An open-label cross-over design was utilised with 14 healthy subjects randomized to drink 500 ml of either beetroot juice (Planet Organic, London) or water within 30 min. BP was measured every 15 min for 1h pre- and 3h post-beetroot juice ingestion, then hourly to 6h, with a final reading at 24h. BPs were taken according to a standard protocol (Online Methods Supplement please see http://hyper.ahajournals.org ), using an automated BP measuring machine (Omron 705CP (Japan) with the subject seated; three BP measurements were taken at each time point and the mean of the 2nd and 3rd reading was used. Blood samples (5 ml each) were collected into citrate tubes for plasma nitrate and nitrite measurement at baseline and every 30 min for 2h, then hourly up to 6h, with a further measurement at 24 h. Blood samples were centrifuged immediately at 2,200g for 10 min at 4°C. The plasma was collected and stored at −80°C until measurement of nitrite and nitrate concentration. The second part of the study was conducted after a minimum of 7 days.
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Nitrites
Nitrites
Nitrites are inorganic compounds containing the nitrite (NO2-) anion.
They play a crucial role in various physiological processes, including vasodilation, immune function, and cellular signaling.
Nitrites can be derived from dietary sources, such as cured meats, or produced endogenously through the reduction of nitrates.
Imbalances in nitrite levels have been implicated in a range of medical conditions, including cardiovascular disease, respiratory disorders, and neurological impairments.
Researching the mechanisms and applications of nitrites is an important area of study, and PubCompare.ai's AI-driven tool can help scientists quickly locate the best protocols from literature, preprints, and patents to optimize their experiments and gain data-driven insights for this critical area of study.
They play a crucial role in various physiological processes, including vasodilation, immune function, and cellular signaling.
Nitrites can be derived from dietary sources, such as cured meats, or produced endogenously through the reduction of nitrates.
Imbalances in nitrite levels have been implicated in a range of medical conditions, including cardiovascular disease, respiratory disorders, and neurological impairments.
Researching the mechanisms and applications of nitrites is an important area of study, and PubCompare.ai's AI-driven tool can help scientists quickly locate the best protocols from literature, preprints, and patents to optimize their experiments and gain data-driven insights for this critical area of study.
Most cited protocols related to «Nitrites»
BLOOD
Citrates
Dietary Supplements
Healthy Volunteers
Nitrates
Nitrites
Plasma
For enzyme extracts and assays, fresh roots (0.1 g) were ground in liquid nitrogen, and then suspended in 0.9 mL solution containing 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). The homogenate was centrifuged at 4°C, 2500 rpm for 10 min and the resulting supernatant was collected for determination of the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px, EC 1.11.1.9) using commercial assay kits purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). All enzymes above were detected using a microplate reader (SpectraMax M5, USA), and 5 to 10 seedlings were used to provide enough amounts of root tissues in each experimental replicate (n = 3).
The activity of SOD was determined by measuring the inhibiting rate of the enzyme to O2−· produced by the xanthine morpholine with xanthine oxidase using the SOD assay kit. Each endpoint assay was detected the red substances of the reaction system by absorbance at 550 nm after 40 min of reaction time at 37°C. And one unit SOD activity (U) was defined as the quantity of SOD required to produce 50% inhibition of reduction of nitrite in 1 mL reaction solution by measuring the change of absorbance at 550 nm.
The CAT activity was measured based on the hydrolysis reaction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with CAT, which could be terminated by molybdenum acid (MA) to produce yellow MA-H2O2 complex. CAT activity was calculated by the decrease in absorbance at 405 nm due to the degradation of H2O2, and one unit is defined as the amount of enzyme that will cause the decompose of 1 µmol hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) per second at 37°C in 1.0 g fresh tissue according to CAT assay kit.
The POD activity was measured based on the change of absorbance at 420 nm by catalyzing H2O2. One unit was defined as the amount of enzyme which was catalyzed and generated 1 µg substrate by 1.0 g fresh tissues in the reaction system at 37°C. POD activity was calculated as the formula according to POD assay kit.
The GSH-Px activity was also measured using the assay kit based on the principle that oxidation of glutathione (GSH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) could be catalyzed by GSH-Px to produce oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and H2O. In addition GSH reacts with 5, 5′-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) to produce stable yellow substances and the decrease of GSH at 412 nm during the reaction is indicative of GSH-Px activity in tissues. One GSH-Px unit of GSH-Px activity (U) was calculated as the amounts of enzyme that will oxidize 1 µmol/L GSH in reaction system at 37°C per minute in 1.0 g fresh tissue according to the assay kit. All of the enzymes were expressed as in U/g FW.
The activity of SOD was determined by measuring the inhibiting rate of the enzyme to O2−· produced by the xanthine morpholine with xanthine oxidase using the SOD assay kit. Each endpoint assay was detected the red substances of the reaction system by absorbance at 550 nm after 40 min of reaction time at 37°C. And one unit SOD activity (U) was defined as the quantity of SOD required to produce 50% inhibition of reduction of nitrite in 1 mL reaction solution by measuring the change of absorbance at 550 nm.
