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Phosphatidylglycerols

Phosphatidylglycerols are a class of glycerolipids found in the cell membranes of many organisms.
They play crucial roles in cellular processes such as signaling, energy production, and structural integrity.
PubCompare.ai, an AI-driven platform, can help optimize your Phosphatidylglycerols research by identifying the most effective methods and products from literature, preprints, and patents.
This tool enhances reproducibilty and accuracy, streamlining your research and advancing the understanding of this important biomolecular family.

Most cited protocols related to «Phosphatidylglycerols»

1
Lipid Annotation and Quantification
Lipid classes are: PE, phosphatidylethanolamines; LPE; lyso-phosphatidylethanolamines; PE-O, 1-alkyl-2-acylglycerophosphoethanolamines; PS, phosphatidylserines; PC, phosphatidylcholines; PC-O, 1-alkyl-2-acylglycerophosphocholines; LPC, lysophosphatidylcholines; SM, sphingomyelins; PA, phosphatidic acids; PG, phosphatidylglycerols; PI, phosphatidylinositols; DAG, diacylglycerols; TAG, triacylglycerols; CL, cardiolipins; LCL, triacyl-lysocardiolipins; Cer, ceramides; Chol, cholesterol; CholEst, cholesterol esters.
Individual molecular species are annotated as follows: :/:. For example, PC 18:0/18:1 stands for a phosphatidylcholine comprising the moieties stearic (18:0) and oleic (18:1) fatty acids. If the exact composition of fatty acid or fatty alcohol moieties is not known, the species are annotated as: :. In this way, PC 36:1 stands for a PC species having 36 carbon atoms and one double bond in both fatty acid moieties.
Herzog R., Schwudke D., Schuhmann K., Sampaio J.L., Bornstein S.R., Schroeder M, & Shevchenko A. (2011). A novel informatics concept for high-throughput shotgun lipidomics based on the molecular fragmentation query language. Genome Biology, 12(1), R8.
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Publication 2011
Carbon Cardiolipins Ceramides Cholesterol Cholesterol Esters Diglycerides Fatty Acids Fatty Alcohols Lipids Lysophosphatidylcholines Phosphatidic Acids Phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylethanolamines Phosphatidylglycerols Phosphatidylinositols Phosphatidylserines Sphingomyelins Triglycerides
2
Modeling Lipids and Proteins in Membranes
The standard lipid parameters for palmitoyl-oleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (POPE) and palmitoyl-oleoyl-phosphatidylglycerol (POPG) were taken from Wassenaar et al.41 (link) and those for CDL2 (a cardiolipin with a net charge of −2e) from Dahlberg and Maliniak.42 (link) The parameters for Na+ and Cl– were taken from Marrink et al.5 (link),6 (link) For Ca2+, a well-tested Martini model is not available yet. Here, Ca2+ was simply modeled as Na+ with +2e, as this has been used before in other published studies.43 (link) As in most applications, the standard water model was taken from Marrink et al.44 The parameters for LPS are those defined in Hsu et al.35 (link) Note that a few bonds with large force constants in the original LPS models were replaced with constraints to improve stability and allow larger integration time steps.6 (link) For the proteins, the Martini 2.1 protein force field was used45 (link) in combination with an elastic network.46 (link) The common settings associated with the Martini model were used to perform the simulations, including a 12-Å cutoff for the non-bonded interactions using shifted potentials.47 In this study, unless specified explicitly, all NPT (constant particle number, pressure and temperature) simulations were performed at 310 K, atmospheric pressure of 1 bar, and physiological salt concentration (150 mM NaCl for bulk solution with additional Na+ or Ca2+ ions to neutralize the LPS core and Lipid A, respectively). The systems generated by Martini Maker using default options (unless specified explicitly) were energy-minimized and equilibrated using the default settings of the README output file and the GROMACS 5.1 molecular dynamics package.48
Hsu P.C., Bruininks B.M., Jefferies D., de Souza P.C., Lee J., Patel D.S., Marrink S.J., Qi Y., Khalid S, & Im W. (2017). CHARMM-GUI Martini Maker for Modeling and Simulation of Complex Bacterial Membranes with Lipopolysaccharides. Journal of computational chemistry, 38(27), 2354-2363.
