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Phosphatidylcholines

Phosphatidylcholines are a class of phospholipids that play a crucial role in cellular membranes and signaling pathways.
These lipid molecules are composed of a glycerol backbone, a phosphocholine headgroup, and two fatty acid chains.
They are essential for maintaining membrane fluidity, regulating cell signaling, and serving as precursors for various bioactive lipid mediators.
Phosphatidylcholine research is crucial for understanding cellular processes, metabolic disorders, and potential therapeutic interventions.
PubCompare.ai's AI-powered platform can enhance the accuracy and reproducibility of phosphatidylcholine research by helping researchers locate the best protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents, using data-driven comparisons to identify optimal methods and products.
This intuitive tool streamlines phosphatiylcholine research and provides valuable expterise to advance our understanding of this important class of lipids.

Most cited protocols related to «Phosphatidylcholines»

Lipid Extraction from Diluted Plasma

The lipid extraction (adapted from Matyash et al. 23 (link)) was carried out in high grade polypropylene deep well plates. Fifty microliters of diluted plasma (50×) (equivalent of 1 μL of undiluted plasma) was mixed with 130 μL of ammonium bicarbonate solution and 810 μL of methyl tert-butyl ether/methanol (7:2, v/v) solution was added. Twenty-one microliters of internal standard mixture was pre-mixed with the organic solvents mixture. The internal standard mixture contained: 50 pmol of lysophasphatidylglycerol (LPG) 17:1, 50 pmol of lysophosphatic acid (LPA) 17:0, 500 pmol of phosphatidylcholine (PC) 17:0/17:0, 30 pmol of hexosylceramide (HexCer) 18:1;2/12:0, 50 pmol of phosphatidylserine (PS) 17:0/17:0, 50 pmol of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) 17:0/17:0, 50 pmol of phosphatic acid (PA) 17:0/17:0, 50 pmol of lysophposphatidylinositol (LPI 17:1), 50 pmol of lysophosphatidylserine (LPS) 17:1, 1 nmol cholesterol (Chol) D6, 100 pmol of diacylglycerol (DAG) 17:0/17:0, 50 pmol of triacylglycerol (TAG) 17:0/17:0/17:0, 50 pmol of ceramide (Cer) 18:1;2/17:0, 200 pmol of sphingomyelin (SM) 18:1;2/12:0, 50 pmol of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) 12:0, 30 pmol of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) 17:1, 50 pmol of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) 17:0/17:0, 100 pmol of cholesterol ester (CE) 20:0, 50 pmol of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 16:0/16:0. The plate was then sealed with a teflon-coated lid, shaken at 4°C for 15 min, and spun down (3000 g, 5 min) to facilitate separation of the liquid phases and clean-up of the upper organic phase. Hundred microliters of the organic phase was transferred to an infusion plate and dried in a speed vacuum concentrator. Dried lipids were re-suspended in 40 μL of 7.5 mM ammonium acetate in chloroform/methanol/propanol (1:2:4, v/v/v) and the wells were sealed with an aluminum foil to avoid evaporation and contamination during infusion. All liquid handling steps were performed using Hamilton STARlet robotic platform with the Anti Droplet Control feature for organic solvents pipetting.

Surma M.A., Herzog R., Vasilj A., Klose C., Christinat N., Morin-Rivron D., Simons K., Masoodi M, & Sampaio J.L. (2015). An automated shotgun lipidomics platform for high throughput, comprehensive, and quantitative analysis of blood plasma intact lipids. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 117(10), 1540-1549.

