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Calcium

Calcium is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in various physiological processes within the human body.
It is a key component of bones and teeth, contributing to their strength and density.
Calcium also facilitates muscle contraction, nerve transmission, and blood clotting.
It is involved in regulating cellular processes, including hormone secretion and enzyme activation.
Adequate calcium intake is vital for maintaining overall health, particularly during periods of growth and development.
Deficiencies in calcium can lead to conditions such as osteoporosis, rickets, and hypertension.
Researchers utilize various methods to study the impact of calcium on the body, including in-vitro experiments, animal studies, and clinical trials.
PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform can enhance the reproducibility and accuaracy of calcium research by helping researchers identify the most effective protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, streamlining the research process.

Most cited protocols related to «Calcium»

1
Mapping Annotated Residues from Swiss-Prot to PDB
The numbered positions of annotated residues in the Swiss-Prot sequence often do not align to the same numbered positions of the sequence from the PDB structure. Therefore, a mapping of positions between the Swiss-Prot sequence and the PDB sequence must be obtained. We use a variation of the Needleman and Wunsch algorithm to identify if a sequence of a PDB structure can be found to match the sequence containing annotated residues from the Swiss-Prot database.
Specifically, every Swiss-Prot sequence containing one or more annotated residues and a link to a PDB structure was aligned to the corresponding sequence of the PDB structure. Standard annotations of Swiss-Prot used include post-translational modifications (MOD_RES), covalent binding of a lipid moiety (LIPID), glycosylation sites (CARBOHYD), post-translational formed amino acid bonds (CROSSLNK), metal binding sites (METAL), chemical group binding sites (BINDING), calcium binding regions (CA_BIND), DNA binding regions (DNA_BIND), nucleotide phosphate binding regions (NP_BIND), zinc finger regions (ZN_FING), enzyme activity amino acids (ACT_SITE) and any interesting single amino acid site (SITE). To ensure that the mapping is accurate, only alignments of two sequences with a sequence identity greater than ninety five percent were used. The annotated positions from Swiss-Prot are then transferred onto the PDB sequence, as long as the position is not aligned to a gap.
Dundas J., Ouyang Z., Tseng J., Binkowski A., Turpaz Y, & Liang J. (2006). CASTp: computed atlas of surface topography of proteins with structural and topographical mapping of functionally annotated residues. Nucleic Acids Research, 34(Web Server issue), W116-W118.
Publication 2006
Amino Acids Binding Sites Calcium enzyme activity Lipid A Lipids Metals Nucleotides Phosphates Protein Biosynthesis Protein Glycosylation Sequence Alignment Zinc Fingers
2
Isolation of Murine Cardiac Myocytes
A schematic overview of the myocyte isolation procedure is shown in Figure 2. An expanded description of the procedure, accompanied with images and videos, and complete materials list is available in the Online Data Supplement, alongside full details of additional methods applied in this study (Appendix A-ix). All animal work was undertaken in accordance with Singapore National Advisory Committee for Laboratory Animal Research guidelines. Relevant national and institutional guidelines and regulations must be consulted before commencement of all animal work.
Buffers and media were prepared as detailed in Appendix D. EDTA, perfusion, and collagenase buffers were apportioned into sterile 10 mL syringes, and sterile 27 G hypodermic needles were attached (Online Figure IA).
C57/BL6J mice aged 8 to 12 weeks were anesthetized, and the chest was opened to expose the heart. Descending aorta was cut, and the heart was immediately flushed by injection of 7 mL EDTA buffer into the right ventricle. Ascending aorta was clamped using Reynolds forceps, and the heart was transferred to a 60-mm dish containing fresh EDTA buffer. Digestion was achieved by sequential injection of 10 mL EDTA buffer, 3 mL perfusion buffer, and 30 to 50 mL collagenase buffer into the left ventricle (LV). Constituent chambers (atria, LV, and right ventricle) were then separated and gently pulled into 1-mm pieces using forceps. Cellular dissociation was completed by gentle trituration, and enzyme activity was inhibited by addition of 5 mL stop buffer.