Publication 2017
Atmospheric Pressure Bond Force dental cement Cardiolipins Dietary Fiber Familial Amyloid Polyneuropathy, Type IV Ions Lipid A Lipids Molecular Dynamics oleoyl palmitoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine Phosphatidylglycerols physiology Pressure Proteins Sodium Chloride Sodium Chloride, Dietary
3
Synthesis and Characterization of Lipid II Analogs
Biotin-D-lysine (BDL) and synthetic Lipid II analog were prepared as previously described.29 (link),42 (link) Moenomycin A was isolated from Flavomycin stock. Vancomycin hydrochloride was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. 2-sulfonatoethyl methanethiosulfonate (MTSES) was purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals. Beta-lactam drugs were purchased from the indicated vendors: piperacillin sodium salt (VWR), imipenem monohydrate (Toronto Research Chemicals), methicillin sodium salt, mecillinam vetranal, cefaclor, oxacillin sodium salt and cephradine (Sigma-Aldrich). S. aureus lipids, 16:0 phosphatidylglycerol (abbreviated as PG), 14:0 cardiolipin (abbreviated as CL), and 16:0 lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol (abbreviated as LPG), were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids. Nalgene Oak Ridge High-Speed Centrifuge Tubes used for lipid extractions were purchased from Thermo Scientific. Streptavidin-HRP antibody was purchased from Pierce (Catalog #21130). Amersham ECL Prime Western Blotting Detection Reagent was purchased from GE Healthcare. Primers were purchased from Integrated DNA Technologies. Restriction endonucleases were purchased from New England Biolabs. Vectors and expression hosts were obtained from Novagen. Non-stick conical vials and pipette tips used for enzymatic reactions were from VWR. Tryptic Soy Broth and Luria Broth were purchased from Becton Dickinson.
S. aureus strain was grown at 37 °C in Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) media under aeration with shaking. B. subtilis and E. coli MurJA29C strain were grown at 37 °C in Luria Broth (LB) media under aeration with shaking. LC/MS chromatograms were obtained on an Agilent Technologies 1100 series LC-MSD instrument using electrospray ionization (ESI). HRMS data was obtained on a Bruker Maxis Impact LC-q-TOF Mass Spectrometer using ESI. Western blots were developed using Biomax Light Film (Kodak) or imaged using an Azure C400 imaging system. ImageJ was used for densitometric analysis of western blots.
Qiao Y., Srisuknimit V., Rubino F., Schaefer K., Ruiz N., Walker S, & Kahne D. (2017). Lipid II overproduction allows direct assay of transpeptidase inhibition by β-lactams. Nature chemical biology, 13(7), 793-798.
Publication 2017
(2-sulfonatoethyl)methanethiosulfonate Amdinocillin Azure A beta-Lactams Biotin Cardiolipins Cefaclor Cephradine Cloning Vectors Densitometry DNA Restriction Enzymes Enzymes Escherichia coli Flavomycin Hydrochloride, Vancomycin Imipenem Immunoglobulins Light lipid II Lipids Lysine lysylphosphatidylglycerol Methicillin Sodium moenomycin A Oligonucleotide Primers Pharmaceutical Preparations Phosphatidylglycerols Sodium, Piperacillin Sodium Chloride Sodium Oxacillin Staphylococcus aureus Strains Streptavidin tryptic soy broth Western Blot
4
Synthesis and Characterization of Lipid II Analogs
Biotin-D-lysine (BDL) and synthetic Lipid II analog were prepared as previously described.29 (link),42 (link) Moenomycin A was isolated from Flavomycin stock. Vancomycin hydrochloride was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. 2-sulfonatoethyl methanethiosulfonate (MTSES) was purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals. Beta-lactam drugs were purchased from the indicated vendors: piperacillin sodium salt (VWR), imipenem monohydrate (Toronto Research Chemicals), methicillin sodium salt, mecillinam vetranal, cefaclor, oxacillin sodium salt and cephradine (Sigma-Aldrich). S. aureus lipids, 16:0 phosphatidylglycerol (abbreviated as PG), 14:0 cardiolipin (abbreviated as CL), and 16:0 lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol (abbreviated as LPG), were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids. Nalgene Oak Ridge High-Speed Centrifuge Tubes used for lipid extractions were purchased from Thermo Scientific. Streptavidin-HRP antibody was purchased from Pierce (Catalog #21130). Amersham ECL Prime Western Blotting Detection Reagent was purchased from GE Healthcare. Primers were purchased from Integrated DNA Technologies. Restriction endonucleases were purchased from New England Biolabs. Vectors and expression hosts were obtained from Novagen. Non-stick conical vials and pipette tips used for enzymatic reactions were from VWR. Tryptic Soy Broth and Luria Broth were purchased from Becton Dickinson.