The CAT activity was measured based on the hydrolysis reaction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with CAT, which could be terminated by molybdenum acid (MA) to produce yellow MA-H2O2 complex. CAT activity was calculated by the decrease in absorbance at 405 nm due to the degradation of H2O2, and one unit is defined as the amount of enzyme that will cause the decompose of 1 µmol hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) per second at 37°C in 1.0 g fresh tissue according to CAT assay kit.
The POD activity was measured based on the change of absorbance at 420 nm by catalyzing H2O2. One unit was defined as the amount of enzyme which was catalyzed and generated 1 µg substrate by 1.0 g fresh tissues in the reaction system at 37°C. POD activity was calculated as the formula according to POD assay kit.
The GSH-Px activity was also measured using the assay kit based on the principle that oxidation of glutathione (GSH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) could be catalyzed by GSH-Px to produce oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and H2O. In addition GSH reacts with 5, 5′-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) to produce stable yellow substances and the decrease of GSH at 412 nm during the reaction is indicative of GSH-Px activity in tissues. One GSH-Px unit of GSH-Px activity (U) was calculated as the amounts of enzyme that will oxidize 1 µmol/L GSH in reaction system at 37°C per minute in 1.0 g fresh tissue according to the assay kit. All of the enzymes were expressed as in U/g FW.
Acids
Biological Assay
Buffers
Cardiac Arrest
Catalase
DNA Replication
Enzymes
G-substrate
Glutathione Disulfide
Hydrolysis
Molybdenum
morpholine
Nitrites
Nitrogen
Peroxidase
Peroxidase, Glutathione
Peroxide, Hydrogen
Phosphates
Plant Roots
Psychological Inhibition
Seedlings
Superoxide Dismutase
Tissues
Xanthine
Xanthine Oxidase
BLOOD
Blood Vessel
Centrifugation
Chemiluminescence
Cold Temperature
Freezing
Methanol
Nitrites
Proteins
Specimen Handling
The nitric oxide assay was performed as described previously with slight modification (Yoon et al., 2009 (link)). After pre-incubation of RAW 264.7 cells (1.5 × 105 cells/mL) with LPS (1 µg/mL) for 24 h, the quantity of nitrite in the culture medium was measured as an indicator of NO production. Amounts of nitrite, a stable metabolite of NO, were measured using Griess reagent (1% sulfanilamide and 0.1% naphthylethylenediamine dihydrochloride in 2.5% phosphoric acid). Briefly, 100 µL of cell culture medium was mixed with 100 µL of Griess reagent. Subsequently, the mixture was incubated at room temperature for 10 min and the absorbance at 540 nm was measured in a microplate reader. Fresh culture medium was used as a blank in every experiment. The quantity of nitrite was determined from a sodium nitrite standard curve.
Biological Assay
Cell Culture Techniques
Cells
Culture Media
Griess reagent
Nitrites
Oxide, Nitric
Phosphoric Acids
RAW 264.7 Cells
Sodium Nitrite
Sulfanilamide
Animals
Food
Meat
Nitrates
Nitrites
Plants
Woman
Most recents protocols related to «Nitrites»
Example 2
A. Seed Treatment with Isolated Microbe
In this example, an isolated microbe from Tables 1-3 will be applied as a seed coating to seeds of corn (Zea mays). Upon applying the isolated microbe as a seed coating, the corn will be planted and cultivated in the standard manner.
A control plot of corn seeds, which did not have the isolated microbe applied as a seed coating, will also be planted.
It is expected that the corn plants grown from the seeds treated with the seed coating will exhibit a quantifiably higher biomass than the control corn plants.
The biomass from the treated plants may be about 1-10% higher, 10-20% higher, 20-30% higher, 30-40% higher, 40-50% higher, 50-60% higher, 60-70% higher, 70-80% higher, 80-90% higher, or more.
The biomass from the treated plants may equate to about a 1 bushel per acre increase over the controls, or a 2 bushel per acre increase, or a 3 bushel per acre increase, or a 4 bushel per acre increase, or a 5 bushel per acre increase, or more.
In some aspects, the biomass increase is statistically significant. In other aspects, the biomass increase is not statistically significant, but is still quantifiable.
B. Seed Treatment with Microbial Consortia
In this example, a microbial consortium, comprising at least two microbes from Tables 1-3 will be applied as a seed coating to seeds of corn (Zea mays). Upon applying the microbial consortium as a seed coating, the corn will be planted and cultivated in the standard manner.
A control plot of corn seeds, which did not have the microbial consortium applied as a seed coating, will also be planted.
It is expected that the corn plants grown from the seeds treated with the seed coating will exhibit a quantifiably higher biomass than the control corn plants.
The biomass from the treated plants may be about 1-10% higher, 10-20% higher, 20-30% higher, 30-40% higher, 40-50% higher, 50-60% higher, 60-70% higher, 70-80% higher, 80-90% higher, or more.
The biomass from the treated plants may equate to about a 1 bushel per acre increase over the controls, or a 2 bushel per acre increase, or a 3 bushel per acre increase, or a 4 bushel per acre increase, or a 5 bushel per acre increase, or more.
In some aspects, the biomass increase is statistically significant. In other aspects, the biomass increase is not statistically significant, but is still quantifiable.