Cell suspension was passed through a 100-μm filter, and cells underwent 4 sequential rounds of gravity settling, using 3 intermediate calcium reintroduction buffers to gradually restore calcium concentration to physiological levels. The cell pellet in each round was enriched with myocytes and ultimately formed a highly pure myocyte fraction, whereas the supernatant from each round was combined to produce a fraction containing nonmyocyte cardiac populations.
CM yields and percentage of viable rod-shaped cells were quantified using a hemocytometer. Where required, the CMs were resuspended in prewarmed plating media and plated at an applicationdependent density, onto laminin (5 μg/mL) precoated tissue culture plastic or glass coverslips, in a humidified tissue culture incubator (37°C, 5% CO2). After 1 hour, and every 48 hours thereafter, media was changed to fresh, prewarmed culture media.
The cardiac nonmyocyte fraction was collected by centrifugation (300g, 5 minutes), resuspended in fibroblast growth media, and plated on tissue-culture treated plastic, area ≈ 23 cm2 (0.5× 12-well plate) per LV, in a humidified tissue culture incubator. Media was changed after 24 hours and every 48 hours thereafter.
Ackers-Johnson M., Li P.Y., Holmes A.P., O’Brien S.M., Pavlovic D, & Foo R.S. (2016). A Simplified, Langendorff-Free Method for Concomitant Isolation of Viable Cardiac Myocytes and Nonmyocytes From the Adult Mouse Heart. Circulation research, 119(8), 909-920.
Publication 2016
Animals Animals, Laboratory Ascending Aorta Buffers Calcium Centrifugation Chest Collagenase Culture Media Descending Aorta Dietary Supplements Digestion Edetic Acid enzyme activity Fibroblasts Forceps Gravity Heart Heart Atrium Hyperostosis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hypodermic Needles isolation Laminin Left Ventricles Mus Muscle Cells Perfusion physiology Population Group Retreatments Rod Photoreceptors Sterility, Reproductive Syringes Tissues Ventricles, Right
3
Calcium Deconvolution from Fluorescence Signals
We assume we observe the fluorescence signal for T timesteps, and denote by st the number of spikes that the neuron fired at the t-th timestep, t = 1, …, T, cf. Fig 1. Following [5 (link), 13 (link)], we approximate the calcium concentration dynamics c using a stable autoregressive process of order p (AR(p)) where p is a small positive integer, usually p = 1 or 2,
ct=∑i=1pγict-i+st.
The observed fluorescence y∈ℝT is related to the calcium concentration as [5 (link)–7 ]:
yt=act+b+ϵt,ϵt∼N(0,σ2)
where a is a non-negative scalar, b is a scalar offset parameter, and the noise is assumed to be i.i.d. zero mean Gaussian with variance σ2. For the remainder we assume units such that a = 1 without loss of generality. We begin by assuming b = 0 for simplicity, but we will relax this assumption later. (We also assume throughout that all parameters in sight are fixed; in case of e.g. drifting baselines b we could generalize the algorithms discussed here to operate over shorter temporal windows, but we do not pursue this here.) The parameters γi and σ can be estimated from the autocovariance function and the power spectral density (PSD) of y respectively [13 (link)]. The autocovariance approach assumes that the spiking signal s comes from a homogeneous Poisson process and in practice often gives a crude estimate of γi. We will improve on this below by fitting the AR coefficients directly, which leads to better estimates, particularly when the spikes have some significant autocorrelation.
The goal of calcium deconvolution is to extract an estimate s^ of the neural activity s from the vector of observations y. As discussed in [5 (link), 13 (link)], this leads to the following non-negative LASSO problem for estimating the calcium concentration:
minimizec^,s^12∥c^-y∥2+λ∥s^∥1subject tos^=Gc^≥0
where the ℓ1 penalty on s^ enforces sparsity of the neural activity and the lower triangular matrix G is defined as:
G=10⋯⋯⋯⋯0-γ11⋱⋱⋱⋱0⋮⋱⋱⋱⋱⋱⋮-γp⋯-γ110⋯00-γp⋯-γ11⋱0⋮⋱⋱⋱⋱⋱⋮0⋯0-γp⋯-γ11.
The deconvolution matrix G is banded with bandwidth p for an AR(p) process. Equivalently, s = c * g with g a finite impulse response filter of order p (p + 1 filter taps) and * denoting convolution. To produce calcium trace c, spike train s is filtered with the inverse filter of g, an infinite impulse response h, c = s * h. (Although our main focus is on the autoregressive model, we will discuss more general convolutional observation models below as well, and touch on nonlinear effects such as saturation in the Appendix.) Following the approach in [5 (link)], note that the spike signal s^ is relaxed from non-negative integers to arbitrary non-negative values.
Friedrich J., Zhou P, & Paninski L. (2017). Fast online deconvolution of calcium imaging data. PLoS Computational Biology, 13(3), e1005423.
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Publication 2017
BaseLine dental cement Calcium Cloning Vectors Fluorescence Nervousness Neurons Touch Vision
4
Human Ventricular Myocyte Modeling