S. aureus strain was grown at 37 °C in Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) media under aeration with shaking. B. subtilis and E. coli MurJA29C strain were grown at 37 °C in Luria Broth (LB) media under aeration with shaking. LC/MS chromatograms were obtained on an Agilent Technologies 1100 series LC-MSD instrument using electrospray ionization (ESI). HRMS data was obtained on a Bruker Maxis Impact LC-q-TOF Mass Spectrometer using ESI. Western blots were developed using Biomax Light Film (Kodak) or imaged using an Azure C400 imaging system. ImageJ was used for densitometric analysis of western blots.
Qiao Y., Srisuknimit V., Rubino F., Schaefer K., Ruiz N., Walker S, & Kahne D. (2017). Lipid II overproduction allows direct assay of transpeptidase inhibition by β-lactams. Nature chemical biology, 13(7), 793-798.
Publication 2017
(2-sulfonatoethyl)methanethiosulfonate Amdinocillin Azure A beta-Lactams Biotin Cardiolipins Cefaclor Cephradine Cloning Vectors Densitometry DNA Restriction Enzymes Enzymes Escherichia coli Flavomycin Hydrochloride, Vancomycin Imipenem Immunoglobulins Light lipid II Lipids Lysine lysylphosphatidylglycerol Methicillin Sodium moenomycin A Oligonucleotide Primers Pharmaceutical Preparations Phosphatidylglycerols Sodium, Piperacillin Sodium Chloride Sodium Oxacillin Staphylococcus aureus Strains Streptavidin tryptic soy broth Western Blot
5
Comprehensive eQTL Mapping Analysis Protocols
Individual cohorts participating in the study followed the analysis plans as specified in our analysis cookbooks (https://github.com/molgenis/systemsgenetics/wiki/eQTL-mapping-analysis-cookbook-(eQTLGen); https://github.com/molgenis/systemsgenetics/wiki/eQTL-mapping-analysis-cookbook-for-RNA-seq-data; https://github.com/molgenis/systemsgenetics/wiki/QTL-mapping-analysis-cookbook-for-Affymetrix-expression-arrays) or with slight alterations as described in the Methods and Supplementary Note. Tools and source codes used for genotype harmonization, identification of sample mix-ups, eQTL mapping, meta-analyses and calculation of PGSs are available at https://github.com/molgenis/systemsgenetics/. Tools used for primary analyses were written in Java (v6, v7, v8; www.java.com). Plink v1.0.7 (https://zzz.bwh.harvard.edu/plink/) and v1.90 (https://www.cog-genomics.org/plink/1.9/) was used for clumping and pruning. Downstream analyses and plots were done with R (v3.4.4, v3.6.1, v4.0.0; https://cran.r-project.org/) using packages data.table v1.12 (https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/data.table/), tidyverse v1.2.1 (https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/tidyverse/), broom v0.5.1 package (https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/broom/), pheatmap v1.0.12 package (https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/pheatmap/), GeneOverlap v1.18.0 (https://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/GeneOverlap.html). Power analyses were conducted by R package pwr v1.3–0 (https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/pwr/). scRNA-seq analyses made use of Cell Ranger Single Cell Software Suite v3.0.2 (https://support.10xgenomics.com/single-cell-gene-expression/software/pipelines/latest/what-is-cell-ranger) and its implementation of STAR aligner. ToppGene web tool (https://toppgene.cchmc.org/) was used for some interpretative enrichment analyses, as well as GeneNetwork web tool (https://genenetwork.nl/). Decon2 framework was (https://github.com/molgenis/systemsgenetics/tree/master/Decon2) used for predicting cell counts in BIOS data. We formatted our cis-eQTLs into the BESD format using SMR (https://cnsgenomics.com/software/smr/#Overview).
