LC-MS/MS acquisition for all in house generated libraries was performed using a Bruker Daltonics Maxis qTOF mass spectrometer equipped with a standard electrospray ionization source (ESI). The mass spectrometer was tuned by infusion of Tuning Mix ES-TOF (Agilent Technologies) at a 3 μL/min flow rate. For accurate mass measurements, lock mass internal calibration used a wick saturated with hexakis (1H,1H,3H-tetrafluoropropoxy) phosphazene ions (Synquest Laboratories, m/z 922.0098) located within the source. Samples were introduced by a Thermo Scientific UltraMate 3000 Dionex UPLC using a 20 μL injection volume. A Phenomenex Kinetex 2.6 μm C18 column (2.1 mm × 50 mm) was used. Compounds from NIH Prestwick Phytochemical Library, NIH Natural Product Library, and NIH Small Molecule Pharmacologically Active Library were separated using a seven minute linear water-acetonitrile gradient (from 98:2 to 2:98 water:acetonitrile) containing 0.1% formic acid. Compounds from NIH Clinical Collections and FDA Library part 2 Library employed a step gradient for chromatographic separation [5% solvent B (2:98 water:acetonitrile) containing 0.1% formic acid for 1.5 min, a step gradient of 5% B-50% B in 0.5 min, held at 50% B for 2 min, a second step of 50% B-100% B in 6 min, held at 100% B for 0.5 min, 100%-5 % B in 0.5 min and kept at 5% B for 0.5 min]. The flow rate was 0.5 mL/min. The mass spectrometer was operated in data dependent positive ion mode; automatically switching between full scan MS and MS/MS acquisitions. Full scan MS spectra (m/z 50 – 1500) were acquired in the TOF and the top ten most intense ions in a particular scan were fragmented using collision induced dissociation (CID) utilizing stepping.
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Biologically Active Substance
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Phytochemicals
Phytochemicals
Phytochemicals are naturally occurring plant-derived compounds that exhibit a wide range of biological activities.
These bioactive molecules play crucial roles in plant defense mechanisms and have been the focus of extensive research for their potential health benefits.
Phytochemicals encompass a diverse array of chemical structures, including polyphenols, carotenoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids, among others.
They have been studied for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties, as well as their potential to modulate various physiological processes.
Understadning the mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential of phytochemicals is an active area of investigation in the field of natural product research and drug discovery.
Exploring the optimial methods to identify, isolate, and characterize these plant-based compounds is essential for leveraging their power in enhancing human health and wellness.
These bioactive molecules play crucial roles in plant defense mechanisms and have been the focus of extensive research for their potential health benefits.
Phytochemicals encompass a diverse array of chemical structures, including polyphenols, carotenoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids, among others.
They have been studied for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties, as well as their potential to modulate various physiological processes.
Understadning the mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential of phytochemicals is an active area of investigation in the field of natural product research and drug discovery.
Exploring the optimial methods to identify, isolate, and characterize these plant-based compounds is essential for leveraging their power in enhancing human health and wellness.
Most cited protocols related to «Phytochemicals»
acetonitrile
ARID1A protein, human
cDNA Library
Chromatography
formic acid
Ions
Natural Products
Phytochemicals
Radionuclide Imaging
Solvents
Tandem Mass Spectrometry
An overarching goal of this work is to create a platform for exploring the chemistry of the phytochemicals of Indian medicinal plants. Evaluation of the phytochemicals of Indian medicinal plants for their druggability or drug-likeliness will facilitate the identification of molecules for drug discovery. We would like to emphasize that synonymous chemical names are pervasive across the literature on traditional Indian medicine which were mined to construct this database. In order to remove redundancy, we manually annotated the common names of phytochemicals of Indian medicinal plants compiled from literature sources with documented synonyms and standard chemical identifiers (Fig. 1 ) from Pubchem44 (link), CHEBI45 (link), CAS (https://www.cas.org/ ), CHEMSPIDER46 , KNAPSACK47 (link), CHEMFACES (http://www.chemfaces.com ), FOODB (http://foodb.ca/ ), NIST Chemistry webbook48 and Human Metabolome database (HMDB)49 (link). While assigning standard identifiers to phytochemicals in our database, we have chosen the following priority order: Pubchem44 (link), CHEBI45 (link), CAS, CHEMSPIDER46 , KNAPSACK47 (link), CHEMFACES, FOODB, NIST Chemistry webbook48 and HMDB49 (link). We highlight that this extensive manual curation effort led to the mapping of more than 15000 common names of phytochemicals used across literature sources to a unique set of 9596 standard chemical identifiers. Phytochemicals which could not be mapped to standard chemical identifiers were excluded from our finalized database. Our choice to include only phytochemicals with standard identifiers and structure information was dictated by our goal to investigate the chemistry and druggability of phytochemicals of Indian medicinal plants. We remark that the 2D structure information for the unique set of 9596 IMPPAT phytochemicals was obtained using the standard chemical identifiers from the respective databases. We have also determined the chemical classification of the IMPPAT phytochemicals using ClassyFire50 (link) (http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/ ). ClassyFire50 (link) gives a hierarchical classification for each chemical compound into kingdom (organic or inorganic), followed by super-class, followed by class, followed by sub-class. Note that ClassyFire classifies organic compounds into 26 super-classes. In a nutshell, this largely manual effort to compile a non-redundant chemical library of 9596 phytochemicals of Indian medicinal plants with standard identifiers and structure information will serve as valuable resource for natural product-based drug discovery in future. Moreover, the use of standard chemical identifiers will enable effortless integration of our IMPPAT database with other data sources.
