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Carbapenems

Carbapenems are a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics that are effective against a wide range of bacteria, including many that are resistant to other antibiotic classes.
These powerful medications are often used as a last resort for treating infections that fail to respond to other treatments.
Carbapenems work by interfering with the synthesis of bacterial cell walls, causing the cells to rupture and die.
They are particularly useful for combating multidrug-resistant pathogens, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii.
Researchers studying Carbapenems can leverage the PubCompare.ai platform to optimize their research protocols and enhance reproducibility, unlocking new insights to drive their work forward.
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Most cited protocols related to «Carbapenems»

1
Polymyxin Antibiotic Pharmacokinetics and Toxicity
The recommendations in this guideline were developed following a review of studies published before December 31, 2018, in English. Studies were identified through Library of Congress, LISTA (Library, Information Science & Technology Abstracts [EBSCO]), and PubMed database searches with no date restrictions using Medical Subject Headings. Examples of keywords used to conduct literature searches were polymyxin, colistin, polymyxin B, nephrotoxicity, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, area under the curve, toxicodynamics, resistance, carbapenem, A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Tsuji B.T., Pogue J.M., Zavascki A.P., Paul M., Daikos G.L., Forrest A., Giacobbe D.R., Viscoli C., Giamarellou H., Karaiskos I., Kaye D., Mouton J.W., Tam V.H., Thamlikitkul V., Wunderink R.G., Li J., Nation R.L, & Kaye K.S. (2019). International Consensus Guidelines for the Optimal Use of the Polymyxins: Endorsed by the American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP), European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID), Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), International Society for Anti-infective Pharmacology (ISAP), Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), and Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists (SIDP). Pharmacotherapy, 39(1), 10-39.
Publication 2019
Carbapenems cDNA Library Colistin Drug Kinetics Klebsiella pneumoniae Polymyxin B Polymyxins Pseudomonas aeruginosa
2
Evaluation of the A. baumannii cgMLST Scheme
To evaluate the newly defined cgMLST scheme, all available A. baumannii NCBI genome datasets (as of 2016-08-29) were downloaded, analyzed with the cgMLST and the ‘Oxford’ and ‘Pasteur’ MLST schemes, and filtered by ST. Also NCBI data that were used as reference or query genomes for scheme definition were removed. It was assumed that a suitable cgMLST scheme should reach on average at least 97.5% cgMLST called targets for all of those quality-filtered genomes. In addition, genome data for the three closely related species from the ACB complex, i.e. A. nosocomialis, A. pittii, and A. calcoaceticus were added for demonstration of the applicability of the defined cgMLST scheme for A. baumannii sensu stricto only.
To further calibrate the A. baumannii cgMLST scheme to investigate outbreaks, 53 sequenced carbapenem-resistant isolates were analysed using Ridom SeqSphere+ software to determine the presence of the target genes. Again we assumed that a well-defined core genome would cover at least 97.5% of the cgMLST genes used in this scheme. The target genes were extracted as previously described with “required identity to reference sequence of 90%”, “required aligned to reference sequence with 100%” [17 (link)] and the process included an assessment of the quality of the target genes, i.e. the absence of frame shifts and ambiguous nucleotides. A core genome gene was considered a “good target” only if all of the above criteria were met, in which case the complete sequence was analyzed in comparison to the ACICU reference. Alleles for each gene were called and assigned automatically by the SeqSphere+ software to ensure unique nomenclature. The combination of all alleles in each strain formed an allelic profile that was used to generate minimum spanning trees (MST) using the parameter “pairwise ignore missing values” during distance calculation. The MST was used to determine if outbreak isolates could be attributed to the same cluster and clearly separated from other clusters. To maintain backwards compatibility, classical MLST alleles (Oxford and Pasteur schemes) were extracted from the assembled genomes with SeqSphere+ using the PubMLST nomenclature (http://pubmlst.org/).
Higgins P.G., Prior K., Harmsen D, & Seifert H. (2017). Development and evaluation of a core genome multilocus typing scheme for whole-genome sequence-based typing of Acinetobacter baumannii. PLoS ONE, 12(6), e0179228.
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Publication 2017
Alleles Carbapenems Genes Genome Nucleotides Reading Frames Strains Trees