Võsa U., Claringbould A., Westra H.J., Bonder M.J., Deelen P., Zeng B., Kirsten H., Saha A., Kreuzhuber R., Yazar S., Brugge H., Oelen R., de Vries D.H., van der Wijst M.G., Kasela S., Pervjakova N., Alves I., Favé M.J., Agbessi M., Christiansen M.W., Jansen R., Seppälä I., Tong L., Teumer A., Schramm K., Hemani G., Verlouw J., Yaghootkar H., Sönmez R., Brown A., Kukushkina V., Kalnapenkis A., Rüeger S., Porcu E., Kronberg J., Kettunen J., Lee B., Zhang F., Qi T., Hernandez J.A., Arindrarto W., Beutner F., Dmitrieva J., Elansary M., Fairfax B.P., Georges M., Heijmans B.T., Hewitt A.W., Kähönen M., Kim Y., Knight J.C., Kovacs P., Krohn K., Li S., Loeffler M., Marigorta U.M., Mei H., Momozawa Y., Müller-Nurasyid M., Nauck M., Nivard M.G., Penninx B.W., Pritchard J.K., Raitakari O.T., Rotzschke O., Slagboom E.P., Stehouwer C.D., Stumvoll M., Sullivan P., ‘t Hoen P.A., Thiery J., Tönjes A., van Dongen J., van Iterson M., Veldink J.H., Völker U., Warmerdam R., Wijmenga C., Swertz M., Andiappan A., Montgomery G.W., Ripatti S., Perola M., Kutalik Z., Dermitzakis E., Bergmann S., Frayling T., van Meurs J., Prokisch H., Ahsan H., Pierce B.L., Lehtimäki T., Boomsma D.I., Psaty B.M., Gharib S.A., Awadalla P., Milani L., Ouwehand W.H., Downes K., Stegle O., Battle A., Visscher P.M., Yang J., Scholz M., Powell J., Gibson G., Esko T, & Franke L. (2021). Large-scale cis- and trans-eQTL analyses identify thousands of genetic loci and polygenic scores that regulate blood gene expression. Nature genetics, 53(9), 1300-1310.
Publication 2021
Cells Cytisus Gene Expression Genotype Infantile Neuroaxonal Dystrophy Phosphatidylglycerols RNA-Seq Single-Cell RNA-Seq Trees

Most recents protocols related to «Phosphatidylglycerols»

1
Reconstitution of membrane proteins
Protein kinase A, lactate dehydrogenase, and phosphoenol-pyruvate were purchased from Roche CustomBiotech (Indianapolis, IN). Adenosine-5′-triphosphate disodium salt (ATP) ultrapure 98% was obtained from Alfa Aesar (Tewksbury, MA). Verapamil was acquired from Sigma Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO). n-dodecyl-β-D-maltopyranoside (DDM) was bought from Inalco S. p.A (Milano, Italy). Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Burlington, MA).
E. coli polar lipids (polar extract) and synthetic lipids were acquired from Avanti (Alabaster, AL); these include 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine or 16:0-18:1 PC (POPC), 1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine (POPE), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine (POPS), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylinositol (POPI), 1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylglycerol (POPG), DPPA, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate or 16:0 PA, 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC). Sphingomyelin (SM) was >99% pure from porcine brain with major acyl chains of 18:0 (50%) and 21:1 (21%), and cardiolipin (CL) was from >99% bovine heart with major acyl chains of 18:2 (90%). All synthetic lipids, SM and CL had very low tryptophan fluorescence (ex/em 295/350 nm) if purchased as powder. Cholesterol (Chol) and cholesteryl hemisuccinate (CHS) were purchased from Anatrace (Maumee, OH).