C. Treatment with Agricultural Composition Comprising Isolated Microbe
In this example, an isolated microbe from Tables 1-3 will be applied as an agricultural composition, administered to the corn seed at the time of sowing.
For example, it is anticipated that a farmer will apply the agricultural composition to the corn seeds simultaneously upon planting the seeds into the field. This can be accomplished, for example, by applying the agricultural composition to a hopper/bulk tank on a standard 16 row planter, which contains the corn seeds and which is configured to plant the same into rows. Alternatively, the agricultural composition can be contained in a separate bulk tank on the planter and sprayed into the rows upon planting the corn seed.
A control plot of corn seeds, which are not administered the agricultural composition, will also be planted.
It is expected that the corn plants grown from the seeds treated with the agricultural composition will exhibit a quantifiably higher biomass than the control corn plants.
The biomass from the treated plants may be about 1-10% higher, 10-20% higher, 20-30% higher, 30-40% higher, 40-50% higher, 50-60% higher, 60-70% higher, 70-80% higher, 80-90% higher, or more.
The biomass from the treated plants may equate to about a 1 bushel per acre increase over the controls, or a 2 bushel per acre increase, or a 3 bushel per acre increase, or a 4 bushel per acre increase, or a 5 bushel per acre increase, or more.
In some aspects, the biomass increase is statistically significant. In other aspects, the biomass increase is not statistically significant, but is still quantifiable.
D. Treatment with Agricultural Composition Comprising Microbial Consortia
In this example, a microbial consortium, comprising at least two microbes from Tables 1-3 will be applied as an agricultural composition, administered to the corn seed at the time of sowing.
For example, it is anticipated that a farmer will apply the agricultural composition to the corn seeds simultaneously upon planting the seeds into the field. This can be accomplished, for example, by applying the agricultural composition to a hopper/bulk tank on a standard 16 row planter, which contains the corn seeds and which is configured to plant the same into rows. Alternatively, the agricultural composition can be contained in a separate bulk tank on the planter and sprayed into the rows upon planting the corn seed.
A control plot of corn seeds, which are not administered the agricultural composition, will also be planted.
It is expected that the corn plants grown from the seeds treated with the agricultural composition will exhibit a quantifiably higher biomass than the control corn plants.
The biomass from the treated plants may be about 1-10% higher, 10-20% higher, 20-30% higher, 30-40% higher, 40-50% higher, 50-60% higher, 60-70% higher, 70-80% higher, 80-90% higher, or more.
The biomass from the treated plants may equate to about a 1 bushel per acre increase over the controls, or a 2 bushel per acre increase, or a 3 bushel per acre increase, or a 4 bushel per acre increase, or a 5 bushel per acre increase, or more.
In some aspects, the biomass increase is statistically significant. In other aspects, the biomass increase is not statistically significant, but is still quantifiable.
A. Seed Treatment with Isolated Microbe
In this example, an isolated microbe from Tables 1-3 will be applied as a seed coating to seeds of corn (Zea mays). Upon applying the isolated microbe as a seed coating, the corn will be planted and cultivated in the standard manner.
A control plot of corn seeds, which did not have the isolated microbe applied as a seed coating, will also be planted.
It is expected that the corn plants grown from the seeds treated with the seed coating will exhibit a quantifiable and superior ability to tolerate drought conditions and/or exhibit superior water use efficiency, as compared to the control corn plants.
The drought tolerance and/or water use efficiency can be based on any number of standard tests from the art, e.g leaf water retention, turgor loss point, rate of photosynthesis, leaf color and other phenotypic indications of drought stress, yield performance, and various root morphological and growth patterns.
B. Seed Treatment with Microbial Consortia
In this example, a microbial consortium, comprising at least two microbes from Tables 1-3 will be applied as a seed coating to seeds of corn (Zea mays). Upon applying the microbial consortium as a seed coating, the corn will be planted and cultivated in the standard manner.
A control plot of corn seeds, which did not have the microbial consortium applied as a seed coating, will also be planted.
It is expected that the corn plants grown from the seeds treated with the seed coating will exhibit a quantifiable and superior ability to tolerate drought conditions and/or exhibit superior water use efficiency, as compared to the control corn plants.
The drought tolerance and/or water use efficiency can be based on any number of standard tests from the art, e.g leaf water retention, turgor loss point, rate of photosynthesis, leaf color and other phenotypic indications of drought stress, yield performance, and various root morphological and growth patterns.
C. Treatment with Agricultural Composition Comprising Isolated Microbe
In this example, an isolated microbe from Tables 1-3 will be applied as an agricultural composition, administered to the corn seed at the time of sowing.
For example, it is anticipated that a farmer will apply the agricultural composition to the corn seeds simultaneously upon planting the seeds into the field. This can be accomplished, for example, by applying the agricultural composition to a hopper/bulk tank on a standard 16 row planter, which contains the corn seeds and which is configured to plant the same into rows. Alternatively, the agricultural composition can be contained in a separate bulk tank on the planter and sprayed into the rows upon planting the corn seed.
A control plot of corn seeds, which are not administered the agricultural composition, will also be planted.