3
Validation of Carbapenemase Identification Method
For validation of the CIM, a selection of 30 Gram-negative isolates was used. This selection included isolates obtained from different institutes across the world carrying known carbapenemase encoding genes and carbapenem susceptible isolates, according to the submitter (Table 1). In addition, 694 isolates submitted to the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment for the national surveillance of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) by Dutch medical microbiology laboratories (MMLs) during the first six months of 2012 and the first six months of 2013 were used. For the national surveillance of CPE in the Netherlands, Dutch MMLs are requested to submit Enterobacteriaceae isolates with an MIC for meropenem > 0.25 μg/ml. However, more than half of the isolates (411/694, 59%) sent in for CPE surveillance were non-fermenting Gram-negatives belonging to the genera Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter. Furthermore, 35% of the isolates had MICs below 0.25 μg/ml. Nevertheless, all isolates were included in this study.
The species identification, as performed by the MMLs, was confirmed using MALDI-TOF (Bruker Daltonics GmbH, Bremen, Germany) and the MIC for all isolates was confirmed by E-test (BioMerieux Inc., Marcy L’Etoile, France). Culturing of isolates was done on Columbia Sheep Blood (bioTRADING Benelux BV, Mijdrecht, The Netherlands) and Mueller-Hinton agarplates (Oxoid Ltd, Hampshire, United Kingdom). An overview of all CPE surveillance isolates and their characteristics is displayed in Tables 2 and 3.
van der Zwaluw K., de Haan A., Pluister G.N., Bootsma H.J., de Neeling A.J, & Schouls L.M. (2015). The Carbapenem Inactivation Method (CIM), a Simple and Low-Cost Alternative for the Carba NP Test to Assess Phenotypic Carbapenemase Activity in Gram-Negative Rods. PLoS ONE, 10(3), e0123690.
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Publication 2015
Acinetobacter Blood Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae carbapenemase Carbapenems Domestic Sheep Enterobacteriaceae Genes Meropenem Pseudomonas Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
4
Sepsis Fluid Resuscitation Protocol
This study was a restrictive observation study from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV (MIMIC-IV version 0.4) database from 2008 to 2019 [24 ]. An individual who has finished the Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative examination (Certification number 35931520 for author Zhou) can access the database. This is a longitudinal, single-center database including 257,366 individuals and 196,527 adults, and 11,263 patients with sepsis (Defined by sepsis-3 criteria [1 (link)]). In our study, we extracted patients’ parameters containing age, gender, ethnic group, admission type, insurance condition, the first 24-h Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS) score, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature, SpO2, total urine output during the first 24 h after ICU admission, lactate level, the use of vasopressors, weight, mechanical ventilation, renal replacement therapy (RRT), the stage of acute kidney injury (AKI), anamnesis (myocardial infarction, cancer, renal disease, cirrhosis and diabetes) and the type and volume of their fluid administration during the whole ICU stay. Vasopressors included norepinephrine, phenylephrine, epinephrine, vasopressin, dopamine, and dobutamine. For the antibiotics, Carbapenems (meropenem), Glycopeptide (vancomycin), β-lactams (ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, and cefepime), and Aminoglycosides (gentamicin and amikacin) were extracted into our analysis. In this study, types of administration for crystalloids and albumin including normal saline and lactated Ringer’s (LR) solution, while 5% and 25% HSA for colloids. The code of data extraction is available on Github (https://github.com/MIT-LCP/mimic-iv).
Adults patients (≥ 18 years) with sepsis and complete fluid administration records were screened in the analysis. The following exclusion criteria were used: (1) patients who have not received any crystalloids administration; (2) patients who received albumin longer than 24 h after the initiation of crystalloids administration or preceded the crystalloids. For patients who had ICU admission more than once, only data of the first ICU admission of the first hospital stay were included.
Zhou S., Zeng Z., Wei H., Sha T, & An S. (2021). Early combination of albumin with crystalloids administration might be beneficial for the survival of septic patients: a retrospective analysis from MIMIC-IV database. Annals of Intensive Care, 11, 42.
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Publication 2021
