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Mycophenolic Acid

Mycophenolic Acid is an immunosuppressant drug used to prevent organ rejection in transplant patients.
It works by inhibiting the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, which is essential for the proliferation of T and B lymphocytes.
Mycophenolic Acid has been approved for use in kidney, liver, and heart transplants, and is also being investigated for potential applications in autoimmune disorders.
Reserachers can leverage PubCompare.ai to optimize Mycophenolic Acid research by locating the best protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents using data-driven comparisons, improving reproducibility and accuracy.
This can help take Mycophenolic Acid research to new heights by seizing the power of data-driven insights.

Most cited protocols related to «Mycophenolic Acid»

1
Generation of Stable T. gondii Transformants
T. gondii tachyzoites (RHhxgprt−) were cultured in human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF) cells and maintained in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10 % fetal calf serum, 2 mM glutamine and 25 μg / mL gentamicin. To generate stable transformants, 1 × 107 of freshly lysed RH hxgprt−parasites were transfected with 60 μg linearized DNA by electroporation. Selection based on chloramphenicol (1 μM in EtOH; CAT) 20 (link) pyrimethamine (1 μM in EtOH; PYR) 16 (link), mycophenolic acid (12.5 mg / mL in MeOH; MPA) / xanthine (20 mg / mL in 1M KOH; XAN) 19 (link) and 6–thioxanthine (25 mg / mL in 0.3M NaOH) were performed as described earlier.
Andenmatten N., Egarter S., Jackson A.J., Jullien N., Herman J.P, & Meissner M. (2012). Conditional genome engineering in Toxoplasma gondii uncovers alternative invasion mechanisms. Nature methods, 10(2), 125-127.
Publication 2012
6-thioxanthine Cultured Cells Eagle Electroporation Ethanol Fetal Bovine Serum Fibroblasts Foreskin Gentamicin Glutamine Homo sapiens Mycophenolic Acid Parasites Pyrimethamine Xanthine
2
Generating Recombinant Vaccinia Viruses
C6 recombinant viruses were constructed using the transient dominant selection method [65] (link). For construction of vΔC6, RK-13 cells were infected with VACV strain WR at 0.01 p.f.u. per cell and then transfected with the Z11ΔC6 plasmid using polyethylenimine (PEI) (1 mg/ml) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Progeny virus was harvested after 48 h and used to infect RK-13 cells in the presence of mycophenolic acid (MPA, 25 µg/ml), hypoxanthine (HX, 15 µg/ml) and xanthine (X, 250 µg/ml). EGFP-positive plaques were selected and purified by three rounds of infection using RK-13 cells in the presence of MPA, HX and X as above. Intermediate virus was resolved in BSC-1 cells by three rounds of infection in the absence of MPA, HX and X. The genotype of resolved viruses was analysed by PCR following proteinase K-treatment of infected RK-13 cells. Revertant viruses were constructed in a similar manner by transfection of plasmid Z11C6rev (for vC6 rev), Z11C6FS (for vC6FS) or Z11C6HA (for vC6HA) into vΔC6 infected cells.
Unterholzner L., Sumner R.P., Baran M., Ren H., Mansur D.S., Bourke N.M., Randow F., Smith G.L, & Bowie A.G. (2011). Vaccinia Virus Protein C6 Is a Virulence Factor that Binds TBK-1 Adaptor Proteins and Inhibits Activation of IRF3 and IRF7. PLoS Pathogens, 7(9), e1002247.
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Publication 2011
Cells Endopeptidase K Genotype Hypoxanthine Infection Mycophenolic Acid Plasmids Polyethyleneimine Senile Plaques Strains Transfection Transients Virus Xanthine
3
Criteria for Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
This study included patients ages 18–65 years with SLE. Patients had to weigh ≥40 kg and fulfill ≥4 of the 11 American College of Rheumatology 1997 classification criteria for SLE 20, 21. At screening, all patients were required to have antinuclear antibodies and/or anti–double‐stranded DNA (anti‐dsDNA) antibodies, and/or anti‐Sm antibodies, and to be receiving treatment with at least one of the following: oral prednisone (≤40 mg/day or equivalent), azathioprine (≤200 mg/day), an antimalarial, mycophenolate mofetil/mycophenolic acid (≤2.0 gm/day), or methotrexate (≤25 mg/week).