11-dehydrocorticosterone
Homo sapiens
Metabolome
Natural Products
Organic Chemicals
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Phytochemicals
Plants
Plants, Medicinal
A small portion of the dry extract was used for the phytochemical tests for compounds which include tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and steroids in accordance with the methods of [17 ,18 ] with little modifications. Exactly 1.0 g of plant extract was dissolved in10 ml of distilled water and filtered (using Whatman No 1 filter paper) A blue colouration resulting from the addition of ferric chloride reagent to the filtrate indicated the presence of tannins in the extract. Exactly 0.5 g of the plant extract was dissolved in 5 ml of 1% HCl on steam bath. A millilitre of the filtrate was treated with few drops of Dragendorff's reagent. Turbidity or precipitation was taken as indicative of the presence of alkaloid. About 0.2 g of the extract was dissolved in 2 ml of methanol and heated. A chip of magnesium metal was added to the mixture followed by the addition of a few drops of concentrated HCl. The occurrence of a red or orange colouration was indicative of the flavonoids. Freshly prepared 7% blood agar plate was used and wells were made in it. The crude extract dissolved in 10% methanol was used to fill the wells bored in the blood agar plates. Ten percent methanol was used as a negative control while commercial saponin solution was used as a positive control. The plates were incubated at 35°C for 6 h. complete haemolysis of the blood around the extract was indicative of saponin. About 0.5 g of the extract was dissolved in 3 ml of chloroform and filtered. Concentrated H2SO4 was carefully added to the filtrate to form lower layer. A reddish brown colour at the interface was taken as positive for steroid ring.
Agar
Alkaloids
BLOOD
Chloroform
Complex Extracts
DNA Chips
ferric chloride
Flavonoids
Hemolysis
Magnesium
Metals
Methanol
Phytochemicals
Plant Alkaloids
Plant Extracts
Saponin
Saponins
Steam Bath
Steroids
Tannins
The average population intake aims (Joint WHO/FAO consultation, 2003 ) have served as the starting point for developing criteria to evaluate food products according to their nutrient content. However, the range of fat, salt, added sugar, fibre and other nutrients between foods and beverages is far too great to create one set of criteria for all food products. Thus, product grouping is needed (Scarborough et al., 2007 (link), 2010 (link)) to assure alignment with the aims of the International Choices Programme: to help consumers choose within a product group and to stimulate producers to improve the nutrient composition. This can only be achieved if criteria are separately set for different product groups—such as fats and beverages, rather than with a single set of criteria that compares foods across the food supply (Rayner et al., 2005 ; Drewnowski and Fulgoni, 2008 (link); Katz et al., 2010 (link)).
Nutrient criteria have been developed for trans-fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, sodium and added sugars, because high intakes of these nutrients negatively affect health. The nutrient definitions and related health risks are provided inTable 1 . The focus is not only on limiting the intake of nutrients with a negative impact on health, but also on ensuring the intake of essential and beneficial nutrients. To achieve this, a distinction has been made between basic foods and discretionary foods. Basic food product groups were based on product group classifications from food-based dietary guidelines used in more than 20 countries worldwide (see legend to Table 2 ), which significantly contribute to the intake of essential and beneficial nutrients (for example, vitamins, minerals) and water. Discretionary product groups do not significantly contribute to the intake of beneficial nutrients. They are included because they are eaten frequently, are important sources of trans-fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, sodium, added sugar and energy, and therefore targets for product innovation.
An emphasis on healthy choices in basic product groups is encouraged by setting the criteria for discretionary foods at a more restrictive level than for basic foods. This is explained below.Table 2 (second column) provides an overview of all product groups.