Adult Aftercare Albumins Amikacin Aminoglycosides Antibiotics, Antitubercular Carbapenems Cefepime Cefotaxime Ceftriaxone Colloids Diabetes Mellitus Dobutamine Dopamine Epinephrine Ethnicity Gender Gentamicin Glycopeptides Hormone, Antidiuretic Immunologic Memory Intensive Care Kidney Diseases Kidney Failure, Acute Lactams Lactated Ringer's Solution Lactates Liver Cirrhosis Malignant Neoplasms Mechanical Ventilation Meropenem Myocardial Infarction Norepinephrine Normal Saline Patients Phenylephrine Rate, Heart Renal Replacement Therapy Respiratory Rate Saturation of Peripheral Oxygen Septicemia SKAP2 protein, human Solutions, Crystalloid Urine Vancomycin Vasoconstrictor Agents
5
National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) Pathogens Report
The CLABSIs,7 CAUTIs,8 select VAEs,9 and SSIs10 that occurred between 2015–2017 and had been reported to the NHSN’s Patient Safety Component as of July 1, 2018, were included in this report. These HAIs were reported by acute-care hospitals, critical access hospitals, LTACHs, and IRFs from all US states and territories. Unless otherwise noted, CLABSI data included events classified as mucosal barrier injury laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infection (MBI-LCBI). VAE data were limited to events classified as possible ventilator-associated pneumonia (PVAP) because this is the only subtype of VAE for which a pathogen can be reported. Asymptomatic bacteremic urinary tract infections, CLABSIs reported from IRFs, and outpatient SSIs were excluded.
The NHSN protocols provide guidance for attributing device-associated (DA) HAIs (ie, CLABSIs, CAUTIs, and PVAPs) to a CDC-defined location type, and SSIs to a CDC operative procedure code. Due to known differences in pathogens and resistance patterns between adult and pediatric populations,11 ,12 (link) this report was limited to DA HAIs attributed to adult location types, and to SSIs that occurred in patients ≥18 years old at the time of surgery. Comparable data from pediatric locations and patients are described in a companion report.13 (link)Unless otherwise noted, DA HAIs were stratified into 5 mutually exclusive location categories: hospital wards (inclusive of step-down, mixed acuity, and specialty care areas), hospital intensive care units (ICUs), hospital oncology units (ie, oncology ICUs and wards), LTACHs (ie, LTACH ICUs and wards), and IRFs (ie, freestanding IRFs and CMS-certified IRF units located within a hospital). SSI data were stratified into mutually exclusive surgical categories based on the operative procedure code. Pathogen distributions were also analyzed separately for each operative procedure code and are available in the online supplement.14 Up to 3 pathogens and their antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) results can be reported to the NHSN for each HAI. The AST results for the drugs included in this analysis were reported using the interpretive categories of “susceptible” (S), “intermediate” (I), “resistant” (R), or “not tested.” Instead of “intermediate,” cefepime had the category interpretation of “intermediate/susceptible-dose dependent” (I/S-DD), which was treated as I for this analysis. Laboratories are expected to follow current guidelines from the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) for AST.15 Naming conventions for pathogens generally adhered to the Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT) Preferred Term.16 In some cases, pathogens were grouped by genus or clinically recognized group (eg, viridans group streptococci) (Appendices A2–A4 online). Results for Klebsiella spp were limited to K. pneumoniae and K. oxytoca; K. aerogenes was considered part of Enterobacter spp due to the timing of the NHSN’s adoption of its name change.17 (link)Staphylococcus aureus was defined as methicillin-resistant (MRSA) if the isolate was reported as R to oxacillin, cefoxitin, or methicillin. Enterococcus spp isolates were defined as vancomycin-resistant (VRE) if they tested R to vancomycin. VRE data were analyzed for all HAIs except PVAP because Enterococcus spp are excluded from the NHSN’s PVAP surveillance definition under most scenarios. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) were defined as Klebsiella spp, Escherichia coli, or Enterobacter spp that tested R to imipenem, meropenem, doripenem, or ertapenem. All other pathogen-antimicrobial combinations (phenotypes) were described using a metric for nonsusceptibility, which included pathogens that tested I or R to the applicable drugs. To be defined as nonsusceptible to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs), pathogens must have tested I or R to either ceftazidime or cefepime (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) or to ceftazidime, cefepime, ceftriaxone, or cefotaxime (Klebsiella spp and E. coli). For Enterobacter spp, evaluation of nonsusceptibility to ESCs was limited to cefepime due to Enterobacter’s inducible resistance to other ESCs. Fluoroquinolone nonsusceptibility was defined as a result of I or R to either ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin (P. aeruginosa) or to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, or moxifloxacin (E. coli). Carbapenem nonsusceptibility in P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp was defined as a result of I or R to imipenem, meropenem, or doripenem. Nonsusceptibility to aminoglycosides was defined as a result of I or R to gentamicin, amikacin, or tobramycin. Finally, multi-drug-resistance (MDR) was approximated by adapting previously established definitions18 (link) that require nonsusceptibility to at least 1 agent within 3 different drug classes. For Enterobacteriaceae and P. aeruginosa, 5 classes were considered in the criteria: ESCs (or cefepime for Enterobacter spp), fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, carbapenems, and piperacillin (PIP) or piperacillin/tazobactam (PIPTAZ). A sixth class, ampicillin/sulbactam, was included in the criteria for Acinetobacter spp.