It is expected that the corn plants grown from the seeds treated with the with the agricultural composition will exhibit a quantifiable and superior ability to tolerate drought conditions and/or exhibit superior water use efficiency, as compared to the control corn plants.
The drought tolerance and/or water use efficiency can be based on any number of standard tests from the art, e.g leaf water retention, turgor loss point, rate of photosynthesis, leaf color and other phenotypic indications of drought stress, yield performance, and various root morphological and growth patterns.
D. Treatment with Agricultural Composition Comprising Microbial Consortia
In this example, a microbial consortium, comprising at least two microbes from Tables 1-3 will be applied as an agricultural composition, administered to the corn seed at the time of sowing.
For example, it is anticipated that a farmer will apply the agricultural composition to the corn seeds simultaneously upon planting the seeds into the field. This can be accomplished, for example, by applying the agricultural composition to a hopper/bulk tank on a standard 16 row planter, which contains the corn seeds and which is configured to plant the same into rows. Alternatively, the agricultural composition can be contained in a separate bulk tank on the planter and sprayed into the rows upon planting the corn seed.
A control plot of corn seeds, which are not administered the agricultural composition, will also be planted.
It is expected that the corn plants grown from the seeds treated with the with the agricultural composition will exhibit a quantifiable and superior ability to tolerate drought conditions and/or exhibit superior water use efficiency, as compared to the control corn plants.
The drought tolerance and/or water use efficiency can be based on any number of standard tests from the art, e.g leaf water retention, turgor loss point, rate of photosynthesis, leaf color and other phenotypic indications of drought stress, yield performance, and various root morphological and growth patterns.
A. Seed Treatment with Isolated Microbe
In this example, an isolated microbe from Tables 1-3 will be applied as a seed coating to seeds of corn (Zea mays). Upon applying the isolated microbe as a seed coating, the corn will be planted and cultivated in the standard manner.
A control plot of corn seeds, which did not have the isolated microbe applied as a seed coating, will also be planted.
It is expected that the corn plants grown from the seeds treated with the seed coating will exhibit a quantifiable and superior ability to utilize nitrogen, as compared to the control corn plants.
The nitrogen use efficiency can be quantified by recording a measurable change in any of the main nitrogen metabolic pool sizes in the assimilation pathways (e.g., a measurable change in one or more of the following: nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glutamine, asparagine, lysine, leucine, threonine, methionine, glycine, tryptophan, tyrosine, total protein content of a plant part, total nitrogen content of a plant part, and/or chlorophyll content), or where the treated plant is shown to provide the same or elevated biomass or harvestable yield at lower nitrogen fertilization levels compared to the control plant, or where the treated plant is shown to provide elevated biomass or harvestable yields at the same nitrogen fertilization levels compared to a control plant.
B. Seed Treatment with Microbial Consortia
In this example, a microbial consortium, comprising at least two microbes from Tables 1-3 will be applied as a seed coating to seeds of corn (Zea mays). Upon applying the microbial consortium as a seed coating, the corn will be planted and cultivated in the standard manner.
A control plot of corn seeds, which did not have the microbial consortium applied as a seed coating, will also be planted.
It is expected that the corn plants grown from the seeds treated with the seed coating will exhibit a quantifiable and superior ability to utilize nitrogen, as compared to the control corn plants.
The nitrogen use efficiency can be quantified by recording a measurable change in any of the main nitrogen metabolic pool sizes in the assimilation pathways (e.g., a measurable change in one or more of the following: nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glutamine, asparagine, lysine, leucine, threonine, methionine, glycine, tryptophan, tyrosine, total protein content of a plant part, total nitrogen content of a plant part, and/or chlorophyll content), or where the treated plant is shown to provide the same or elevated biomass or harvestable yield at lower nitrogen fertilization levels compared to the control plant, or where the treated plant is shown to provide elevated biomass or harvestable yields at the same nitrogen fertilization levels compared to a control plant.
C. Treatment with Agricultural Composition Comprising Isolated Microbe
In this example, an isolated microbe from Tables 1-3 will be applied as an agricultural composition, administered to the corn seed at the time of sowing.
For example, it is anticipated that a farmer will apply the agricultural composition to the corn seeds simultaneously upon planting the seeds into the field. This can be accomplished, for example, by applying the agricultural composition to a hopper/bulk tank on a standard 16 row planter, which contains the corn seeds and which is configured to plant the same into rows. Alternatively, the agricultural composition can be contained in a separate bulk tank on the planter and sprayed into the rows upon planting the corn seed.
A control plot of corn seeds, which are not administered the agricultural composition, will also be planted.
It is expected that the corn plants grown from the seeds treated with the agricultural composition will exhibit a quantifiable and superior ability to utilize nitrogen, as compared to the control corn plants.
The nitrogen use efficiency can be quantified by recording a measurable change in any of the main nitrogen metabolic pool sizes in the assimilation pathways (e.g., a measurable change in one or more of the following: nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glutamine, asparagine, lysine, leucine, threonine, methionine, glycine, tryptophan, tyrosine, total protein content of a plant part, total nitrogen content of a plant part, and/or chlorophyll content), or where the treated plant is shown to provide the same or elevated biomass or harvestable yield at lower nitrogen fertilization levels compared to the control plant, or where the treated plant is shown to provide elevated biomass or harvestable yields at the same nitrogen fertilization levels compared to a control plant.
