Minocycline

Mechanical sensitivity of the whisker pad, the infraorbital nerve receptive field, was measured with a series of 8 von Frey fiber filament (0.008 g (1.65); 0.02 g (2.36); 0.07 g (2.83); 0.16 g (3.22); 0.4 g (3.61); 1.0 g (4.08); 2.0 g (4.31); 6.0 g (4.74); Stoelting, Wood Dale, IL) by modified up-down method. Mice were handled several times before experiments. One experimenter held the mouse with two hands in insulating cotton gloves until the animal was calm. Animal moved freely in the holder’s hands with its head exposed as shown in Figure 1B. During testing, one experimenter slightly restrains the mouse in their hands so that another experimenter could accurately apply the von Frey filament onto the center of the mouse whisker pad, both ipsilateral and contralateral to the surgery site. For consistency of results, each filament was applied five times at intervals of a few seconds. If head withdrawal was observed at least three times after probing with a filament, the mouse was considered responsive to that filament according to the up-down method [37 (link),38 (link)]. For this approach, whenever a positive response to the mechanical stimulus occurred, the next weaker von Frey filament was applied. If no positive response is evoked, the next stronger filament was applied. Testing proceeded in this manner until four fibers applied after the first one successfully caused positive responses. This allowed estimation of the 50% mechanical withdrawal threshold (in gram) using a curve-fitting algorithm. The mechanical thresholds on the whisker pads of both sides were measured on day 3 and 7 in the first week and then once a week for 10 weeks after surgery. To test effects of drugs on the behavioral changes, mechanical allodynia was confirmed in the mice after induction of TIC nerve trauma in the late weeks of experimental period. Minocycline, A438079 and SB203580 were each injected into mice intraperitoneally. The behavioral changes were tested at 0.5, 1, 3 and 6 h after drug administration except minocycline which had a 1 h testing duration. To conserve animals, mice were tested with all drugs but with only one drug per week allowing recovery time before another drug was tested.

The antimicrobial resistance profiles were provided by Phoenix BD automated system (Becton Dickinson Franklin Lakes, NJ, EUA); according to manufacturing protocols, each panel was standardized for Gram-positive and Gram-negative AST profiles comprehending the list below:
Aminoglycoside: Amikacin (AMK), Gentamicin (GEN), Synergism Gentamicin (SGEN), Synergism Streptomycin (SSTP), Tobramycin (TOB); Cephalosporins: Cefepime (FEP), Cefoxitin (FOX), Ceftaroline (CPT), Ceftazidime (CAZ), Ceftazidime + Avibactam (CZA), Ceftriaxone (CRO), Cefuroxime (CXM), Cefazolin (CZ); Quinolones: Ciprofloxacin (CIP), Norfloxacin (NX), Levofloxacin (LVX); Penicillin: Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid (AMC), Ampicillin (AMP), Ampicillin/Sulbactam (SAM), Oxacillin (OXA), Penicillin (PEN), Piperacillin/Tazobactam (TZP); Carbapenems: Ertapenem (ETP), Imipenem (IPM), Meropenem (MEM); Glycopeptides: Teicoplanin (TEC), Vancomycin (VAN): Macrolide: Erythromycin (ERY), Rifampicin (RIP): Lincosamides: Clindamycin (CLI); Oxazolidinone: Linezolid (LZD); Tetracycline: Tetracycline (TET), Minocycline (MIN); Sulfonamides: Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim (STX); Nitroimidazoles: Nitrofurantoin (NIT); Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol (C); Phosphonate: Fosfomycin (FOS); Glycylcyclines: Tigecycline (TGC); Polypeptide: Colistin (CL); Lipopeptides: Daptomycin (DAP).
The resistance profile was classified as resistant (R), and susceptible (S). Any isolate with resistance to three or more classes of antimicrobial agents was classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR) according to the definition proposed by Magiorakos et al. (2012) (link). Some of the clinical isolates were retrieved at the moment of hospitalization for epidemiological active surveillance and infection control. A total of 256 isolates were included in the study and 196 had the antimicrobial susceptibility test performed (Table 1).
Data for new COVID-19 cases for each month were obtained from the Brazilian Ministry of Health (MS) and the State Health Department of Rio de Janeiro, compiled by Cota (2020) .
The prevalence of bacteria species in pediatric, neonatal-ICU, and gynecology/obstetrics wards during the pandemic period was evaluated. In order to compare these three wards with other hospital wards, a total of 2,551 bacteria isolates were recovered from the HICC-HUAP.

We conducted a microbiological and genomic study using the preserved isolates collected from GCGS and SDSE isolates from the bacteremia cases during 2005–2021 in 3 hospitals: KUHP, KKH, and JRCOH. The bacterial isolates from patients’ blood samples were identified as GCGS when isolates showed large colony size (>0.5 mm), β-hemolysis on 5% sheep blood agar plate after overnight culture, and Lancefield grouping C or G. In some hospitals, GCGS isolates were then identified as SDSE by using phenotypic methods such as API 20 Strep (bioMérieux), BBL Crystal (Becton Dickinson Microbiology Systems), Microscan Walkaway System (Beckman Coulter, Inc.), or MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The study comprised 146 SDSE isolates collected during 2005–2021 (Appendix 1).
Lancefield grouping was performed using the Prolex Streptococcal Grouping Latex Kit (Pro Lab Diagnostics Inc.). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted by using the Microscan Walkaway System according to the manufacturers’ instructions or by broth microdilution by using customized dry plates (Eiken Chemical Co., Ltd). Susceptibility results were interpreted following Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute recommendations (16 ). Multidrug-resistant (MDR) was defined as nonsusceptibility to >2 antimicrobial agents; for this study, we refer to MDR as nonsusceptibility to erythromycin, minocycline, and clindamycin.