Publication 2015

1-Propanol Acids Aluminum ammonium acetate ammonium bicarbonate Ceramides Chloroform Cholesterol Cholesterol Esters Diacylglycerol Lipids Lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylethanolamine lysophosphatidylserine Methanol methyl tert-butyl ether Phosphates Phosphatidylcholines phosphatidylethanolamine Phosphatidyl Glycerol Phosphatidylinositols Phosphatidylserines Plasma Polypropylenes Solvents Sphingomyelins Teflon Triglycerides Vacuum

Comprehensive Metabolomics Profiling

In total, 163 different metabolites were detected (Table 3 in Online Methods). The metabolomics dataset contains 14 amino acids, hexose (H1), free carnitine (C0), 40 acylcarnitines (Cx:y), hydroxylacylcarnitines (C(OH)x:y), and dicarboxylacylcarnitines (Cx:y-DC), 15 sphingomyelins (SMx:y) and N-hydroxylacyloylsphingosyl-phosphocholine (SM (OH)x:y), 77 phosphatidylcholines (PC, aa=diacyl, ae=acyl-alkyl) and 15 lysophosphatidylcholines. Lipid side chain composition is abbreviated as Cx:y, where x denotes the number of carbons in the side chain and y the number of double bonds. E.g. “PC ae C33:1” denotes an acyl-alkyl phosphatidylcholine with 33 carbons in the two fatty acid side chains and a single double bond in one of them. Full biochemical names are provided in Supplementary Table 4. The precise position of the double bonds and the distribution of the carbon atoms in different fatty acid side chains cannot be determined with this technology. In some cases, the mapping of metabolite names to individual masses can be ambiguous. For example, stereo-chemical differences are not always discernible, neither are isobaric fragments. In such cases, possible alternative assignments are indicated.

Illig T., Gieger C., Zhai G., Römisch-Margl W., Wang-Sattler R., Prehn C., Altmaier E., Kastenmüller G., Kato B.S., Mewes H.W., Meitinger T., de Angelis M.H., Kronenberg F., Soranzo N., Wichmann H.E., Spector T.D., Adamski J, & Suhre K. (2009). A genomewide perspective of genetic variation in human metabolism. Nature genetics, 42(2), 137-141.

Publication 2009

acylcarnitine Amino Acids Carbon Carnitine Fatty Acids Hexoses Lipids Lysophosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines Phosphorylcholine single bond Sphingomyelins

Lipid Annotation and Quantification

Lipid classes are: PE, phosphatidylethanolamines; LPE; lyso-phosphatidylethanolamines; PE-O, 1-alkyl-2-acylglycerophosphoethanolamines; PS, phosphatidylserines; PC, phosphatidylcholines; PC-O, 1-alkyl-2-acylglycerophosphocholines; LPC, lysophosphatidylcholines; SM, sphingomyelins; PA, phosphatidic acids; PG, phosphatidylglycerols; PI, phosphatidylinositols; DAG, diacylglycerols; TAG, triacylglycerols; CL, cardiolipins; LCL, triacyl-lysocardiolipins; Cer, ceramides; Chol, cholesterol; CholEst, cholesterol esters.
Individual molecular species are annotated as follows: :/:. For example, PC 18:0/18:1 stands for a phosphatidylcholine comprising the moieties stearic (18:0) and oleic (18:1) fatty acids. If the exact composition of fatty acid or fatty alcohol moieties is not known, the species are annotated as: :. In this way, PC 36:1 stands for a PC species having 36 carbon atoms and one double bond in both fatty acid moieties.

Herzog R., Schwudke D., Schuhmann K., Sampaio J.L., Bornstein S.R., Schroeder M, & Shevchenko A. (2011). A novel informatics concept for high-throughput shotgun lipidomics based on the molecular fragmentation query language. Genome Biology, 12(1), R8.

Publication 2011

Carbon Cardiolipins Ceramides Cholesterol Cholesterol Esters Diglycerides Fatty Acids Fatty Alcohols Lipids Lysophosphatidylcholines Phosphatidic Acids Phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylethanolamines Phosphatidylglycerols Phosphatidylinositols Phosphatidylserines Sphingomyelins Triglycerides