General chemicals were at the highest grade from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, Massachusetts).
Tran N.N., Bui A.T., Jaramillo-Martinez V., Weber J., Zhang Q, & Urbatsch I.L. (2023). Lipid environment determines the drug-stimulated ATPase activity of P-glycoprotein. Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, 10, 1141081.
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Publication 2023
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine Adenosine Triphosphate Alabaster Brain Cardiolipins Cattle Cholesterol cholesterol-hemisuccinate Coenzyme I Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine Escherichia coli Fluorescence Glycerylphosphorylcholine Heart Lactate Dehydrogenase Lipids Phosphates Phosphatidylethanolamines Phosphatidylglycerols Phosphatidylinositols Phosphoenolpyruvate Pigs Powder Serine Sodium Chloride Sphingomyelins Tryptophan Verapamil
2
Urine and Kidney Lipid Profiling
Urine was collected from nonobese and obese mice and centrifuged at 1,000g for 10 minutes to remove cellular debris. Lysosome-enriched subcellular fractions were isolated from kidneys using a modified version of a method described previously (66 (link)). Kidneys were homogenized with pestles in 1 mL of subcellular fractionation buffer (HEPES 20 mM, sucrose 250 mM, KCl 10 mM, MgCl2 1.5 mM, EDTA 1 mM, EGTA 1 mM, dithiothreitol 8 mM, pH adjusted to 7.5 with NaOH). Debris and nuclei were pelleted at 750g for 12 minutes. The supernatant was centrifuged at 10,000g for 35 minutes to pellet the lysosome-enriched fraction. The pellet was washed once with subcellular fractionation buffer. Lipid extraction from urine and the lysosome-enriched fraction was performed using the Bligh and Dyer method with minor modifications (67 (link)). BMP, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, lysophosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, monoacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, triacylglycerol, cholesterol, ceramide, hexose ceramide, lactosylceramide, and sphingomyelin were analyzed by supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) (Nexera UC system, Shimadzu; equipped with an ACQUITY UPC2 Torus diethylamine [DEA] column: 3.0 mm inner diameter [i.d.] × 100 mm, 1.7 μm particle size, Waters) and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (TQMS; LCMS-8060, Shimadzu) (DEA-SFC/MS/MS) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode (68 (link)). Fatty acids and cholesterylester were analyzed using an SFC (Shimadzu) with an ACQUITY UPC2 HSS C18 SB column (3.0 mm i.d. × 100 mm, 1.8 μm particle size, Waters) coupled with a TQMS (Shimadzu) (C18-SFC/MS/MS) in MRM mode (69 (link)). The amount of each lipid species was normalized either to the urine creatinine concentration, measured using a QuantiChrom Creatinine Assay Kit (DICT-500) (BioAssay Systems), or to kidney weight.
Nakamura J., Yamamoto T., Takabatake Y., Namba-Hamano T., Minami S., Takahashi A., Matsuda J., Sakai S., Yonishi H., Maeda S., Matsui S., Matsui I., Hamano T., Takahashi M., Goto M., Izumi Y., Bamba T., Sasai M., Yamamoto M., Matsusaka T., Niimura F., Yanagita M., Nakamura S., Yoshimori T., Ballabio A, & Isaka Y. (2023). TFEB-mediated lysosomal exocytosis alleviates high-fat diet–induced lipotoxicity in the kidney. JCI Insight, 8(4), e162498.