Data were analyzed using SAS version 9.4 software (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). For all HAIs and pathogens, absolute frequencies and distributions were calculated by HAI, location, and surgical category. The 15 most commonly reported pathogens were identified, and their frequencies and ranks within each stratum were calculated. A pooled mean percentage nonsusceptible (%NS) was calculated for each phenotype as the sum of nonsusceptible (or resistant) pathogens, divided by the sum of pathogens tested for susceptibility, and multiplied by 100. Percentage NS was not calculated for any phenotype for which <20 pathogens were tested. Differences in the %NS across location types or surgical categories were assessed for statistical significance using a mid-P exact test, and P < .05 was considered statistically significant. The percentage of pathogens with reported susceptibility results (referred to as “percentage tested”) is defined elsewhere3 (link) and was calculated for each bacterial phenotype, as well as for select Candida spp. Pathogens and susceptibility data for CLABSIs categorized as MBI-LCBI were analyzed separately and are presented in the online supplement.14 “Selective reporting” occurs when laboratories suppress AST results as part of antimicrobial stewardship efforts. This practice could contribute to a higher number of pathogens reported to the NHSN as “not tested” to certain drugs. To assess the impact of selective reporting on the national %NS, we applied an alternate calculation for CRE and ESC nonsusceptibility. If a pathogen was reported as “not tested” to carbapenems, susceptibility was inferred as S if the pathogen tested susceptible to at least 2 of the following: ampicillin, ampicillin/sulbactam, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, PIPTAZ, cefazolin, cefoxitin, or cefotetan. If a pathogen was reported as “not tested” to ESCs, susceptibility was inferred as S if the pathogen tested susceptible to at least 2 of the following: ampicillin, aztreonam, or cefazolin. Therefore, the number of tested isolates increases under the alternate calculation. Percentage NS was calculated using both the traditional (ie, strictly as reported) and alternate approaches.
Statistical analyses were not performed to test for temporal changes in the %NS; thus, this report does not convey any conclusions regarding changes in resistance over time. Due to differences in the stratification levels, inclusion criteria, and patient populations, the %NS values in this report should not be compared to those published in previous iterations of this report.
Weiner-Lastinger L.M., Abner S., Edwards J.R., Kallen A.J., Karlsson M., Magill S.S., Pollock D., See I., Soe M.M., Walters M.S, & Dudeck M.A. (2019). Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with adult healthcare-associated infections: Summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network, 2015–2017. Infection control and hospital epidemiology, 41(1), 1-18.
Publication 2019
Acinetobacter Adult Amikacin Aminoglycosides Amox clav Ampicillin ampicillin-sulbactam Antimicrobial Stewardship Asymptomatic Infections Aztreonam Bacteremia Bacteria Blood Circulation Candida Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Carbapenems Cefazolin Cefepime Cefotaxime Cefotetan Cefoxitin Ceftazidime Ceftriaxone Cephalosporins Ciprofloxacin Clinical Laboratory Services Conferences Dietary Supplements Doripenem Enterobacter Enterobacteriaceae Enterococcus Ertapenem Escherichia coli Fluoroquinolones Gentamicin Imipenem Injuries Klebsiella Klebsiella oxytoca Klebsiella pneumoniae Laboratory Infection Lanugo Levofloxacin Medical Devices Meropenem Methicillin Methicillin-Resistant Microbicides Moxifloxacin Mucous Membrane Multi-Drug Resistance Neoplasms Operative Surgical Procedures Outpatients Oxacillin pathogenesis Patients Patient Safety Pets Pharmaceutical Preparations Phenotype Piperacillin Piperacillin-Tazobactam Combination Product Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated polyvinylacetate phthalate polymer Population Group Pseudomonas aeruginosa Sepsis Staphylococcus aureus Infection Streptococcus viridans Substance Abuse Detection Susceptibility, Disease Tobramycin Urinary Tract Vancomycin Vancomycin Resistance Wound Infection