Treatments for SLE had to be administered for at least 24 weeks prior to study entry and at stable dosages for ≥2 weeks (for prednisone and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs) or ≥8 weeks (for other therapies) before screening. Biologic agents and protocol‐prohibited immunosuppressants had to be discontinued before the study.
Patients had to meet all of the following disease activity criteria at screening: a score of ≥6 on the SLE Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI‐2K) 22, excluding points attributable to lupus headache or organic brain syndrome; a British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) 2004 23 organ domain score of ≥1A or ≥2B 24; and a physician's global assessment of disease activity of ≥1 on a visual analog scale from 0 (none) to 3 (severe disease). In addition, patients were required to have a score of ≥4 in clinical components of the SLEDAI‐2K (clinical SLEDAI‐2K; points attributed to laboratory components were excluded) at week 1 (prior to receiving the study drug). Patients with active and severe lupus nephritis or neuropsychiatric SLE were excluded from the study. Additional study exclusion criteria are provided in the Supplementary Methods, available on the Arthritis & Rheumatology web site at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.39962/abstract.
Furie R., Khamashta M., Merrill J.T., Werth V.P., Kalunian K., Brohawn P., Illei G.G., Drappa J., Wang L, & Yoo S. (2017). Anifrolumab, an Anti–Interferon‐α Receptor Monoclonal Antibody, in Moderate‐to‐Severe Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Arthritis & Rheumatology (Hoboken, N.j.), 69(2), 376-386.
Publication 2017
Anti-Antibodies Anti-dsDNA antibody Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal Antibodies Antimalarials Arthritis Azathioprine Biological Factors Encephalopathies Headache Immunosuppressive Agents Indium Lupus Nephritis Lupus Vulgaris Methotrexate Mycophenolate Mofetil Mycophenolic Acid Patients Prednisone Visual Analog Pain Scale
4
Generation of Stable T. gondii Transformants
T. gondii tachyzoites (RHhxgprt−) were cultured in human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF) cells and maintained in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10 % fetal calf serum, 2 mM glutamine and 25 μg / mL gentamicin. To generate stable transformants, 1 × 107 of freshly lysed RH hxgprt−parasites were transfected with 60 μg linearized DNA by electroporation. Selection based on chloramphenicol (1 μM in EtOH; CAT) 20 (link) pyrimethamine (1 μM in EtOH; PYR) 16 (link), mycophenolic acid (12.5 mg / mL in MeOH; MPA) / xanthine (20 mg / mL in 1M KOH; XAN) 19 (link) and 6–thioxanthine (25 mg / mL in 0.3M NaOH) were performed as described earlier.
Andenmatten N., Egarter S., Jackson A.J., Jullien N., Herman J.P, & Meissner M. (2012). Conditional genome engineering in Toxoplasma gondii uncovers alternative invasion mechanisms. Nature methods, 10(2), 125-127.