Fibre was the subject of much debate. Indeed, manufacturers often add artificial or isolated fibres such as inulin as a ‘beneficial nutrient' to many foods. However, the effects on health of these isolated fibres are inconclusive (Cummings et al., 2009 (link)), and these purified fibres do not provide the micronutrients and phytochemicals that are present in sources of naturally occurring fibre, such as whole grains (Pascoe and Fulcher, 2008 ). The significance of this in terms of public health is great for countries such as Mexico, where tortillas represent around a quarter of the calories consumed (Popkin, 2008 ). Therefore, to promote fibre intake, a fibre criterion was added for relevant product groups. In line with the evidence, and to ensure sufficient micronutrient intake, the source of fibre must originate from the actual ingredients of the product group (for example, whole grain, vegetables).
Furthermore, as the Choices Programme aims to promote appropriate energy intake, an energy criterion has been defined for product groups that either substantially contribute to energy intake (for example, main courses and filled sandwiches) or for which a limited consumption is recommended (discretionary product groups): for example, sugar-sweetened beverages (Popkin et al., 2006 (link)).
Nutrient criteria have been developed for trans-fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, sodium and added sugars, because high intakes of these nutrients negatively affect health. The nutrient definitions and related health risks are provided in
An emphasis on healthy choices in basic product groups is encouraged by setting the criteria for discretionary foods at a more restrictive level than for basic foods. This is explained below.
Fibre was the subject of much debate. Indeed, manufacturers often add artificial or isolated fibres such as inulin as a ‘beneficial nutrient' to many foods. However, the effects on health of these isolated fibres are inconclusive (Cummings et al., 2009 (link)), and these purified fibres do not provide the micronutrients and phytochemicals that are present in sources of naturally occurring fibre, such as whole grains (Pascoe and Fulcher, 2008 ). The significance of this in terms of public health is great for countries such as Mexico, where tortillas represent around a quarter of the calories consumed (Popkin, 2008 ). Therefore, to promote fibre intake, a fibre criterion was added for relevant product groups. In line with the evidence, and to ensure sufficient micronutrient intake, the source of fibre must originate from the actual ingredients of the product group (for example, whole grain, vegetables).
Furthermore, as the Choices Programme aims to promote appropriate energy intake, an energy criterion has been defined for product groups that either substantially contribute to energy intake (for example, main courses and filled sandwiches) or for which a limited consumption is recommended (discretionary product groups): for example, sugar-sweetened beverages (Popkin et al., 2006 (link)).
A Fibers
Beverages
Carbohydrates
Eating
Fats
Fibrosis
Food
Inulin
Joints
Micronutrient Intake
Micronutrients
Minerals
Nutrient Intake
Nutrients
Phytochemicals
Saturated Fatty Acid
Sodium
Sodium Chloride, Dietary
Sugar-Sweetened Beverages
Sugars
Trans Fatty Acids
Vegetables
Vitamins
Whole Grains
GC–MS analyses of leaf and rhizome extracts were carried out using the Perkin-Elmer Clarus 680 system (Perkin-Elmer, Inc. U.S.A) equipped with a fused silica column, packed with Elite-5MS) capillary column (30 m in length × 250 μm in diameter × 0.25 μm in thickness). Pure helium gas (99.99%) was used as the carrier gas at a constant flow rate of 1 mL/min. For GC–MS spectral detection, an electron ionization energy method was adopted with high ionization energy of 70 eV (electron Volts) with 0.2 s of scan time and fragments ranging from 40 to 600 m/z. The injection quantity of 1 μL was used (split ratio 10:1), and the injector temperature was maintained at 250 °C (constant). The column oven temperature was set at 50 °C for 3 min, raised at 10 °C per min up to 280 °C, and final temperature was increased to 300 °C for 10 min. The contents of phytochemicals present in the test samples were identified based on comparison of their retention time (min), peak area, peak height and mass spectral patterns with those spectral database of authentic compounds stored in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library60 .
Capillaries
Electrons
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Helium
Phytochemicals
Plant Leaves
Radionuclide Imaging
Retention (Psychology)
Rhizome
Silicon Dioxide
Most recents protocols related to «Phytochemicals»
The CS extract used in the present study was purchased from Chengdu DeSiTe Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). The extract was prepared by the following procedure. Briefly, CS was crushed and passed through a No. 4 pharmacopeia sieve. Then, the CS was extracted three times using 80% aqueous ethanol (CS: ethanol = 1:6) at 60°C. The extract was then combined and filtered to obtain 160 L of CS filter liquor. The filtered liquor was subsequently concentrated under reduced pressure at 60°C until no ethanol was detected to obtain the resulting concentrated solution, which was continuously concentrated and dried under reduced pressure at 60°C to obtain the final CS extract. CS and seven standards (quercetin, isoquercetin, astragalin, hypericin, kaempferol, chlorogenic acid, and isorhamnetin) were analyzed by using a HPLC system (Waters 2,695, Waters Corporation, Massachusetts, United States) and Phytochemical profiles of CS extracts were determined and compared to confirm their identities (Supplementary Figure S1 ; Supplementary Table S1 ).
