieces were transferred to a new agar plate. Four pig skin pieces were used in each repeat. On day 5, the pig skin pieces were covered with zein 3L, zein/PCL 3L (1 cm2), or a filter paper loaded with 30 μg Tet. A fourth pig skin piece was left untreated. Before covering the pig skin pieces with the 3L matrices, the surface of the biofilms was wetted with TSB-GN (10 μL) and, after coverage, another 20 μL of broth was applied on top of the matrices. The plates were then incubated again at 37°C for 24 h. Each skin piece was then transferred to a tube containing MH broth (5 mL) and kept cool on ice during the experiment. The tubes were vortexed extensively (~5 min) in order to detach mechanically the bacteria from the skin. Suspended cells were then serially diluted to 10−7 in broth, and aliquots (10 μL) of 10−4, 10−5, 10−6, and 10−7 dilutions were spotted on TSB-GN agar plates, to determine the colony forming units (CFU)/mL using the Miles-Misra method (23 (link)). The plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 h and the numbers of CFU were counted. The number of CFU/skin piece was determined using the above formula; this was then normalised by the number of CFU/untreated skin piece.
Alhusein N., Blagbrough I.S., Beeton M.L., Bolhuis A, & De Bank P.A. (2015). Electrospun Zein/PCL Fibrous Matrices Release Tetracycline in a Controlled Manner, Killing Staphylococcus aureus Both in Biofilms and Ex Vivo on Pig Skin, and are Compatible with Human Skin Cells. Pharmaceutical Research, 33, 237-246.
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Publication 2015
Agar Ampicillin Antibiotics Bacteria Biofilms Cells Epidermis Ethanol Freezing Kanamycin Sulfate Skin Staphylococcus aureus Strains Technique, Dilution Vaccination Zein
5
Zein and Non-zein Protein Extraction
Cited 3 times
For zein extraction, the dry kernels were wrapped individually in two layers of thick aluminium foil and crushed into fine flour by a heavy hammer. In Figure 1B, at least three kernels for each line were wrapped. For segregation analysis in Figure 2A and 2B, kernels were ground individually. Only 50 mg of flour was transferred to a 2 ml Eppendorf tube, then mixed and vortexed with 400 µl of 70% ethanol/2% 2-mercaptoethanol (v/v), then kept on the bench at room temperature overnight; the mixture was centrifuged at 13,000 rpm in a benchtop microfuge for 10 min, then 100 µl of the supernatant liquid was transferred to a new tube; 10 µl of 10% SDS was added to the extract, the mixture was dried by vacuum and resuspended in 100 µl of distilled water.
For non-zein extraction, the supernatant from above was discarded. Solids remaining in the tube were resuspended with zein extraction buffer to completely remove the zeins from other proteins. This step was repeated for 3 times. At last, the residual solids were suspended in 400 µl of non-zein extraction buffer (12.5 mM sodium borate, 5% SDS and 2% 2-mercaptoethanol (vol/vol)). The mixture was kept at 37°C for two hours and vortexed several times in this period. The mixture was centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 10 min, and then 100 µl of the non-zein supernatant was transferred to a new tube. 4 µl (equal to 500 µg of floury) of each sample was analyzed with 15% SDS-PAGE gel, run at 200 Voltage for 35 min. The resulting gel was stained with Coomassie buffer.
The concentrations of zein and non-zein proteins in Figure 2C were measured with Bradford Protein Assay Kit (Bio-Rad).
About 20 g of mature seeds were ground to fine flour. The protein and amino acid composition analysis was conducted by the New Jersey Feed Laboratory, Inc., Trenton, NJ, USA.
Wu Y, & Messing J. (2012). RNA Interference Can Rebalance the Nitrogen Sink of Maize Seeds without Losing Hard Endosperm. PLoS ONE, 7(2), e32850.
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Publication 2012
2-Mercaptoethanol Aluminum Amino Acids Biological Assay Buffers Ethanol Flour Plant Embryos Proteins SDS-PAGE sodium borate Vacuum Zein

Most recents protocols related to «Zein»