Publication 2012
6-thioxanthine Cultured Cells Eagle Electroporation Ethanol Fetal Bovine Serum Fibroblasts Foreskin Gentamicin Glutamine Homo sapiens Mycophenolic Acid Parasites Pyrimethamine Xanthine
5
Yeast Media Preparation and Strain Construction
Yeast media are prepared in standard fashion as described in [106] with minor alterations. Yeast extract (1%)(BD), peptone (2%)(BD), dextrose (2%)(“YPD”) solid medium (2% bacto-agar, BD) is supplemented with adenine (0.15 mM final) and tryptophan (0.4 mM final)(Sigma-Aldrich). YP plates with alternate carbon sources such as raffinose (2%, USB) or raffinose (2%) plus galactose (1%, Sigma-Aldrich) also contain antimycin A (1 µg/ml, Sigma-Aldrich). Minimal media plates are synthetic complete (“SC”/“Hopkins mix”) with amino-acids dropped out as appropriate as described in [106] with minor alterations: per standard batch formulation Adenine Hemisulfate was 2 g, Uracil was 2 g, myo-inositol was 0.1 g, p-Aminobenzoic acid (PABA) was 0.2 g. For studies with mycophenolic acid (MPA, Sigma-Aldrich), MPA was added to minimal SC-Leucine medium at 20 µg/ml from a 10 mg/ml stock in ethanol. Construction of mutants is described in Text S1. Yeast strain genotypes, numbers and plasmid descriptions are found in Tables S1 and S2.
Kaplan C.D., Jin H., Zhang I.L, & Belyanin A. (2012). Dissection of Pol II Trigger Loop Function and Pol II Activity–Dependent Control of Start Site Selection In Vivo. PLoS Genetics, 8(4), e1002627.
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Publication 2012
4-Aminobenzoic Acid Adenine Agar Amino Acids Antimycin A Carbon Ethanol Galactose Genotype Glucose Inositol Leucine Mycophenolic Acid Peptones Plasmids Raffinose Strains Tryptophan Uracil Yeast, Dried

Most recents protocols related to «Mycophenolic Acid»

1
Rapamycin for Intractable Graves' Orbitopathy
The patients with GO with intractable diplopia and not sensitive to combined treatments of intravenous glucocorticoid, radiotherapy, and an oral immunosuppressant (mycophenolic acid or methotrexate) were enrolled (n = 5). GO was diagnosed based on clinical presentation and CT examination (3 (link)). The severity and activity of disease were assessed using the CAS and European Group on Graves’ Orbitopathy classification (3 (link)). Medical records, orthoptic reports, and MRIs were retrospectively reviewed by 2 ophthalmology fellows independently. Each reviewer was unaware of the measurements made by the other. The treating ophthalmologist was involved in resolution when the results assessed by the 2 reviewers were different. The Gorman diplopia scale was used to score the diplopia as following: 1, no diplopia; 2, intermittent gaze-evoked diplopia; 3, gaze-evoked primary-gaze diplopia; and 4, constant primary-gaze (intractable) diplopia. EOMy restriction was scored according to the position of limbus at 9 cardinal gaze photos. We scored 0 for full excursion and −5 for failure to reach the midline (−4 to −1 for excursion in 25% increments), and the scores in the most restricted duction were recorded.
The rapamycin (sirolimus, Pfizer Ireland Pharmaceuticals) was given orally, and concentration in the blood was monitored. The target range of bottom concentration levels was 5–10 ng/mL for patients who received 2 mg daily for 12 months. During the course of rapamycin treatment, the thyroid function of the patients was controlled with an antithyroid drug.
Zhang M., Chong K.K., Chen Z.Y., Guo H., Liu Y.F., Kang Y.Y., Li Y.J., Shi T.T., Lai K.K., He M.Q., Ye K., Kahaly G.J., Shi B.Y, & Wang Y. (2023). Rapamycin improves Graves’ orbitopathy by suppressing CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes. JCI Insight, 8(3), e160377.