Most recents protocols related to «Carbapenems»

1
Synthesis of Cephem, Carbacephem, Penem, and Carbapenem Conjugates
Not available on PMC !

Example 14

Cephem Conjugates

Cephem acetal linked β-lactam antibiotic cannabinoid conjugate components are synthesized according to the following Scheme. The starting material [15690-38-7] is converted to a hydroxymethyl intermediate containing a side chain and protecting ester of choice as described in the literature (WO 96/04247). A cannabinoid (CBD) is converted to the O-chloromethyl intermediate via reported conditions (Bioorg. & Med. Chem., 26(2), 386-393; 2018; J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 136(26), 9260-9263; 2014; Faming Zhuanli Shenqing, 105037382, 11 Nov. 2015). The hydroxymethyl and O-chloromethyl intermediates are reacted under previously reported conditions (Tetrahedron, 60(12), 2771-2784; 2004) to generate the acetal link. Removal of the diphenylmethyl ester protecting group gives the product.

[Figure (not displayed)]

Carbacephem Conjugates

Carbacephem acetal linked β-lactam antibiotic cannabinoid conjugate components are synthesized according to the following Scheme. The starting material [177472-75-2] is converted to a hydroxymethyl intermediate containing a side chain and protecting ester of choice as described in the literature (WO 96/04247). A cannabinoid (CBD) is converted to the O-chloromethyl intermediate via reported conditions (Bioorg. & Med. Chem., 26(2), 386-393; 2018; J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 136(26), 9260-9263; 2014; Faming Zhuanli Shenqing, 105037382, 11 Nov. 2015). The hydroxymethyl and O-chloromethyl intermediates are reacted under previously reported conditions (Tetrahedron, 60(12), 2771-2784; 2004) to generate the acetal link. Removal of the diphenylmethyl ester protecting group gives the product.

[Figure (not displayed)]

Penem Conjugates

Penem acetal linked β-lactam antibiotic cannabinoid conjugate components are synthesized according to the following Scheme. A cannabinoid (CBD) is converted to its O-chloromethyl intermediate via reported conditions (Bioorg. & Med. Chem., 26(2), 386-393; 2018; J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 136(26), 9260-9263; 2014; Faming Zhuanli Shenqing, 105037382, 11 Nov. 2015). This intermediate is reacted with a hydroxymethyl penem [88585-78-8] under reported conditions (Tetrahedron, 60(12), 2771-2784; 2004) to form the acetal link. Removal of the silyl ether and allyl ester protecting groups under standard conditions gives the product.