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Publication 2009
Calcium Heart Ventricle Homo sapiens Ion Channel Ions Kinetics Membrane Potentials Muscle Cells Plasma Membrane Protoplasm Rabbits Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Seizures SLC8A1 protein, human Sodium Tissue, Membrane
5
Generating Human iPSC-Derived Neurons for Neuroscience Research
Embryoid bodies were generated from hiPSCs and then transferred to nonadherent plates (Corning). Colonies were maintained in suspension in N2 media (DMEM/F12 (Invitrogen), 1x N2 (Invitrogen)) for 7 days and then plated onto polyornithine (PORN)/Laminin-coated plates. Visible rosettes formed within 1 week and were manually dissected and cultured in NPC media (DMEM/F12, 1x N2, 1x B27-RA (Invitrogen), 1 µg/ml Laminin (Invitrogen) and 20 ng/ml FGF2 (Invitrogen). NPCs are maintained at high density, grown on PORN/Laminin-coated plates in NPC media and split approximately 1:4 every week with Accutase (Millipore). For neural differentiations, NPCs were dissociated with Accutase and plated at low density in neural differentiation media (DMEM/F12-Glutamax, 1x N2, 1x B27-RA, 20 ng/ml BDNF (Peprotech), 20 ng/ml GDNF (Peprotech), 1 mm dibutyrl-cyclicAMP (Sigma), 200 nM ascorbic acid (Sigma) onto PORN/Laminin-coated plates.
Assays for neuronal connectivity, neurite outgrowth, synaptic protein expression, synaptic density, electrophysiology, spontaneous calcium transient imaging and gene expression were used to compare control and SCZD hiPSC neurons.
Additional methods are found in S.I.
Brennand K., Simone A., Jou J., Gelboin-Burkhart C., Tran N., Sangar S., Li Y., Mu Y., Chen G., Yu D., McCarthy S., Sebat J, & Gage F.H. (2011). Modeling schizophrenia using hiPSC neurons. Nature, 473(7346), 221-225.
Publication 2011
accutase Ascorbic Acid Biological Assay Calcium Culture Media Embryoid Bodies Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 GDNF protein, human Gene Expression Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Laminin Nervousness Neuronal Outgrowth Neurons polyornithine Proteins Schizophrenia Transients

Most recents protocols related to «Calcium»

1
Vidofludimus Compound Characterization and Conversion
Not available on PMC !

Example 5

As described above, vidofludimus, in both its free acid form and its calcium salt formulation (vidofludimus calcium), has undergone clinical trials for a variety of immune-related indications. Both formulations depend on the same active substance (vidofludimus) in vivo, and thus the two formulations share the same mechanism of action, pharmacology and toxicology. IMU-838 is the “Polymorph A” of the dihydrate of 1-cyclopentene-1-carboxylic acid, 2-(((3-fluoro-3′-methoxy(1,1′-biphenyl)-4-yl)amino)carbonyl)-, calcium salt (2:1), characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern having characteristic peaks at 2 theta)(±0.2° of 5.91°, 9.64°, 16.78°, 17.81°, 19.81° and 25.41°. The preparation of this “Polymorph A” is described in WO 2019/175396, which is incorporated herein by this reference.