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Publication 2023
BLOOD Combined Modality Therapy Diplopia, Intermittent Europeans Glucocorticoids Immunosuppressive Agents Intravenous Infusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging Methotrexate Mycophenolic Acid Ophthalmologists Orthoptics Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Radiotherapy Sirolimus Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy Thyroid Gland
2
Propagation of T. gondii RHΔhxgprt Strain
Parental T. gondii RHΔhxgprt (wild-type) and subsequent strains were grown on confluent monolayers of human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF) (BJ, ATCC, Manassas, VA) at 37°C and 5% CO2 in Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (DMEM) supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum (Gibco), 5% Cosmic calf serum (HyClone), and 1× penicillin-streptomycin-l-glutamine (Gibco). Constructs containing selectable markers were selected using 1 μM pyrimethamine (dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase [DHFR-TS]), 50 μg/mL mycophenolic acid-xanthine (HXGPRT), or 40 μM chloramphenicol (CAT) (54 (link)– (link)56 (link)). Homologous recombination to the UPRT locus was negatively selected using 5 μM 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FUDR) (57 (link)).
Back P.S., Moon A.S., Pasquarelli R.R., Bell H.N., Torres J.A., Chen A.L., Sha J., Vashisht A.A., Wohlschlegel J.A, & Bradley P.J. (2023). IMC29 Plays an Important Role in Toxoplasma Endodyogeny and Reveals New Components of the Daughter-Enriched IMC Proteome. mBio, 14(1), e03042-22.
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Publication 2023
Chloramphenicol Cosmic composite resin Eagle Fetal Bovine Serum Fibroblasts Floxuridine Foreskin Glutamine Homologous Recombination Homo sapiens Mycophenolic Acid Parent Penicillins Pyrimethamine Serum Strains Streptomycin Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase Thymidylate Synthase Xanthines
3
Gene Expression Cassette Deletion and Complementation in Toxoplasma gondii
To remove the HXGPRT gene expression cassette, parasites were transiently transfected with Cre expression vectors. Selection by growth for 14 days in 80 μg/mL 6-thioxanthine (Wako) was used to obtain stably resistant clones. A total of 24 clones were selected and screened by PCR to detect deletion of the HXGPRT gene expression cassette. To complement the IWS1-deficient parasites, the IWS1 coding region was amplified from RH T. gondii genomic DNA using the primers IWS1_cDNA_F and IWS1_cDNA_R (Table S3), subcloned into pCR-Blunt II TOPO (Thermo Fisher Scientific), and sequenced. The plasmid was cut by BglII and PacI and the IWS1 cDNA fragment was inserted into the BamHI/PacI site of hxgprt cassette containing poly A signal at the 5′ side of the cassette. To construct CRISPR/Cas9 plasmids for complementing IWS1, two oligonucleotide primers (IWS1_complement_gRNA3_F and IWS1_complement_gRNA3_R) were used. To insert the IWS1-polyA-HXGPRT gene cassette into the endogenous locus of IWS1 (Fig. S2A), the cassette was amplified using the primers IWS1_complement_F and IWS1_complement_R. IWS1-deficient parasites lacking HXGPRT were filtered, washed and resuspended in Cytomix. Parasites were mixed with 50 μg of the IWS1-complement_gRNA3 along with the PCR-amplified targeting fragment and supplemented with 2 mM ATP and 5 mM GSH. Parasites were electroporated using a Gene Pulser II. Selection by growth for 14 days in 25 μg/mL mycophenolic acid (Sigma) and 50 μg/mL xanthine (Wako) was used to obtain stably resistant clones. Next, parasites were plated in limiting dilution in 96-well plates to isolate single clones. To confirm expression of the gene encoding IWS1, we analyzed IWS1 mRNA from the rescued parasites by quantitative RT-PCR using the primers listed in Table S3.
Hashizaki E., Sasai M., Okuzaki D., Nishi T., Kobayashi T., Iwanaga S, & Yamamoto M. (2023). Toxoplasma IWS1 Determines Fitness in Interferon-γ-Activated Host Cells and Mice by Indirectly Regulating ROP18 mRNA Expression. mBio, 14(1), e03256-22.