Quantification of Endogenous Lipids in Mouse Tissues

Endogenous lipids from mouse liver and heart were detected and quantified using several techniques. FC was quantified using straight-phase HPLC and ELS detection as previously described10 (link). Quantification was made against an external calibration curve. This chromatographic set-up was also used to fractionate DG. Quantification of CE, TG, SM, and phospholipids (all from the total extract) and DG (fractionated from the HPLC) was made by direct infusion (shotgun) on a QTRAP 5500 mass spectrometer (Sciex, Concord, Canada) equipped with a robotic nanoflow ion source, TriVersa NanoMate (Advion BioSciences, Ithaca, NJ)11 (link). For this analysis, total lipid extracts, stored in chloroform:methanol (2:1), were diluted with internal standard-containing chloroform/methanol (1:2) with 5mM ammonium acetate and then infused directly into the mass spectrometer. The characteristic dehydrocholesterol fragment m/z 369.3 was selected for precursor ion scanning of CE in positive ion mode12 (link). The analysis of TG and DG was performed in positive ion mode by neutral loss detection of 10 common acyl fragments formed during collision induced dissociation13 (link). The PC, LPC and SM were detected using precursor ion scanning of m/z 184.114 (link), while the PE, phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and phosphatidylinositol (PI) lipid classes were detected using neutral loss of m/z 141.0, m/z 185.0, m/z 189.0 and m/z 277.0 respectively15 (link)16 (link). For quantification, lipid class-specific internal standards were used. The internal standards were either deuterated or contained diheptadecanoyl (C17:0) fatty acids.
Ceramides (CER), dihydroceramides (DiCER), glucosylceramides (GlcCER) and lactosylceramides (LacCER) were quantified using a QTRAP 5500 mass spectrometer equipped with a Rheos Allegro quaternary ultra-performance pump (Flux Instruments, Basel, Switzerland). Before analysis the total extract was exposed to alkaline hydrolysis (0.1M potassium hydroxide in methanol) to remove phospholipids that could potentially cause ion suppression effects. After hydrolysis the samples were reconstituted in chloroform:methanol:water [3:6:2] and analyzed as previously described17 (link).
For the recovery experiments the tissue samples were spiked with non-endogenously present lipids (or endogenous lipids spiked at relatively high levels) and could therefore all be detected by lipid class specific scans using the shotgun approach. In the recovery experiment we therefore also included the PA and phosphatidylcholine plasmalogen (PC P) lipid class, which we could not measure endogenously using our current analytical platform. Due to poor ionization efficiency, FC was derivatized and analyzed as picolinyl esters according to previous publication18 (link). See Table 1 for details. With some exceptions, lipids are annotated according to Liebisch et al.19 (link).

Löfgren L., Forsberg G.B, & Ståhlman M. (2016). The BUME method: a new rapid and simple chloroform-free method for total lipid extraction of animal tissue. Scientific Reports, 6, 27688.

Publication 2016

Allegro ammonium acetate Ceramides Chloroform Chromatography Dehydrocholesterols dihydroceramide Esters Fatty Acids Glucosylceramides Heart High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies Hydrolysis Lactosylceramides Lipids Liver Methanol Mice, House Phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidyl Glycerol Phosphatidylinositols Phosphatidylserines Phospholipids Plasmalogens potassium hydroxide Radionuclide Imaging Tissues

Targeted Metabolomic Profiling of Plasma

LC-MSmass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is increasingly used in clinical settings for quantitative assay of small molecules and peptides such as vitamin D, serum bile acid and parathyroid hormone under Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments environments with high sensitivities and specificities³⁴. In this study, targeted metabolomic analysis of plasma samples was performed using the Biocrates Absolute-IDQ P180 (BIOCRATES, Life Science AG, Innsbruck, Austria). This validated targeted assay allows for simultaneous detection and quantification of metabolites in plasma samples (10 µL) in a high-throughput manner. The methods have been described in detail^{35 ,36}. The plasma samples were processed as per the instructions by the manufacturer and analyzed on a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer (Xevo TQ-S, Waters Corporation, USA) operating in the MRM mode. The measurements were made in a 96-well format for a total of 148 samples, and seven calibration standards and three quality control samples were integrated in the kit. Briefly, the flow injection analysis tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) method was used to quantify a panel of 144 lipids simultaneously by multiple reaction monitoring. The other metabolites are resolved on the UPLC and quantified using scheduled MRMs. The kit facilitates absolute quantitation of 21 amino acids, hexose, carnitine, 39 acylcarnitines, 15 sphingomyelins, 90 phosphatidylcholines and 19 biogenic amines. Data analysis was performed using the MetIQ software (Biocrates), and the statistical analyses included the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test with follow-up Mann-Whitney U-tests for pairwise comparisons using the STAT pack module v3 (Biocrates). Significance was adjusted for multiple comparisons using Bonferroni’s method (P < 0.025). The abundance is calculated from area under the curve by normalizing to the respective isotope labeled internal standard. The concentration is expressed as nmol/L. Human EDTA plasma samples spiked with standard metabolites were used as quality control samples to assess reproducibility of the assay. The mean of the coefficient of variation (CV) for the 180 metabolites was 0.08, and 95% of the metabolites had a CV of <0.15.