1
Characterization of EuMADS Transcription Factors
Conserved protein domains of the 66 EuMADS TFs were blasted in the NCBI-CDD website (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/bwrpsb/bwrpsb.cgi) (Marchler-Bauer et al., 2015 (link)). The online Multiple Em for Motif Elicitation (MEME) program (http://meme-suite.org/tools/meme) (Bailey et al., 2009 (link)) was also employed to analyze the protein motifs of EuMADS TFs. Parameters for MEME search were set as follows: maximum number of motifs = 20, motif width = 6–60, number of repetitions = 0/1, according to our knowledge of plant MADS-box proteins (Wang et al., 2019 (link); Alhindi and Al-Abdallat, 2021 (link); Dong et al., 2021 (link); Gutierrez et al., 2022 (link)). Moreover, exon-intron structures of the EuMADS genes were constructed based on the alignment between the full-length coding sequences (CDS) and the corresponding genomic sequences (Wuyun et al., 2018 (link); Li et al., 2020 (link)). The annotation information for each EuMADS gene was also extracted from the GFF3 files (PRJNA599775 and PRJCA000677) of the genome data to verify the constructed gene structure. The protein domains, motif composition and gene structure of EuMADS TFs were then visualized using TBtools (Chen et al., 2020 (link)).
The 2,000 bp promotor sequences upstream the initiation codon (ATG) of each EuMADS gene were extracted from the genome data (Wuyun et al., 2018 (link); Li et al., 2020 (link)) in TBtools (Chen et al., 2020 (link)). The online PlantCARE tool (http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html/) was then performed for the cis-acting regulatory element (CARE) prediction. The cis-elements related to phytohormone responsiveness, defense and stress responsiveness, light responsiveness, low-temperature responsiveness, wound responsiveness, anaerobic induction, and circadian control were analyzed. In the phytohormone-response cis-elements, ABRE was involved in ABA-responsiveness, AuxRR-core and TGA-element were involved in IAA-responsiveness, O2-site was involved in zein-metabolism, GARE-motif, TATC-box and P-box were involved in GA-responsiveness, TGACG-motif and CGTCA-motif were involved in MeJA-responsiveness, and TCA-element was involved in SA-responsiveness (Alhindi and Al-Abdallat, 2021 (link); Ye et al., 2022 (link)) The location of cis-elements in promoter region of each EuMADS gene was visualized in TBtools (Chen et al., 2020 (link)). Cis-elements associated with phytohormones (ABA, IAA, zein, GA, MeJA, and SA) were also counted and plotted in TBtools (Chen et al., 2020 (link)).
Zhang X., Wang X., Pan L., Guo W., Li Y, & Wang W. (2023). Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of MADS-box transcription factors reveal their involvement in sex determination of hardy rubber tree (Eucommia ulmoides oliv.). Frontiers in Genetics, 14, 1138703.
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Publication 2023
Anger Codon, Initiator Cold Temperature Exons Gene Annotation Genes Genetic Structures Genome Introns Light Metabolism Plant Growth Regulators Plant Proteins Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid Response Elements Wounds Zein
2
Curcumin-Loaded Zein/NaCas Nanoparticles

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Publication 2023
Alginate Alkalies Curcumin Freezing Lichens Sodium Alginate Sodium Caseinate Syringes Zein
3
Bioactive Compound Characterization and Antioxidant Assays

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Publication 2023
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid Ascorbic Acid benzothiazoline Biological Assay Buffers Catalase Curcumin diphenyl Eagle Edetic Acid Fetal Bovine Serum Free Radicals Immunoprecipitation Malondialdehyde Mucosa, Gastric Pancreas Pancreatin Penicillins Pepsin A Pigs Salts, Bile Sodium Alginate Sodium Caseinate Sodium Chloride Streptomycin Sulfonic Acids Superoxide Dismutase Trolox C Trypsin Zein
4
Characterization of Curcumin Nanoparticles