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Publication 2023
6-thioxanthine Clone Cells Cloning Vectors Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats DNA, Complementary Gene Deletion Gene Expression Genes Genome Mycophenolic Acid Oligonucleotide Primers Parasites Plasmids Poly A Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction RNA, Messenger Technique, Dilution Topoisomerase II Xanthines
4
Targeted Gene Knockout in Parasites
RHΔhxgprtΔku80 strain parasites expressing firefly luciferase were filtered, washed, and resuspended in Cytomix (10 mM KPO4, 120 mM KCl, 0.15 mM CaCl2, 5 mM MgCl2, 25 mM HEPES, 2 mM EDTA). Parasites were mixed with 50 μg of each gRNA1 and gRNA2 CRISPR plasmid for each gene, along with the PCR-amplified targeting fragment for each gene, and supplemented with 2 mM ATP and 5 mM glutathione (GSH). Parasites were electroporated by Gene Pulser II (Bio-Rad Laboratories). Selection by growth for 14 days in 25 μg/mL mycophenolic acid (Sigma) and 50 μg/mL xanthine (Wako) were used to obtain stably resistant clones. Next, parasites were plated in limiting dilution in 96-well plates to isolate single clones. To confirm the disruption of the gene, we analyzed mRNA of IWS1, SUB2, RAMP4 or DRL1 from WT and each KO (knockout) parasite by quantitative RT-PCR using the primers listed in Table S3.
Hashizaki E., Sasai M., Okuzaki D., Nishi T., Kobayashi T., Iwanaga S, & Yamamoto M. (2023). Toxoplasma IWS1 Determines Fitness in Interferon-γ-Activated Host Cells and Mice by Indirectly Regulating ROP18 mRNA Expression. mBio, 14(1), e03256-22.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
Clone Cells Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats Edetic Acid Genes HEPES Luciferases, Firefly Magnesium Chloride Mycophenolic Acid Oligonucleotide Primers Parasites Plasmids Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction RNA, Messenger Technique, Dilution Xanthine
5
Genetic Modification of Toxoplasma Parasites
The IWS1-deficient parasites lacking HXGPRT were filtered, washed, and resuspended in Cytomix. Parasites were mixed with 50 μg of the ROP18 expression vector containing ROP18 cDNA (18 (link)), in which 1 kb promoter of the SAG1 gene was fused to the coding sequence of ROP18 cDNA, followed by the poly A sequence and hxgprt expression cassette in pBlueScript plasmid vector (Fig. S2B), and supplemented with 2 mM ATP and 5 mM GSH. Parasites were electroporated using a Gene Pulser II. Selection by growth for 14 days in 25 μg/mL mycophenolic acid (Sigma) and 50 μg/mL xanthine (Wako) was used to obtain stably resistant clones. Then, parasites were plated in limiting dilution in 96-well plates to isolate single clones. To confirm expression of rop18, we analyzed ROP18 mRNA from the rescued parasites by quantitative RT-PCR using the primers listed in Table S3.
Hashizaki E., Sasai M., Okuzaki D., Nishi T., Kobayashi T., Iwanaga S, & Yamamoto M. (2023). Toxoplasma IWS1 Determines Fitness in Interferon-γ-Activated Host Cells and Mice by Indirectly Regulating ROP18 mRNA Expression. mBio, 14(1), e03256-22.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
Clone Cells Cloning Vectors DNA, Complementary Genes Mycophenolic Acid Oligonucleotide Primers Open Reading Frames Parasites Plasmids Poly A Promoter, Genetic Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction RNA, Messenger Technique, Dilution Xanthine

Top products related to «Mycophenolic Acid»

1
Mycophenolic acid by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Mycophenolic acid is a chemical compound used in the production of laboratory equipment and reagents. It is a secondary metabolite produced by certain fungi and has been found to have immunosuppressive properties. The core function of mycophenolic acid is to serve as a key ingredient in the manufacture of specialized laboratory products.
2
Xanthine by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, Italy, Spain, Poland, China, Japan, Sao Tome and Principe
Xanthine is a laboratory equipment product manufactured by Merck Group. It is a chemical compound used as a reagent in various analytical and research applications. Xanthine serves as a core functional component in these laboratory procedures, but a detailed description of its intended use is not available within the scope of this request.