D. Treatment with Agricultural Composition Comprising Microbial Consortia
In this example, a microbial consortium, comprising at least two microbes from Tables 1-3 will be applied as an agricultural composition, administered to the corn seed at the time of sowing.
For example, it is anticipated that a farmer will apply the agricultural composition to the corn seeds simultaneously upon planting the seeds into the field. This can be accomplished, for example, by applying the agricultural composition to a hopper/bulk tank on a standard 16 row planter, which contains the corn seeds and which is configured to plant the same into rows. Alternatively, the agricultural composition can be contained in a separate bulk tank on the planter and sprayed into the rows upon planting the corn seed.
A control plot of corn seeds, which are not administered the agricultural composition, will also be planted.
It is expected that the corn plants grown from the seeds treated with the agricultural composition will exhibit a quantifiable and superior ability to utilize nitrogen, as compared to the control corn plants.
The nitrogen use efficiency can be quantified by recording a measurable change in any of the main nitrogen metabolic pool sizes in the assimilation pathways (e.g., a measurable change in one or more of the following: nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glutamine, asparagine, lysine, leucine, threonine, methionine, glycine, tryptophan, tyrosine, total protein content of a plant part, total nitrogen content of a plant part, and/or chlorophyll content), or where the treated plant is shown to provide the same or elevated biomass or harvestable yield at lower nitrogen fertilization levels compared to the control plant, or where the treated plant is shown to provide elevated biomass or harvestable yields at the same nitrogen fertilization levels compared to a control plant.
The inoculants were prepared from isolates grown as spread plates on R2A incubated at 25° C. for 48 to 72 hours. Colonies were harvested by blending with sterile distilled water (SDW) which was then transferred into sterile containers. Serial dilutions of the harvested cells were plated and incubated at 25° C. for 24 hours to estimate the number of colony forming units (CFU) in each suspension. Dilutions were prepared using individual isolates or blends of isolates (consortia) to deliver 1×105 cfu/microbe/seed and seeds inoculated by either imbibition in the liquid suspension or by overtreatment with 5% vegetable gum and oil.
Seeds corresponding to the plants of table 15 were planted within 24 to 48 hours of treatment in agricultural soil, potting media or inert growing media. Plants were grown in small pots (28 mL to 200 mL) in either a controlled environment or in a greenhouse. Chamber photoperiod was set to 16 hours for all experiments on all species. Air temperature was typically maintained between 22-24° C.
Unless otherwise stated, all plants were watered with tap water 2 to 3 times weekly. Growth conditions were varied according to the trait of interest and included manipulation of applied fertilizer, watering regime and salt stress as follows:
-
- Low N—seeds planted in soil potting media or inert growing media with no applied N fertilizer
- Moderate N—seeds planted in soil or growing media supplemented with commercial N fertilizer to equivalent of 135 kg/ha applied N
- Insol P—seeds planted in potting media or inert growth substrate and watered with quarter strength Pikovskaya's liquid medium containing tri-calcium phosphate as the only form phosphate fertilizer.
- Cold Stress—seeds planted in soil, potting media or inert growing media and incubated at 10° C. for one week before being transferred to the plant growth room.
- Salt stress—seeds planted in soil, potting media or inert growing media and watered with a solution containing between 100 to 200 mg/L NaCl.
Untreated (no applied microbe) controls were prepared for each experiment. Plants were randomized on trays throughout the growth environment. Between 10 and 30 replicate plants were prepared for each treatment in each experiment. Phenotypes were measured during early vegetative growth, typically before the V3 developmental stage and between 3 and 6 weeks after sowing. Foliage was cut and weighed. Roots were washed, blotted dry and weighed. Results indicate performance of treatments against the untreated control.
The data presented in table 15 describes the efficacy with which a microbial species or strain can change a phenotype of interest relative to a control run in the same experiment. Phenotypes measured were shoot fresh weight and root fresh weight for plants growing either in the absence of presence of a stress (assay). For each microbe species, an overall efficacy score indicates the percentage of times a strain of that species increased a both shoot and root fresh weight in independent evaluations. For each species, the specifics of each independent assay is given, providing a strain ID (strain) and the crop species the assay was performed on (crop). For each independent assay the percentage increase in shoot and root fresh weight over the controls is given.