Mapstone M., Cheema A.K., Fiandaca M.S., Zhong X., Mhyre T.R., MacArthur L.H., Hall W.J., Fisher S.G., Peterson D.R., Haley J.M., Nazar M.D., Rich S.A., Berlau D.J., Peltz C.B., Tan M.T., Kawas C.H, & Federoff H.J. (2014). Plasma phospholipids identify antecedent memory impairment in older adults. Nature medicine, 20(4), 415-418.

Publication 2014

acylcarnitine Amino Acids Bile Acids Biogenic Amines Biological Assay Carnitine Clinical Laboratory Services Edetic Acid Ergocalciferol Flow Injection Analysis Hexoses Homo sapiens Hypersensitivity Isotopes Lipid A Parathyroid Hormone Peptides Phosphatidylcholines Plasma Serum Spectrometry Sphingomyelins Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Most recents protocols related to «Phosphatidylcholines»

Direct Analysis of Tissue Chemicals

Not available on PMC !

Example 16

Direct analysis of chemicals in animal tissue using probes of the invention was performed as shown in FIG. 29A. A small sections of tissue were removed and placed on a paper triangle. Methanol/water (1:1 v:v; 10 μl) was added to the paper as solvent and then 4.5 kV positive DC voltage was applied to produce the spray for MS analysis. Protonated hormone ions were observed for porcine adrenal gland tissue (1 mm³, FIG. 29B). FIG. 16 is a mass spectrum showing direct analysis of hormones in animal tissue by paper spray. A small piece of pig adrenal gland tissue (1 mm×1 mm×1 mm) was placed onto the paper surface, MeOH/water (1:1 v:v; 10 μl) was added and a voltage applied to the paper to produce a spray. The hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine were identified in the spectrum; at high mass the spectrum was dominated by phospolipid signals.

Lipid profiles were obtained for human prostate tissues (1 mm²×15 μm, FIGS. 29C and 29D) removed from the tumor and adjacent normal regions. Phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin (SM) were identified in the spectra. The peak of [PC(34:1)+K]⁺at m/z 798 was significantly more intense in tumor tissue (FIG. 29C) and peaks [SM(34:1)+Na]⁺at m/z 725, [SM(36:0)+Na]⁺at m/z 756, and [SM(36:4)+Na]⁺at m/z 804 were significantly lower compared with normal tissue (FIG. 29D).

US11867684B2. Sample dispenser including an internal standard and methods of use thereof (2024-01-09). Purdue Research Foundation [US]. Inventors: Zheng Ouyang [US], He Wang [US], Nicholas E. Manicke [US], Robert Graham Cooks [US], Qian Yang [US], Jiangjiang Liu [US].

Patent 2024

Adrenal Glands Animals Epinephrine Homo sapiens Hormones Ions Lipids Mass Spectrometry Methanol Neoplasms Norepinephrine Phosphatidylcholines Phospholipids Pigs Prostate Solvents Sphingomyelins Tissues

Prostate Tumor Tissue Metabolite Analysis

Not available on PMC !