[Figure (not displayed)]

Carbapenem Conjugates

Carbapenem acetal linked β-lactam antibiotic cannabinoid conjugate components are synthesized according to the following Scheme. A cannabinoid (CBD) is converted to its O-chloromethyl intermediate via reported conditions (Bioorg. & Med. Chem., 26(2), 386-393; 2018; J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 136(26), 9260-9263; 2014; Faming Zhuanli Shenqing, 105037382, 11 Nov. 2015). This intermediate is reacted with a hydroxymethyl carbapenem [118990-99-1] under reported conditions (Tetrahedron, 60(12), 2771-2784; 2004) to form the acetal link. Removal of the allyl protecting groups under standard conditions gives the product.

[Figure (not displayed)]

US11877988B2. Conjugate molecules (2024-01-23). Diverse Biotech, Inc. [US]. Inventors: Paul Hershberger [US], Philip Arlen [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Acetals Cannabinoids carbacephems Carbapenems Esters Ethers Monobactams Penem
2
Synthesis of Cephem, Carbacephem, Penem, and Carbapenem Cannabinoid Conjugates
Not available on PMC !

Example 1

Cephem Conjugates

Cephem ether linked β-lactam antibiotic cannabinoid conjugate components are synthesized according to the following Scheme. The CAS numbers for the two key building blocks is shown. Reaction conditions follow standard conditions for amine acylation in the first step to attach the cephem side chain, for alkylation of a phenol group of a cannabinoid in the second step with optional use of a catalyst or enhancer such as NaI, followed by standard removal of the p-methoxybenzyl protecting group in the third step to furnish the product. A di-alkylated product may also be obtained.

[Figure (not displayed)]

Carbacephem Conjugates

Carbacephem ether linked β-lactam antibiotic cannabinoid conjugate components are synthesized according to the following Scheme. The general starting material [177472-75-2] was reported in racemic form as [54296-34-3] (Journal of the American Chemical Society (1974), 96(24), 7584) and is elaborated to the iodide intermediate after installing a side chain of choice using a previously reported process (WO 96/04247). Alkylation of CBD with the iodide followed by deprotection, both steps under standard conditions, provides the desired product.

[Figure (not displayed)]

Penem Conjugates

Penem ether linked β-lactam antibiotic cannabinoid conjugate components are synthesized according to the following Scheme. The starting material [145354-22-9], prepared as reported (Journal of Organic Chemistry, 58(1), 272-4; 1993), is reacted with CBD under standard alkylating conditions. The silyl ether TBS protecting group is then removed followed by deallylation under known conditions to give the desired product.

[Figure (not displayed)]

Carbapenem Conjugates

Carbapenem ether linked β-lactam antibiotic cannabinoid conjugate components are synthesized according to the following Scheme. The starting material [136324-03-3] is reacted with CBD under standard alkylating conditions. The silyl ether TES protecting group is then removed followed by removal of the p-methoxybenzyl ester protecting group under known conditions to give the desired product.

[Figure (not displayed)]

US11877988B2. Conjugate molecules (2024-01-23). Diverse Biotech, Inc. [US]. Inventors: Paul Hershberger [US], Philip Arlen [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Acylation Adjustment Disorders Alkylation Amines Cannabinoids carbacephems Carbapenems Esters Ethers Iodides Monobactams Penem Phenol
3
Synthesis of Cephem, Carbacephem, Penem, and Carbapenem Antibiotic-Cannabinoid Conjugates
Not available on PMC !

Example 7

Cephem Conjugates

Cephem alkene linked β-lactam antibiotic cannabinoid conjugate components are synthesized according to the following Scheme. The starting material [130516-07-3] has been reported previously (Journal of Organic Chemistry (1993), 58(8), 2296-2301). It is reacted with the organostannane under conditions described for related molecules (WO 99/62906) to give the allylic alcohol intermediate. The alcohol is then activated as the mesylate and reacted with the cannabinoid (CBD) under basic conditions to produce the alkene linked intermediate. Removal of the DPM protecting group under standard conditions gives the desired product.