Ammonia
Asparagine
Aspartic Acid
Biological Assay
Bosea thiooxidans
Calcium Phosphates
Capsicum
Cells
Chlorophyll
Cold Shock Stress
Cold Temperature
Crop, Avian
Dietary Fiber
DNA Replication
Droughts
Drought Tolerance
Embryophyta
Environment, Controlled
Farmers
Fertilization
Glutamic Acid
Glutamine
Glycine
Growth Disorders
Herbaspirillum
Herbaspirillum huttiense
Leucine
Lolium
Lycopersicon esculentum
Lysine
Maize
Massilia niastensis
Methionine
Microbial Consortia
Nitrates
Nitrites
Nitrogen
Novosphingobium rosa
Paenibacillus
Paenibacillus amylolyticus
Pantoea agglomerans
Pantoea vagans
Phenotype
Phosphates
Photosynthesis
Plant Development
Plant Embryos
Plant Leaves
Plant Proteins
Plant Roots
Plants
Polaromonas ginsengisoli
Pseudoduganella violaceinigra
Pseudomonas
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Rahnella
Rahnella aquatilis
Retention (Psychology)
Rhodococcus erythropolis
Rosa
Salt Stress
Sodium Chloride
Sodium Chloride, Dietary
Stenotrophomonas chelatiphaga
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Stenotrophomonas rhizophila
Stenotrophomonas terrae
Sterility, Reproductive
Strains
Technique, Dilution
Threonine
Triticum aestivum
Tryptophan
Tyrosine
Vegetables
Zea mays
In plasma samples, the following oxidative stress markers were measured: nitrite (NO2), superoxide anion radical (O2−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and the index of lipid peroxidation (measured as TBARS – thiobarbituric acid reactive substances).
Nitric oxide decomposes rapidly to form stable metabolite nitrite/nitrate products. The nitrite level was measured and used as an index of nitric oxide (NO) production using the Griess reagent. A total of 0.5 ml of plasma was precipitated with 200 μl of 30% sulphosalicylic acid, vortexed for 30 min, and centrifuged at 3000 × g. Equal volumes of supernatant and Griess reagent containing 1% sulphanilamide in 5% phosphoric acid/0.1% naphthalene ethylenediamine dihydrochloride were added and incubated for 10 min in the dark, and the sample was measured at 543 nm. The nitrite levels were calculated using sodium nitrite as the standard [13 (link)].
The O2− concentration was measured after the reaction of nitro blue tetrazolium in Tris buffer with the plasma at 530 nm. Distilled water served as the blank [14 ].
The measurement of H2O2 is based on the oxidation of phenol red by H2O2 in a reaction catalysed by horseradish peroxidase (HRPO). Two hundred μl of plasma was precipitated with 800 ml of freshly prepared phenol red solution, followed by the addition of 10 μl of (1:20) HRPO (made ex tempore). Distilled water was used as the blank instead of the plasma sample. H2O2 was measured at 610 nm [15 (link)].
The degree of lipid peroxidation in the plasma samples was estimated by measuring TBARS using 1% thiobarbituric acid in 0.05 NaOH, incubated with the plasma at 100 °C for 15 min, and measured at 530 nm. Distilled water served as the blank [16 (link)].
The activity of the following antioxidants in the lysate was determined: reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The level of reduced glutathione was determined based on GSH oxidation with 5,5-dithiobis-6,2-nitrobenzoic acid using a method by Beutler [17 ]. The CAT activity was determined according to Aebi [18 (link)]. The lysates were diluted with distilled water (1:7 v/v) and treated with chloroform-ethanol (0.6:1 v/v) to remove haemoglobin, and then 50 μl of CAT buffer, 100 μl of sample and 1 ml of 10 mM H2O2 were added to the samples. The detection was performed at 360 nm. SOD activity was determined by the epinephrine method of Beutler [19 (link)]. Lysate (100 μl) and 1 ml carbonate buffer were mixed, and then 100 μl of epinephrine was added. The detection was performed at 470 nm.
Nitric oxide decomposes rapidly to form stable metabolite nitrite/nitrate products. The nitrite level was measured and used as an index of nitric oxide (NO) production using the Griess reagent. A total of 0.5 ml of plasma was precipitated with 200 μl of 30% sulphosalicylic acid, vortexed for 30 min, and centrifuged at 3000 × g. Equal volumes of supernatant and Griess reagent containing 1% sulphanilamide in 5% phosphoric acid/0.1% naphthalene ethylenediamine dihydrochloride were added and incubated for 10 min in the dark, and the sample was measured at 543 nm. The nitrite levels were calculated using sodium nitrite as the standard [13 (link)].
The O2− concentration was measured after the reaction of nitro blue tetrazolium in Tris buffer with the plasma at 530 nm. Distilled water served as the blank [14 ].
The measurement of H2O2 is based on the oxidation of phenol red by H2O2 in a reaction catalysed by horseradish peroxidase (HRPO). Two hundred μl of plasma was precipitated with 800 ml of freshly prepared phenol red solution, followed by the addition of 10 μl of (1:20) HRPO (made ex tempore). Distilled water was used as the blank instead of the plasma sample. H2O2 was measured at 610 nm [15 (link)].
The degree of lipid peroxidation in the plasma samples was estimated by measuring TBARS using 1% thiobarbituric acid in 0.05 NaOH, incubated with the plasma at 100 °C for 15 min, and measured at 530 nm. Distilled water served as the blank [16 (link)].
The activity of the following antioxidants in the lysate was determined: reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The level of reduced glutathione was determined based on GSH oxidation with 5,5-dithiobis-6,2-nitrobenzoic acid using a method by Beutler [17 ]. The CAT activity was determined according to Aebi [18 (link)]. The lysates were diluted with distilled water (1:7 v/v) and treated with chloroform-ethanol (0.6:1 v/v) to remove haemoglobin, and then 50 μl of CAT buffer, 100 μl of sample and 1 ml of 10 mM H2O2 were added to the samples. The detection was performed at 360 nm. SOD activity was determined by the epinephrine method of Beutler [19 (link)]. Lysate (100 μl) and 1 ml carbonate buffer were mixed, and then 100 μl of epinephrine was added. The detection was performed at 470 nm.