3
Mycophenolic acid mpa by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany
Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is a chemical compound that functions as an immunosuppressant. It inhibits the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, which is involved in the de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides. This mechanism of action leads to the selective inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation.
4
Thymoglobulin by Sanofi
Sourced in United States, France, Canada, Germany, Ireland, Switzerland
Thymoglobulin is a polyclonal antithymocyte globulin (ATG) product developed by Sanofi. It is a sterile, purified, and concentrated immunoglobulin preparation derived from the plasma of horses immunized with human thymocytes. Thymoglobulin is used as an immunosuppressant to prevent and treat acute rejection in organ transplantation.
5
Guanosine by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, China, Belgium
Guanosine is a laboratory reagent that is a naturally occurring nucleoside. It is a component of the nucleic acid guanine and plays a role in various biological processes.
6
Fetal bovine serum (fbs) by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, China, United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, Japan, Canada, Italy, France, Switzerland, New Zealand, Brazil, Belgium, India, Spain, Israel, Austria, Poland, Ireland, Sweden, Macao, Netherlands, Denmark, Cameroon, Singapore, Portugal, Argentina, Holy See (Vatican City State), Morocco, Uruguay, Mexico, Thailand, Sao Tome and Principe, Hungary, Panama, Hong Kong, Norway, United Arab Emirates, Czechia, Russian Federation, Chile, Moldova, Republic of, Gabon, Palestine, State of, Saudi Arabia, Senegal
Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.
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Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso) by Merck Group
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DMSO is a versatile organic solvent commonly used in laboratory settings. It has a high boiling point, low viscosity, and the ability to dissolve a wide range of polar and non-polar compounds. DMSO's core function is as a solvent, allowing for the effective dissolution and handling of various chemical substances during research and experimentation.
8
Simulect by Novartis
Sourced in Switzerland, United States, Canada
Simulect is a laboratory equipment product manufactured by Novartis. It is designed for use in scientific research and clinical applications.
9
Acetonitrile by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, China, Belgium, Germany, Canada, Portugal, France, Australia, Spain, Switzerland, India, Ireland, New Zealand, Sweden, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Denmark
Acetonitrile is a highly polar, aprotic organic solvent commonly used in analytical and synthetic chemistry applications. It has a low boiling point and is miscible with water and many organic solvents. Acetonitrile is a versatile solvent that can be utilized in various laboratory procedures, such as HPLC, GC, and extraction processes.
10
Cellcept by Roche
Sourced in United States, Switzerland, Germany, France
Cellcept is a laboratory product manufactured by Roche. It is a cell culture medium used for the maintenance and growth of cells in vitro.

More about "Mycophenolic Acid"

Mycophenolic acid, also known as MPA, is a powerful immunosuppressant drug that plays a critical role in preventing organ rejection in transplant patients.
It works by inhibiting the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, which is essential for the proliferation of T and B lymphocytes, the key immune cells involved in the rejection process.
MPA has been approved for use in kidney, liver, and heart transplants, and researchers are also investigating its potential applications in autoimmune disorders.
Xanthine, a related compound, is also important in this context, as it is involved in the metabolic pathway that MPA targets.
To optimize MPA research, researchers can leverage powerful tools like PubCompare.ai, which allows them to locate the best protocols from literature, preprints, and patents using data-driven comparisons.
This can improve the reproducibility and accuracy of MPA studies, leading to breakthroughs in transplant medicine and autoimmune disease management.
In the lab, researchers may use MPA in combination with other compounds, such as Thymoglobulin, Guanosine, FBS, DMSO, Simulect, and Acetonitrile, to study its mechanisms of action and potential applications.
By harnessing the power of data-driven insights, researchers can take their MPA research to new heights, unlocking new possibilities for improving patient outcomes and transforming the field of transplantation and autoimmune disease treatment.