In the following Table 4 the amount (in mg) of active moiety of the compound is converted into μmol.

TABLE 4
mg
mgμmolvidofludimus
IMU-838IMU-838(free acid)
45115   41  
3076.5 27  
1025.5 9.1

US11877994B2. Treatment of multiple sclerosis comprising DHODH inhibitors (2024-01-23). Immunic AG [DE]. Inventors: Andreas Mühler [DE], Hella Kohlhof [DE], Daniel Vitt [DE].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Acids Calcium Carboxylic Acids Cyclopentenes diphenyl Drug Kinetics Neutrophil Powder Sodium Chloride vidofludimus X-Ray Diffraction
2
Calcium Dissolution and pH Modulation in Plaque Fluid
Not available on PMC !

Example 3

Dissolution of calcium compounds in plaque fluid was simulated using multicomponent thermodynamic speciation modelling, implemented using the software Geochemist's Workbench. The initial plaque fluid composition was modeled after starved plaque fluid from caries-free individuals. To simulate the low pH conditions following eating the initial pH was set to pH 5. Precipitation was suppressed for all minerals except for the mineral being modeled.

FIG. 1 is a plot of pH versus the amount of mineral added for the highly soluble and poorly soluble forms of calcium generated from the software model. The plot shows that addition of alpha-tricalcium phosphate and calcium carbonate to simulated acidic plaque fluid results in an increase in pH from pH 5 to pH 6 or above when saturation is reached. Addition of soluble calcium results in a decrease in pH.

FIG. 2 is a graph of HA saturation level versus the amount of mineral added for the highly soluble and poorly soluble forms of calcium. The plot shows that addition of alpha-tricalcium phosphate or calcium carbonate to simulated acidic plaque fluid results in an increase in hydroxyapatite supersaturation. At the solubility limit of alpha-tricalcium phosphate or calcium carbonate, hydroxyapatite supersaturation is at least five orders of magnitude greater than with addition of soluble calcium.