Anions
Antioxidant Activity
Buffers
Carbonates
Catalase
Chloroform
Epinephrine
Ethanol
ethylenediamine dihydrochloride
Griess reagent
Hemoglobin
Horseradish Peroxidase
Lipid Peroxidation
naphthalene
Nitrates
Nitrites
Nitrobenzoic Acids
Nitroblue Tetrazolium
Oxidative Stress
Oxide, Nitric
Peroxide, Hydrogen
Phosphoric Acids
Plasma
Reduced Glutathione
Sodium Nitrite
Sulfanilamide
sulfosalicylic acid
Superoxide Dismutase
Superoxides
thiobarbituric acid
Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances
Tromethamine
The nitrite adsorption capacity of mung bean flour was determined according to the method of Li et al. (29 (link)) with some modifications. 1 g sample and 30 ml 50 μg/ml NaNO2 was taken, adjusted pH = 2, shaken for 2 h at 37°C in an air bath, and then centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 20 min. Aspirate 1 ml of supernatant, add 2 ml of p-aminobenzenesulfonic acid (4 mg/ml) and let stand for 5 min. Continue adding 1 ml of N-Ethylenediamine dihydrochloride (2 mg/ml) and let stand for 15 min. The unbinding nitrite in the supernatant was determined at 538 nm with a spectrophotometer.
2-sulfanilic acid
Adsorption
Bath
ethylenediamine dihydrochloride
Flour
Nitrites
Vigna radiata
After incubation period of heat stress, the fibroblasts were harvested and stored immediately at −80°C for further analyses. To measure LDH activity, the frozen cells (1 × 106 cells) were homogenized with PBS by vortexing. LDH activity was measured using a colorimetric lactate dehydrogenase assay kit according to the manufacturer's instructions (Abnova, Walnut, CA. # cat- KA0878). The concentrations of nitrite and nitrate were determined using a colorimetric oxiselect™ in vitro nitric oxide (nitrite/nitrate) assay kit (Cell Biolabs, Inc., San Diego, USA). # Cat- STA-802) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Biological Assay
Cells
Colorimetry
Fibroblasts
Freezing
Heat Stress Disorders
Juglans
LDH 5
Nitrates
Nitrites
Oxide, Nitric
Fresh pork ham and back fat were purchased from a local market. After trimming
intermuscular fat and visible connective tissues, the lean pork meat and back
fat were stored at −18°C until processing within one month. Frozen
materials (total batch size of 35 kg per trial) were completely thawed and then
ground using a chopper (TC-22 Elegnant plus, Tre Spade, Torino, Italy) equipped
with a 3-mm plate. Ground mixtures were randomly divided into ten portions and
assigned to two groups (five batches each) depending on the nitrite source
(Table 1 ). First, 70% pork meat and
15% back fat were mixed for 3 min with 0.01% sodium nitrite or 0.4% radish
powder and 0.04% starter culture in a mixer (5K5SS, Whirlpool, St. Joseph, MI,
USA). Second, each group was processed depending on phosphate replacement,
including with or without 0.5% sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) or 0.5% phosphate
replacement (OSC, CF, and DPP). Other ingredients (1.5% sodium chloride, 1%
dextrose, and 0.05% sodium ascorbate; total meat mixture basis) along with 15%
ice/water were added to a mixer and mixed again for 7 min. The treatments were
filled into 50 mL conical tubes. Five batches of sodium nitrite were placed in a
refrigerator at 4°C for 1 h. The remaining five batches of radish powder
and starter culture were stored in an incubator at 40°C for 2 h to allow
the conversion of nitrate to nitrite. All samples were cooked to 75°C in
a water bath (MaXturdy 45, Daihan Scientific, Wonju, Korea) at 90°C. Once
cooking, the samples were cooled for 20 min in ice slurry and stored overnight
at 2°C–3°C in the dark until analysis. Experiments were
performed in triplicate, and all dependent variables were measured in
duplicate.
intermuscular fat and visible connective tissues, the lean pork meat and back
fat were stored at −18°C until processing within one month. Frozen
materials (total batch size of 35 kg per trial) were completely thawed and then
ground using a chopper (TC-22 Elegnant plus, Tre Spade, Torino, Italy) equipped
with a 3-mm plate. Ground mixtures were randomly divided into ten portions and
assigned to two groups (five batches each) depending on the nitrite source
(
15% back fat were mixed for 3 min with 0.01% sodium nitrite or 0.4% radish
powder and 0.04% starter culture in a mixer (5K5SS, Whirlpool, St. Joseph, MI,
USA). Second, each group was processed depending on phosphate replacement,
including with or without 0.5% sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) or 0.5% phosphate
replacement (OSC, CF, and DPP). Other ingredients (1.5% sodium chloride, 1%
dextrose, and 0.05% sodium ascorbate; total meat mixture basis) along with 15%
ice/water were added to a mixer and mixed again for 7 min. The treatments were
filled into 50 mL conical tubes. Five batches of sodium nitrite were placed in a
refrigerator at 4°C for 1 h. The remaining five batches of radish powder
and starter culture were stored in an incubator at 40°C for 2 h to allow
the conversion of nitrate to nitrite. All samples were cooked to 75°C in
a water bath (MaXturdy 45, Daihan Scientific, Wonju, Korea) at 90°C. Once
cooking, the samples were cooled for 20 min in ice slurry and stored overnight
at 2°C–3°C in the dark until analysis. Experiments were
performed in triplicate, and all dependent variables were measured in
duplicate.