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Publication 2023
Biological Assay Buffers CDw17 antigen Cell Nucleus Cells Ceramides Cholesterol Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid Creatinine Diacylglycerol diethylamine Dithiothreitol Edetic Acid Egtazic Acid Fatty Acids HEPES Hexoses Kidney Laser Capture Microdissection Lipids Lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylethanolamine Lysosomes Magnesium Chloride Mass Spectrometry Mice, Obese Monoglycerides Phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylethanolamines Phosphatidylglycerols Phosphatidylinositols Phosphatidylserines Radiotherapy Dose Fractionations Sphingomyelins Subcellular Fractions Sucrose Tandem Mass Spectrometry Triglycerides Urine
3
Comparative Lipid Profiling by FIA-FTMS
The analysis of lipids was performed by direct flow injection analysis (FIA) using a high-resolution Fourier Transform (FT) hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometer (FIA-FTMS) [53 (link)]. TG, diglycerides (DG) and cholesteryl esters (CE) were recorded in positive ion mode as [M + NH4]+ in m/z range 500–1000 and a target resolution of 140,000 (at m/z 200). CE species were corrected for their species-specific response [54 (link)]. Ceramides (Cer), phosphatidylcholines (PC), ether PC (PC O), phosphatidylethanolamines (PE), ether PE (PE O), phosphatidylglycerols (PG), phosphatidylinositols (PI), and sphingomyelins (SM) were analyzed in negative ion mode in m/z range 520–960; lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC) and lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) in m/z range 400–650. Multiplexed acquisition (MSX) was applied for free cholesterol (FC) and the internal standard FC[D7] [54 (link)]. Lipid annotation is based on the latest update of the shorthand notation [55 (link)].
The datasets from liver and plasma lipidomes were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) using the MetaboAnalystR 3.2 package for R version 4.2.1. For the PCA, the relative metabolite composition of individual lipid species within the different lipid classes were used. Prior to the PCA, variables with missing values were either excluded from the analyzes if more than 50% of the samples were missing or the missing values were replaced by the limit of detection (1/5 of the minimum positive value of each variable). After normalization by log transformation and autoscaling the remaining values were used for the PCA.
Schäfer L., Grundmann S.M., Maheshwari G., Höring M., Liebisch G., Most E., Eder K, & Ringseis R. (2023). Effect of replacement of soybean oil by Hermetia illucens fat on performance, digestibility, cecal microbiome, liver transcriptome and liver and plasma lipidomes of broilers. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 14, 20.
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Publication 2023
Ceramides Cholesterol Cholesterol Esters Diglycerides Ethyl Ether Flow Injection Analysis Hybrids Lipidome Lipids Liver Lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylethanolamine M-200 Phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylethanolamines Phosphatidylglycerols Phosphatidylinositols Plasma Sphingomyelins
4
Genetic Regulation of miRNA and mRNA in T2D
A detailed description of computational and experimental analyses is provided in SI Appendix, Materials and Methods. Briefly, we performed smRNA-seq on 63 HPI samples and RNA-seq on 39 HPIs—quantifying miRNA and mRNA expression. Using 63 HPIs with genotypes, we estimated the SNP-based heritability for miRNA (n = 57) and mRNA (n = 39) transcripts and decomposed the variance in the expression of heritable transcripts into cis- and trans-acting genetic components using LIMIX v3.0.4. We tested for genetic variants associated with miRNA expression (miRNA-eQTLs) using LIMIX v3.0.4. To identify T2D-relevant miRNAs, we performed a colocalization analysis with miRNA-eQTLs and genetic loci associated with T2D and glycemic traits using coloc v3.1. To identify potential gene targets of miRNAs that colocalized with T2D or a glycemic trait, we also performed a colocalization analysis with miRNA-eQTLs and genetic loci associated with exon and gene expression in HPIs. We overlapped 99% credible set SNPs from genetic studies for T2D and glycemic traits with miRNA mature transcripts and target sites to identify variants that may alter miRNA function. Finally, we used DESeq2 v1.32.0 to identify miRNAs differentially expressed across T2D status, PGSs of T2D and glycemic traits, and other common phenotypes (i.e., sex, age, and BMI).
Taylor H.J., Hung Y.H., Narisu N., Erdos M.R., Kanke M., Yan T., Grenko C.M., Swift A.J., Bonnycastle L.L., Sethupathy P., Collins F.S, & Taylor D.L. (2023). Human pancreatic islet microRNAs implicated in diabetes and related traits by large-scale genetic analysis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 120(7), e2206797120.