Example 13

Systems and methods of the invention were used to analyze human prostate tumor tissue and normal tissue. Tumor and adjacent normal tissue sections were 15 μm thick and fixed onto a glass slide for an imaging study using desorption electrospray ionization (DESI). A metal needle was used to remove a 1 mm²×15 μm volume of tissue from the glass slide from the tumor region and then from the normal region and place them onto the surface of the paper triangle for paper spray analysis.

A droplet of methanol/water (1:1 v:v; 10 μl) was added to the paper as solvent and then 4.5 kV positive DC voltage applied to produce the spray. Phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin (SM) were identified in the spectrum (FIG. 17A-17B). The peak of [PC(34:1)+K]⁺at m/z 798 was significantly higher in tumor tissue and peaks [SM(34:1)+Na]⁺at m/z 725, [SM(36:0)+Na]⁺at m/z 756, and [SM(36:4)+Na]⁺at m/z 804 were significantly lower compared with normal tissue.

Patent 2024

Homo sapiens Metals Methanol Needles Neoplasms Phosphatidylcholines Phospholipids Prostatic Neoplasms Solvents Sphingomyelins Tissues

Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Krill Meal

Not available on PMC !

Example 6

Fresh krill was pumped from the harvesting trawl directly into an indirect steam cooker, and heated to 90 C. Water and a small amount of oil were removed in a screw press before ethoxyquin (antioxidant) was added and the denatured meal was dried under vacuum at a temperature not exceeding 80 C. After 19 months storage in room temperature, a sample of the denatured meal was extracted in two steps with supercritical CO₂in laboratory scale at a flow rate of 2 ml/min at 100 C and a pressure of 7500 psi. In the second step 20% ethanol was added to the CO₂. The two fractions collected were combined and analyzed by HPLC using ELS detection. The phosphatidylcholine was measured to 42.22% whereas the partly decomposed phosphatidylcholine was 1.68%. This data strongly contrasts the data obtained by analysis of a krill oil sample in the marketplace that showed a content of 9.05% of phosphatidylcholine and 4.60% of partly decomposed phosphatidylcholine.

US11865143B2. Bioeffective krill oil compositions (2024-01-09). AKER BIOMARINE ANTARCTIC AS [NO]. Inventors: Inge Bruheim [NO], Snorre Tilseth [NO], Daniele Mancinelli [NO].

Patent 2024

Antioxidants Contrast Media Ethanol Ethoxyquin Euphausiacea High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies Phosphatidylcholines Pressure Steam Vacuum

Budesonide-Loaded Liposomal Formulation

Budesonide was purchased from TCI (Shanghai, China). LA was obtained from Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Cholesterol, egg phosphatidylcholine (Egg-PC), and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy (polyethylene glycol) 2000] (DSPE-PEG_2k) were purchased from A.V.T. Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).

Xian S., Zhu J., Wang Y., Song H, & Wang H. (2023). Oral liposomal delivery of an activatable budesonide prodrug reduces colitis in experimental mice. Drug Delivery, 30(1), 2183821.

Publication 2023

1,2-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine Budesonide Cholesterol monomethoxypolyethylene glycol Pharmaceutical Preparations Phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylethanolamines

Lipid-based Nanoparticle Formulation Development

Hydrogenated soybean phosphatidylcholine (HSPC) was obtained from Japan NOF Corporation (Tokyo, Japan). Cholesterol and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-3-phospho glycerol (DPPG) were from Avanti Polar Lipids (AL, USA). Triolein was purchased from Shanghai Chemical Reagent Co. (Shanghai, China). l-Lysine was purchased from Sigma Aldrich Co. (USA). Ioversol injection (320 mg/mL) and ketamine (2 mL:0.1g) were from Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine Co., Ltd. (Lianyungang, China). Doxorubicin hydrochloride was from Shenzhen Wanle Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd (Shenzhen, China) and diazepam was from Xudonghaipu Medicine Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). All other reagents were of chemical pure or analytical grade. All the materials and reagents were used as received without any further purification.

Tang H., Cao C., Zhang G, & Sun Z. (2023). Impact of particle size of multivesicular liposomes on the embolic and therapeutic effects in rabbit VX2 liver tumor. Drug Delivery, 30(1), 1-16.