Batch Cell Culture Techniques
Bath
Connective Tissue
Glucose
Meat
Nitrates
Nitrites
Phosphates
Pork
Pork Meat
Raphanus
Sodium Ascorbate
Sodium Chloride
Sodium Nitrite
triphosphoric acid, sodium salt
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The Griess reagent is a chemical solution used in analytical chemistry and biochemistry. It is primarily utilized for the detection and quantification of nitrite ions (NO2−) in various samples. The reagent reacts with nitrite to produce a colored azo compound, which can be measured spectrophotometrically to determine the nitrite concentration in the sample.
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The Griess Reagent System is a laboratory product designed to measure nitrite levels. It provides reagents required to perform a colorimetric assay that quantifies the presence of nitrite in samples. The core function of the Griess Reagent System is to enable the detection and measurement of nitrite concentrations in various biological and environmental samples.
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The Nitrate/Nitrite Colorimetric Assay Kit is a laboratory tool designed to quantitatively measure the levels of nitrate and nitrite in various sample types. The kit utilizes a colorimetric reaction to determine the concentration of these analytes.
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The Griess reagent kit is a laboratory product designed for the detection and quantification of nitrite (NO2-) in various samples. The kit provides the necessary reagents and protocols to perform the Griess reaction, a colorimetric assay that allows for the indirect measurement of nitric oxide (NO) production. The kit is suitable for use in various research and diagnostic applications.
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The Griess reagent is a chemical reagent used in laboratory analysis. It is used to detect and quantify the presence of nitrite ions (NO2-) in a sample. The reagent reacts with nitrite to produce a colored azo compound, which can be measured spectrophotometrically.
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Sulfanilamide is a chemical compound used in laboratory settings. It is a white, crystalline powder with a melting point of 165-167°C. Sulfanilamide is a sulfonamide drug that has been used as a bacteriostatic agent. Its core function is to inhibit the growth and reproduction of certain bacteria.
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Sodium nitrite is a chemical compound with the formula NaNO2. It is a white to slightly yellowish crystalline solid that is commonly used in various laboratory and industrial applications.
More about "Nitrites"
Nitrites are a class of inorganic compounds containing the nitrite anion (NO2-), which play a crucial role in various physiological processes.
These include vasodilation, immune function, and cellular signaling.
Nitrites can be derived from dietary sources, such as cured meats, or produced endogenously through the reduction of nitrates.
Imbalances in nitrite levels have been linked to a range of medical conditions, including cardiovascular disease, respiratory disorders, and neurological impairments.
Researching the mechanisms and applications of nitrites is an important area of study.
Utilizing tools like the Griess reagent and the Griess Reagent System, scientists can measure and analyze nitrite levels in biological samples.
The Nitrate/Nitrite Colorimetric Assay Kit provides a convenient way to quantify nitrite and nitrate concentrations, while a microplate reader can be used to measure the colorometric changes associated with the Griess reaction.
Understanding the role of nitrites in processes like LPS-induced inflammation is crucial for unraveling their impact on human health.
The Griess reagent kit, which contains sulfanilamide and sodium nitrite, is a widely used tool for detecting and quantifying nitrites in various experimental settings.
By leveraging these resources and the power of PubCompare.ai's AI-driven tool, researchers can quickly locate the best protocols from literature, preprints, and patents to optimize their nitrite-related experiments and gain data-driven insights that advance this critical area of study.
These include vasodilation, immune function, and cellular signaling.
Nitrites can be derived from dietary sources, such as cured meats, or produced endogenously through the reduction of nitrates.
Imbalances in nitrite levels have been linked to a range of medical conditions, including cardiovascular disease, respiratory disorders, and neurological impairments.
Researching the mechanisms and applications of nitrites is an important area of study.
Utilizing tools like the Griess reagent and the Griess Reagent System, scientists can measure and analyze nitrite levels in biological samples.
The Nitrate/Nitrite Colorimetric Assay Kit provides a convenient way to quantify nitrite and nitrate concentrations, while a microplate reader can be used to measure the colorometric changes associated with the Griess reaction.
Understanding the role of nitrites in processes like LPS-induced inflammation is crucial for unraveling their impact on human health.
The Griess reagent kit, which contains sulfanilamide and sodium nitrite, is a widely used tool for detecting and quantifying nitrites in various experimental settings.
By leveraging these resources and the power of PubCompare.ai's AI-driven tool, researchers can quickly locate the best protocols from literature, preprints, and patents to optimize their nitrite-related experiments and gain data-driven insights that advance this critical area of study.