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Publication 2023
Exons Gene Expression Genes Genes, Regulator Genetic Diversity Genetic Loci Genotype MicroRNAs Phenotype Phosphatidylglycerols Reproduction RNA, Messenger RNA-Seq Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
5
Targeted Lipidomics from Serum Samples
For targeted lipidomics, a semi-quantitative approach was used. Lipids were extracted from 100 µL serum samples using simple protein precipitation in pre-chilled isopropanol (IPA) at 4 °C. The samples were mixed with lipid internal standard, after which 500 µL of pre-chilled IPA was added, vortexed for 1 min, placed at −20 °C for 10 min, and vortexed again for 10 min. After 2 h at 4 °C, the mixture was centrifuged at 10,300× g for 10 min at 4 °C, and the supernatant was removed. All analyses were performed in electron spray ionization (ESI) mode using a Waters iclass-Xevo TQ-S ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry system (Waters, Milford, MA, USA). The dwell time for each lipid species was 3 ms. The source nitrogen temperature was 120 °C, and the flow rate was 150 L/h. The desolvation gas temperature was 500 °C, and the flow rate was 1000 L/h. The capillary voltage was 2.8 kV in the positive mode and 1.9 kV in the negative mode. The autosampler operated at 4 °C and the column chamber at 45 °C during the analysis.
Lipid species were separated using a Waters Acquity UPLC BEH Amide column (1.7 μm, 2.1 × 100 mm). Solvent A was 95% acetonitrile containing 10 mM ammonium acetate, and solvent B was 50% acetonitrile containing 10 mM ammonium acetate. The mobile-phase gradient was 0.1–20% B for 2 min, followed by 20–80% B for 3 min and 3 min re-equilibration, with a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min. Mass spectrometry multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) was established for the identification and quantitative analysis of various lipids. Individual lipids were quantitated relative to their respective internal standards, including d7-phosphatidylcholine (15:0/18:1), d7-phosphatidylethanolamine (15:0/18:1), d7-phosphatidylglycerol (15:0/18:1), d7-phosphatidylinositol (15:0/18:1), d7-lysophosphatidylcholines (15:0/18:1), d7-lysophosphatidylethanolamine (15:0/18:1), d7-diacylglycerols (15:0/18:1), d7- triacylglycerols (15:0/18:1), d9-sphingomyelin (18:1), d7-cholesteryl esters (18:1), and d7-monoacylglycerols (18:1) obtained from Avanti Polar Lipids, and d7-phosphatidic acids (15:0/18:1) from Sigma-Aldrich.
Wang A., Zhang H., Liu J., Yan Z., Sun Y., Su W., Yu J.G., Mi J, & Zhao L. (2023). Targeted Lipidomics and Inflammation Response to Six Weeks of Sprint Interval Training in Male Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(4), 3329.
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Publication 2023
acetonitrile Amides ammonium acetate Capillaries Cholesterol Esters Diglycerides Electrons High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies Isopropyl Alcohol Lipids Lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylethanolamine Mass Spectrometry Monoglycerides Nitrogen Phosphatidic Acids Phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylethanolamines Phosphatidylglycerols Phosphatidylinositols Proteins Serum Solvents Sphingomyelins Tandem Mass Spectrometry Triglycerides

Top products related to «Phosphatidylglycerols»

1
Phosphatidylcholine by Avanti Polar Lipids
Sourced in United States
Phosphatidylcholine is a naturally occurring phospholipid that is a major component of cell membranes. It is a colorless, viscous liquid at room temperature. Phosphatidylcholine is a key structural element in biological membranes and plays a crucial role in cellular function and integrity.
2
Phosphatidylglycerol by Avanti Polar Lipids
Sourced in United States
Phosphatidylglycerol is a type of phospholipid that is a key component of cell membranes. It plays a crucial role in the structural integrity and function of various biological systems.
3
Chloroform by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, India, Italy, Spain, France, Canada, Switzerland, China, Australia, Brazil, Poland, Ireland, Sao Tome and Principe, Chile, Japan, Belgium, Portugal, Netherlands, Macao, Singapore, Sweden, Czechia, Cameroon, Austria, Pakistan, Indonesia, Israel, Malaysia, Norway, Mexico, Hungary, New Zealand, Argentina
Chloroform is a colorless, volatile liquid with a characteristic sweet odor. It is a commonly used solvent in a variety of laboratory applications, including extraction, purification, and sample preparation processes. Chloroform has a high density and is immiscible with water, making it a useful solvent for a range of organic compounds.