[Figure (not displayed)]

Carbacephem Conjugates

Carbacephem alkene linked β-lactam antibiotic cannabinoid conjugate components are synthesized according to the following Scheme. The starting material [123078-32-0] has been reported previously (Journal of Organic Chemistry, 54(24), 5828-30; 1989). It is reacted with the organostannane under conditions described for related molecules (WO 99/62906) to give the allylic alcohol intermediate. The alcohol is then activated as the mesylate and reacted with the cannabinoid (CBD) under basic conditions to produce the alkene linked intermediate. Removal of the DPM protecting group under standard conditions gives the desired product.

[Figure (not displayed)]

Penem Conjugates

Penem alkene linked β-lactam antibiotic cannabinoid conjugate components are synthesized according to the following Scheme. The starting material [127941-62-2] has been previously reported (U.S. Pat. No. 4,895,940). It is converted to the allylic alcohol intermediate as previously described for similar molecules (WO 99/62906). The alcohol is then activated as the mesylate and reacted with the cannabinoid (CBD) under basic conditions to produce the alkene linked intermediate. Removal of the TBDMS ether and trimethylsilylethyl ester protecting groups is achieved under standard conditions of excess TBAF to give the desired product.

[Figure (not displayed)]

Carbapenem Conjugates

Carbapenem alkene linked β-lactam antibiotic cannabinoid conjugate components are synthesized according to the following Scheme. The starting material [165817-82-3] along with its conversion to the allylic alcohol intermediate has been described previously (WO 99/62906). The alcohol is then activated as the mesylate and reacted with the cannabinoid (CBD) under basic conditions to produce the alkene linked intermediate. Removal of the TES ether and PNB ester groups under standard conditions produces the desired product.

[Figure (not displayed)]