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Publication 2023
Alginate Curcumin Freezing Physical Examination Radiation Radionuclide Imaging X-Ray Diffraction Zein
5
Nutri-Mo-Food: Molybdenum Fortification Trial
Cited 1 time
This research is part of the larger project, Nutri-Mo-Food, that is registered at Clinicaltrials.gov (accessed on 12 February 2023) with the approbation number NCT04985240. The protocol, conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, was approved by the Palermo University Hospital Ethics Committee, and the approbation number is 2/2020 AIFA CE 150109. From an initial 95 subjects (47 adults age range 23–54 and 48 seniors age range 55–73), on the basis of the eligibility criteria, 11 subjects were excluded (5 in the adults and 6 in the senior group), and 84 subjects (42 adults comprising 25 males and 17 females and 42 seniors comprising 24 males and 18 females) were randomized into the control group, the Mo-tablet and the biofortified group for a total of 14 subjects in each group of adults and seniors (Figure 1). The participants at the study, the medical staff and the investigator staff were blinded to the allocation during the whole period of data collection. The investigators were also blinded during the sample assessment and data analysis. The control group received 100 g of lettuce and the intervention group received 100 g of Mo-fortified lettuce to consume every day for a total of 12 days. The molybdenum supplementation tablet (150 µg/tablet) was purchased from Zein-pharma (Germany). The Mo-tablet group received one tablet of Mo to consume daily for a total of 12 days. Samples of blood were collected before (T0) and at the end (T1) of the trial, after 12 days (Figure 2).
Exclusion and inclusion criteria are reported in Table 1.
In the first visit, the subjects underwent anthropometric measurement and completed a habitual dietary intake assessment [23 (link)]. Participants were recommended not to change their habits and diet during the study period, which was reiterated throughout the study. Body composition (fat and lean mass) was measured by electrical bioimpedance measurements (InBody 320 Body Composition Analyzer). Barefoot standing height and body weight were measured by using a wall-mounted stadiometer (Gima 27088, Italy) and an electronic scale (Gima 27335) [30 (link)]. Body mass index (BMI) was reported as weight, measured in kilograms, per standing height, measured as meters squared.
Vasto S., Baldassano D., Sabatino L., Caldarella R., Di Rosa L, & Baldassano S. (2023). The Role of Consumption of Molybdenum Biofortified Crops in Bone Homeostasis and Healthy Aging. Nutrients, 15(4), 1022.
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Publication 2023
Adult BLOOD Body Composition Diet Electricity Eligibility Determination Ethics Committees, Clinical Females Food Index, Body Mass Lactuca sativa Males Medical Staff Molybdenum Tablet Zein

Top products related to «Zein»

1
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The Zetasizer Nano ZS is a dynamic light scattering (DLS) instrument designed to measure the size and zeta potential of particles and molecules in a sample. The instrument uses laser light to measure the Brownian motion of the particles, which is then used to calculate their size and zeta potential.
2
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Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.
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More about "Zein"

Zein is a type of prolamin protein derived from corn (maize) that has a wide range of applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and industrial sectors.
This versatile protein is commonly used as a food additive, coating agent, and biomaterial due to its unique properties such as biodegradability, water resistance, and film-forming capabilities.
Zein can be extracted and purified using various techniques, including the use of solvents like ethanol, methanol, and DMSO.
The purified zein can then be further processed and formulated into different products, such as coatings, films, and microcapsules, using equipment like the Zetasizer Nano ZS and UV-1800 spectrophotometer.
Zein-based materials have found applications in areas like controlled drug delivery, where they can be used to encapsulate and release active ingredients like pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals.
The protein's ability to form films and coatings also makes it useful for food packaging and preservation, as well as in the production of bioplastics and other industrial products.
Beyond its commercial applications, zein has also been the subject of extensive research, with studies exploring its potential in areas like tissue engineering, wound healing, and environmental remediation.
Researchers often utilize various additives and modifiers, such as chitosan, glycerol, mannitol, and sodium hydroxide, to enhance the properties and performance of zein-based materials.
Overall, the versatility and unique characteristics of zein make it a valuable and widely-studied biomaterial with a diverse range of applications across multiple industries.
The AI-driven protocol comparison platform, PubCompare.ai, can help streamline the research process by providing easy access to relevant protocols and facilitating the identification of the best techniques and products for specific research needs.