Publication 2023

Cholesterol Diazepam Glycerin Hydrochloride, Doxorubicin ioversol Ketamine Lipids Lysine Pharmaceutical Preparations Phosphatidylcholines Soybeans Triolein

Top products related to «Phosphatidylcholines»

Cholesterol by Merck Group

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Cholesterol is a lab equipment product that measures the concentration of cholesterol in a given sample. It provides quantitative analysis of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol levels.

L α phosphatidylcholine by Merck Group

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L-α-phosphatidylcholine is a naturally occurring phospholipid found in cell membranes. It is a key component of the phospholipid bilayer and plays a role in maintaining cell structure and function.

Methanol by Merck Group

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Methanol is a clear, colorless, and flammable liquid that is widely used in various industrial and laboratory applications. It serves as a solvent, fuel, and chemical intermediate. Methanol has a simple chemical formula of CH3OH and a boiling point of 64.7°C. It is a versatile compound that is widely used in the production of other chemicals, as well as in the fuel industry.

Chloroform by Merck Group

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Chloroform is a colorless, volatile liquid with a characteristic sweet odor. It is a commonly used solvent in a variety of laboratory applications, including extraction, purification, and sample preparation processes. Chloroform has a high density and is immiscible with water, making it a useful solvent for a range of organic compounds.

Phosphatidylcholine by Merck Group

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Phosphatidylcholine is a naturally occurring phospholipid that is a major component of cell membranes. It is a key structural element in the formation of lipid bilayers and plays a role in various cellular processes.

Phosphatidylcholine by Avanti Polar Lipids

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Phosphatidylcholine is a naturally occurring phospholipid that is a major component of cell membranes. It is a colorless, viscous liquid at room temperature. Phosphatidylcholine is a key structural element in biological membranes and plays a crucial role in cellular function and integrity.

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Sodium chloride (nacl) by Merck Group

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NaCl is a chemical compound commonly known as sodium chloride. It is a white, crystalline solid that is widely used in various industries, including pharmaceutical and laboratory settings. NaCl's core function is to serve as a basic, inorganic salt that can be used for a variety of applications in the lab environment.

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Acetonitrile is a colorless, volatile, flammable liquid. It is a commonly used solvent in various analytical and chemical applications, including liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, and other laboratory procedures. Acetonitrile is known for its high polarity and ability to dissolve a wide range of organic compounds.

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More about "Phosphatidylcholines"

Phosphatidylcholines, often abbreviated as PCs, are a crucial class of phospholipids that play a vital role in cellular membranes and signaling pathways.
These lipid molecules, composed of a glycerol backbone, a phosphocholine headgroup, and two fatty acid chains, are essential for maintaining membrane fluidity, regulating cell signaling, and serving as precursors for various bioactive lipid mediators.
Cholesterol is another important lipid molecule that often interacts with phosphatidylcholines, influencing membrane structure and function.
L-α-phosphatidylcholine, a common form of phosphatidylcholine, is widely used in research and pharmaceutical applications.
Phosphatidylcholine research is crucial for understanding cellular processes, metabolic disorders, and potential therapeutic interventions.
Researchers often utilize solvents like methanol and chloroform to extract and analyze phosphatidylcholines.
Fetal bovine serum (FBS) and sodium chloride (NaCl) may also be employed in cell culture and experimental protocols.
PubCompare.ai's AI-powered platform can enhance the accuracy and reproducibility of phosphatidylcholine research by helping researchers locate the best protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents, using data-driven comparisons to identify optimal methods and products.
This intuitive tool streamlines phosphatidiylcholine research and provides valuable expertise to advance our understanding of this important class of lipids.
Acetonitrile and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) are other solvents that may be used in phosphatidylcholine research, depending on the specific experimental requirements.
By leveraging the insights and capabilities offered by PubCompare.ai, researchers can unlock new discoveries and breakthroughs in the field of phosphatidylcholine biology and its applications.