US11877988B2. Conjugate molecules (2024-01-23). Diverse Biotech, Inc. [US]. Inventors: Paul Hershberger [US], Philip Arlen [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Alkenes allyl alcohol Cannabinoids carbacephems Carbapenems Esters Ethanol Ethers Mesylates Monobactams Penem
4
Perianal Screening for Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae
All patients routinely received perianal screening for CRE within 48 hours of each hospital admission. In addition, some patients received perianal bacterial culture tests when they were suspected of infection by a competent physician during hospitalization. Perianal skin and throat swab samples were collected and submitted for examination by specially trained medical staff. Bacterial culture, identification and drug sensitivity test were conducted by special technicians in the microbiology laboratory, and the target bacteria were CRE. All CRE strains were isolated from perianal skin swabs and blood samples. Blood culture was performed using an automatic blood culture system (BD, USA). The isolation and identification of bacteria were carried out strictly following the relevant provisions of the National Clinical Laboratory Procedures. VITEK 2 compact (bioMérieux, France) was used to identify the isolates and MALDI-TOF MS (bioMérieux, France) was used for further confirmation. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed in the microbiology laboratory of the hospital using an automated system (VITEK 2 Compact) with the broth microdilution and disk diffusion methods. The following antibiotics were tested: penicillins (ticarcillin, piperacillin), β-lactamase inhibitor combinations (amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, piperacillin/tazobactam, cefoperazone/sulbactam), cephalosporins (cefazolin, cefuroxime, ceftazidime, cefepime, cefotaxime, cefotetan, cefpodoxime, ceftizoxime), quinolones (levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin), carbapenems (imipenem, meropenem, doripenem), aminoglycosides (amikacin, tobramycin), tetracyclines (tetracycline, minocycline), aztreonam, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and tigecycline. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was measured according to the guidelines of the 31st Edition of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) M100-Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing.14 The detection of carbapenemases in CRE according to the modified carbapenem inactivation assay (mCIM and eCIM) provided by the CLSI 31th Edition.
Liu J., Zhang H., Feng D., Wang J., Wang M., Shen B., Cao Y., Zhang X., Lin Q., Zhang F., Zheng Y., Xiao Z., Zhu X., Zhang L., Wang J., Pang A., Han M., Feng S, & Jiang E. (2023). Development of a Risk Prediction Model of Subsequent Bloodstream Infection After Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Perianal Swabs in Hematological Patients. Infection and Drug Resistance, 16, 1297-1312.
Publication 2023
Amikacin Aminoglycosides Amox clav Antibiotics Aztreonam Bacteria beta-Lactamase Inhibitors Biological Assay Blood Blood Culture carbapenemase Carbapenems Cefazolin Cefepime Cefoperazone Cefotaxime Cefotetan cefpodoxime Ceftazidime Ceftizoxime Cefuroxime Cephalosporins Ciprofloxacin Clinical Laboratory Services Clinical Laboratory Techniques Diffusion Doripenem Hemic System Hospitalization Hypersensitivity Imipenem Infection isolation Levofloxacin Medical Staff Meropenem Microbicides Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Minocycline Moxifloxacin Norfloxacin Patients Penicillins Pharynx Physicians Piperacillin Piperacillin-Tazobactam Combination Product Quinolones Skin Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization Strains Substance Abuse Detection Sulbactam Susceptibility, Disease Tetracycline Tetracyclines Ticarcillin Tigecycline Tobramycin Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Combination
5
Profiling Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Leukemia
The quality-controlled, decontaminated forward and reverse paired sequences from the 127 leukemia and lymphoma samples were mapped to the pediatric-oncology-ARG-database created using bowtie2 (Langmead and Salzberg, 2012 (link)). Counts of sequence reads that mapped to each ARG in the database were obtained for each sample using samtools “sort”, “index” and “idxstat”. Mapped read counts were corrected by the number of sequence reads in each sample. While reads were mapped to all ARG sequences identified, only those ≥60% sequence identity were used in downstream analyses. Antibiotic classes were assigned to each ARGs using the CARD database designation, with two exceptions, 1) genes that occurred in an antibiotic class connected with β-lactam drugs were coded as β-lactam antibiotic class genes (i.e., carbapenem, penam, etc.), 2) genes that occurred in multiple antibiotic classes (i.e., penam, fluoroquinolone, glycopeptide), were coded as “multidrug” antibiotic class genes. Counts within samples assigned to the same gene were summed for downstream analysis. Only genes present in ≥5% of samples were used. Genes in four antibiotic classes were selected for closer analysis: β-lactam antibiotic class, glycopeptide antibiotic class, peptide antibiotic class, and multidrug antibiotic class. These classes were specifically selected as the β-lactam antibiotic class and multidrug antibiotic class potentially contains genes for resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, and the glycopeptide antibiotic class, peptide antibiotic class (a parent class to glycopeptide antibiotics), and multidrug antibiotic class potentially contains genes for resistance to vancomycin. All analyses were carried out on gene sequence data, no allele or SNP information was used.
MacDonald T., Dunn K.A., MacDonald J., Langille M.G., Van Limbergen J.E., Bielawski J.P, & Kulkarni K. (2023). The gastrointestinal antibiotic resistome in pediatric leukemia and lymphoma patients. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 13, 1102501.
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Publication 2023
Alleles Antibiotics Antibiotics, Antitubercular Carbapenems Childbirth Classes Fluoroquinolones Genes Glycopeptides Lactams Leukemia Lymphoma Monobactams Neoplasms Parent Peptides Pharmaceutical Preparations Vancomycin

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More about "Carbapenems"

Carbapenems are a powerful class of broad-spectrum antibiotics that are highly effective against a wide range of bacteria, including many that have developed resistance to other antibiotic types.
These medications are often used as a last resort for treating stubborn infections that fail to respond to other treatments.
Carbapenems work by interfering with the synthesis of bacterial cell walls, causing the cells to rupture and die.
They are particularly useful for combating multidrug-resistant pathogens, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii.
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