4
L α phosphatidylglycerol by Avanti Polar Lipids
Sourced in United States
L-α-phosphatidylglycerol is a naturally occurring phospholipid commonly found in bacterial cell membranes. It is a key component of the lipid bilayer and plays a role in maintaining the structural integrity and function of cell membranes.
5
Epichlorohydrin by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, France, Spain, Czechia
Epichlorohydrin is a colorless, oily liquid that is used as a raw material in the production of various chemicals and materials. It is a versatile compound that can be utilized in the synthesis of epoxy resins, water treatment chemicals, and other industrial applications. The core function of epichlorohydrin is to serve as a building block for the manufacturing of these important products.
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Bio beads sm 2 by Bio-Rad
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Bio-Beads SM-2 are macroporous polystyrene beads designed for size exclusion chromatography. They have a porous structure that allows for the separation of molecules based on their size and shape. The beads have a specified surface area and pore size distribution.
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4 6 diamidino 2 phenylindole (dapi) by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Japan, China, Canada, Italy, Australia, France, Switzerland, Spain, Belgium, Denmark, Panama, Poland, Singapore, Austria, Morocco, Netherlands, Sweden, Argentina, India, Finland, Pakistan, Cameroon, New Zealand
DAPI is a fluorescent dye used in microscopy and flow cytometry to stain cell nuclei. It binds strongly to the minor groove of double-stranded DNA, emitting blue fluorescence when excited by ultraviolet light.
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1 2 dioleoyl sn glycero 3 phosphoethanolamine n lissamine rhodamine b sulfonyl rhod pe by Avanti Polar Lipids
Sourced in United States
1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(lissamine rhodamine B sulfonyl) (Rhod-PE) is a fluorescent lipid probe. It consists of a phosphatidylethanolamine headgroup with a lissamine rhodamine B sulfonyl fluorophore attached to the ethanolamine nitrogen. Rhod-PE can be used to label and visualize lipid membranes and vesicles.
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1 2 dimyristoyl sn glycero 3 phosphatidylcholine by Avanti Polar Lipids
Sourced in United States
1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine is a synthetic phospholipid. It is a key component in the formulation of liposomes and lipid-based drug delivery systems.
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Phosphatidylinositol by Avanti Polar Lipids
Sourced in United States
Phosphatidylinositol is a type of phospholipid found in the cell membranes of eukaryotic organisms. It plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, including signal transduction, membrane trafficking, and cytoskeleton organization.

More about "Phosphatidylglycerols"

Phosphatidylglycerols, also known as PGs, are a class of glycerolipids that play a crucial role in cellular processes such as signaling, energy production, and membrane integrity.
These lipids are found in the cell membranes of many organisms, including bacteria, plants, and animals.
Phosphatidylcholines (PCs) and Phosphatidylglycerols (PGs) are closely related, as they are both types of glycerolipids.
PCs are important for membrane structure and function, while PGs are involved in various cellular processes.
Chloroform is often used in the extraction and purification of these lipids, such as L-α-phosphatidylglycerol.
Epichlorohydrin is a chemical compound that can be used in the synthesis of PGs, and Bio-Beads SM-2 are a type of resin used for the purification of these lipids.
DAPI, a fluorescent dye, can be used to stain and visualize PGs, while Rhod-PE is a rhodamine-labeled phosphatidylethanolamine that can be used as a fluorescent probe. 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine is a specific type of PC that can be used in research and applications involving PGs.
Phosphatidylinositol (PI) is another class of glycerolipids that is often studied in the context of cellular signaling and membrane dynamics.
PubCompare.ai is an AI-driven platform that can help optimize your Phosphatidylglycerols research by identifying the most effective methods and products from literature, preprints, and patents.
This tool enhances reproducibilty and accuracy, streamlining your research and advancing the understanding of this important biomolecular family.