US11857653B2. Method of providing an oral care benefit using a poorly-soluble calcium compound and fluoride (2024-01-02). Johnson & Johnson Consumer Inc. [US]. Inventors: Daniel Queiroz [US], Chantel Tester [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Acids alpha-tricalcium phosphate Calcium Carbonate, Calcium Compounds, Calcium Dental Caries Dental Plaque Durapatite Minerals
3
Quantitative Analysis of Early and Late Mineralization
The early mineralization was determined based on the instructions of BCIP/NBT alkaline phosphatase chromogenic kit (Beyotime, Shanghai, China). Cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (Beyotime) for 10 min, washed three times with PBS, and then incubated with BCIP/NBT staining solution for 30 min at 37 °C in the dark. After that, the treated cells were washed twice with distilled water and photographed. Then, ALP concentration was quantitatively analyzed. Late mineralization was measured according to the instructions of the Osteoblast Mineralized Nodule Staining Kit (Beyotime). The cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 10 min, washed with PBS for another three times, and stained with alizarin red for 10 min. Subsequently, the treated cells were washed with distilled water to be observed and photographed microscopically, and the calcium nodules level was then quantitatively analyzed.
Jiang J., Zhang N., Song H., Yang Y., Li J, & Hu X. (2023). Oridonin alleviates the inhibitory effect of lipopolysaccharide on the proliferation and osteogenic potential of periodontal ligament stem cells by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress and NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling. BMC Oral Health, 23, 137.
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Publication 2023
azo rubin S Calcium Cells Osteoblasts paraform Physiologic Calcification
4
Immunolabeling of Neuronal Cytoskeleton
Neurons were seeded on poly-L-lysine-coated #1.5 coverslips (633029; Carolina Biological Supply). At indicated timepoints, coverslips were briefly washed in Dulbecco’s PBS with calcium and magnesium (PBL02; Caisson Labs), and fixed for 15 min with 4% paraformaldehyde (diluted in PBS from 16%, Electron Microscopy Services, 15710) and 4% sucrose in PBS at 37°C. For immunolabeling of fascin, coverslips were washed and fixed for 10 min with ice-cold methanol at −20°C. Subsequent steps were performed at room temperature. Autofluorescence was quenched by incubation with 50 mM NH4Cl for 10 min at room temperature. Coverslips were blocked and permeabilized using a buffer of 10% goat serum and 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS and incubating for 30 min. Antibodies were diluted in a buffer of 3% goat serum and 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS. Coverslips were incubated with primary antibodies for 1 h, washed three times in PBS with 0.1% Tween-20, and incubated with secondary antibodies and Alexa Fluor 488 phalloidin (A12379; Thermo Fisher Scientific, 1:40) for 30 min. Coverslips were mounted using Prolong Gold Antifade (P36930; Thermo Fisher Scientific), and allowed to cure for at least 24 h prior to imaging. Antibodies used were as follows: mouse monoclonal anti-Arp2/3 complex (#MABT95; Millipore, RRID:AB_11205567; 1:250), mouse monoclonal anti-fascin (#54545; Cell Signaling Technology, RRID:AB_2799464; 1:50), rabbit monoclonal anti-β-III-tubulin (#5568; Cell Signaling, Clone D71G9, RRID:AB_10694505; 1:100), rabbit monoclonal anti-MAP2 (#8707; Cell Signaling, Clone D5G1, RRID:AB_2722660; 1:500), goat anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor 568 (#A-11011; Molecular Probes, RRID:AB_143157; 1:1,000), goat anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor 647 (#A-21245; Thermo Fisher Scientific, RRID:AB_2535813; 1:1,000).
Parker S.S., Ly K.T., Grant A.D., Sweetland J., Wang A.M., Parker J.D., Roman M.R., Saboda K., Roe D.J., Padi M., Wolgemuth C.W., Langlais P, & Mouneimne G. (2023). EVL and MIM/MTSS1 regulate actin cytoskeletal remodeling to promote dendritic filopodia in neurons. The Journal of Cell Biology, 222(5), e202106081.
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Publication 2023
Actin-Related Protein 2-3 Complex alexa 568 alexa fluor 488 Alexa Fluor 647 Antibodies Biopharmaceuticals Buffers Calcium Clone Cells Cold Temperature Electron Microscopy fascin Goat Gold Lysine Magnesium MAP2 protein, human Methanol Molecular Probes Mus Neurons paraform Phalloidine Poly-5 Rabbits Serum Sucrose Triton X-100 Tubulin Tween 20
5
Calcium Influx Monitoring in Activated T Cells
Cell preparations were suspended in 1 ml loading buffer (DPBS supplemented with 1 mM CaCl2, 1 mM MgSO4, and 1% FBS) at a density of 1 × 107 cells per ml and loaded with the calcium indicator dyes Fluo-4 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and FuraRed (Thermo Fisher Scientific) at 37°C according to manufacturer’s directions. Cells were then washed and stained for flow cytometry at room temperature. Immediately before measurement, cells were incubated at 37°C for 5 min and then transferred to the flow cytometer for continuous monitoring. After obtaining a baseline measurement for 30 s, anti-CD3 antibodies (5 μg/ml) and IgG crosslinking antibodies (25 μg/ml) were added to the sample. After 180 s, ionomycin (1 μg/ml) was added to stimulate maximal cytosolic calcium influx.
Seth A., Yokokura Y., Choi J.Y., Shyer J.A., Vidyarthi A, & Craft J. (2023). AP-1–independent NFAT signaling maintains follicular T cell function in infection and autoimmunity. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 220(5), e20211110.
Publication 2023
Anti-Antibodies Buffers Calcium Cells Cytosol Dyes Flow Cytometry Fluo 4 Immunoglobulin G Ionomycin Sulfate, Magnesium

Top products related to «Calcium»

1
Fluo 4 am by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Canada, China, France, Spain, Italy, Sweden, Japan, Switzerland, Belgium, Australia, Austria, Finland, New Zealand
Fluo-4 AM is a fluorescent calcium indicator used for the detection and measurement of intracellular calcium levels. It functions by binding to calcium ions, which results in an increase in fluorescence intensity. This product is commonly used in various cell-based assays and research applications involving calcium signaling.
2
Fura 2 am by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, France, Spain, Australia, Japan, China, Canada, Belgium, Austria, Hungary, Macao
Fura-2 AM is a fluorescent calcium indicator used for measuring intracellular calcium levels. It is a cell-permeable derivative of the parent compound Fura-2. Fura-2 AM can be loaded into cells, where intracellular esterases cleave off the acetoxymethyl (AM) ester group, trapping the Fura-2 indicator inside the cell.
3
Fetal bovine serum (fbs) by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, China, United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, Japan, Canada, Italy, France, Switzerland, New Zealand, Brazil, Belgium, India, Spain, Israel, Austria, Poland, Ireland, Sweden, Macao, Netherlands, Denmark, Cameroon, Singapore, Portugal, Argentina, Holy See (Vatican City State), Morocco, Uruguay, Mexico, Thailand, Sao Tome and Principe, Hungary, Panama, Hong Kong, Norway, United Arab Emirates, Czechia, Russian Federation, Chile, Moldova, Republic of, Gabon, Palestine, State of, Saudi Arabia, Senegal
Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.
4
Alizarin red s by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Japan, China, Italy, Macao, Sao Tome and Principe, Switzerland, Belgium, Ireland, Canada, France
Alizarin Red S is a chemical compound used as a dye and a stain in laboratory procedures. It is a red-orange powder that is soluble in water and alcohol. Alizarin Red S is commonly used to stain calcium deposits in histological samples, such as bone and cartilage.
5
Matlab by MathWorks
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MATLAB is a high-performance programming language and numerical computing environment used for scientific and engineering calculations, data analysis, and visualization. It provides a comprehensive set of tools for solving complex mathematical and computational problems.
6
Hanks balanced salt solution (hbss) by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, Switzerland, Sweden, Italy, China, Australia, Austria, Ireland, Norway, Belgium, Spain, Denmark
HBSS (Hank's Balanced Salt Solution) is a salt-based buffer solution commonly used in cell culture and biological research applications. It provides a balanced ionic environment to maintain the pH and osmotic pressure of cell cultures. The solution contains various inorganic salts, including calcium, magnesium, and potassium, as well as glucose, to support cell viability and homeostasis.
7
Pluronic f 127 by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Japan, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy, Lithuania, Canada, India
Pluronic F-127 is a non-ionic, surfactant-based material commonly used in various laboratory applications. It is a triblock copolymer composed of polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide segments. Pluronic F-127 is known for its ability to form thermoreversible gels and has versatile applications in areas such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, and cell culture.
8
Flexstation 3 by Molecular Devices
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Japan, Germany, Switzerland, Spain, China
The FlexStation 3 is a multimode microplate reader that measures various assays, including fluorescence, luminescence, and absorbance. It is designed to provide consistent and reliable results for a wide range of applications in life science research and drug discovery.
9
Fluo 3 am by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, China, United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Austria
Fluo-3 AM is a fluorescent calcium indicator used to measure intracellular calcium levels in cells. It binds to calcium ions and emits fluorescence upon excitation, allowing researchers to monitor calcium dynamics within cellular environments.
10
Dexamethasone (dex) by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, China, Japan, Italy, Sao Tome and Principe, Macao, France, Australia, Switzerland, Canada, Denmark, Spain, Israel, Belgium, Ireland, Morocco, Brazil, Netherlands, Sweden, New Zealand, Austria, Czechia, Senegal, Poland, India, Portugal
Dexamethasone is a synthetic glucocorticoid medication used in a variety of medical applications. It is primarily used as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant agent.

More about "Calcium"

essential mineral, bones, teeth, strength, density, muscle contraction, nerve transmission, blood clotting, cellular processes, hormone secretion, enzyme activation, health, growth, development, osteoporosis, rickets, hypertension, in-vitro, animal studies, clinical trials, PubCompare.ai, AI-driven, literature, preprints, patents, Fluo-4 AM, Fura-2 AM, Fluo-3 AM, MATLAB, HBSS, Pluronic F-127, FlexStation 3, Alizarin Red S, FBS, Dexamethasone