3-methylquercetin
Amniotic Fluid
astragalin
Biopharmaceuticals
Chlorogenic Acid
Ethanol
High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies
hypericin
isoquercetin
kaempferol
Phytochemicals
Pressure
Quercetin
The molecular complexity of the
phytochemicals in IMPPAT 2.0 was compared with four chemical spaces,
namely, phytochemicals in IMPPAT 1.0 and three collections of small
molecules obtained from Clemons et al.(52 (link)) corresponding to 6152 commercial compounds (CC),
5963 diversity-oriented synthesis compounds (DC’), and 2477
natural products (NP). For each compound in the above-mentioned five
chemical spaces, we computed using RDKit88 two size-independent metrics, namely, stereochemical complexity,
which is the fraction of stereogenic carbon atoms in a compound, and
shape complexity, which is the ratio of sp3-hybridized
carbon atoms to the total number of sp2- and sp3-hybridized carbon atoms in a compound, and six other physicochemical
properties, namely, molecular weight, log P, topological polar surface
area, number of hydrogen bond donors, number of hydrogen bond acceptors,
and number of rotatable bonds.
phytochemicals in IMPPAT 2.0 was compared with four chemical spaces,
namely, phytochemicals in IMPPAT 1.0 and three collections of small
molecules obtained from Clemons et al.(52 (link)) corresponding to 6152 commercial compounds (CC),
5963 diversity-oriented synthesis compounds (DC’), and 2477
natural products (NP). For each compound in the above-mentioned five
chemical spaces, we computed using RDKit88 two size-independent metrics, namely, stereochemical complexity,
which is the fraction of stereogenic carbon atoms in a compound, and
shape complexity, which is the ratio of sp3-hybridized
carbon atoms to the total number of sp2- and sp3-hybridized carbon atoms in a compound, and six other physicochemical
properties, namely, molecular weight, log P, topological polar surface
area, number of hydrogen bond donors, number of hydrogen bond acceptors,
and number of rotatable bonds.
Anabolism
Carbon
Donors
Hydrogen Bonds
Phytochemicals
The IMPPAT 2.0 database on phytochemicals
of Indian medicinal plants is accessible via the associated website:https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat . The compiled information in IMPPAT 2.0 is made available under
a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 (CC BY-NC 4.0) International
License. The computer codes used to analyze the phytochemical space
of IMPPAT 2.0 are available via the associated GitHub repository:https://github.com/asamallab/imppat2 .
of Indian medicinal plants is accessible via the associated website:
a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 (CC BY-NC 4.0) International
License. The computer codes used to analyze the phytochemical space
of IMPPAT 2.0 are available via the associated GitHub repository:
Phytochemicals
Plants, Medicinal
The present assessment is based on data submitted by the applicant in the form of a technical dossier9 in support of the authorisation request for the use of laurel leaf oil from L. nobilis as a feed additive.
The FEEDAP Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) used the data provided by the applicant together with data from other sources, such as previous risk assessments by EFSA or other expert bodies, peer‐reviewed scientific papers, other scientific reports and experts' knowledge, to deliver the present output.
Many of the components of the essential oil under assessment have been already evaluated by the FEEDAP Panel as chemically defined flavourings. The applicant submitted a written agreement to reuse the data submitted for the assessment of chemically defined flavourings (dossiers, publications and unpublished reports) for the risk assessment of preparations belonging to BDG 6, including the current one under assessment.10 EFSA has verified the European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) report as it relates to the methods used for the control of the phytochemical markers in botanically defined flavourings from Group 06 – Laurales, Magnoliales, Piperales. During the assessment, upon request from EC and EFSA, the EURL issued two amendments of the original report.11 For the additive under assessment, laurel oil, the evaluation of the method of analysis is included in the second amendment. In particular, for the characterisation of laurel oil the EURL recommended methods based on gas chromatography with flame ionisation detector (GC‐FID) for the quantification of the phytochemical marker 1,8 cineole in laurel oil.12
The FEEDAP Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) used the data provided by the applicant together with data from other sources, such as previous risk assessments by EFSA or other expert bodies, peer‐reviewed scientific papers, other scientific reports and experts' knowledge, to deliver the present output.
Many of the components of the essential oil under assessment have been already evaluated by the FEEDAP Panel as chemically defined flavourings. The applicant submitted a written agreement to reuse the data submitted for the assessment of chemically defined flavourings (dossiers, publications and unpublished reports) for the risk assessment of preparations belonging to BDG 6, including the current one under assessment.
Eucalyptol
Flame Ionization
Gas Chromatography
Health Risk Assessment
Human Body
Laurales
laurel oil
Oils, Volatile
Phytochemicals
Plant Leaves
The test compound, 6-gingerol (98.7% purity; chemical structure illustrated in Fig. 1 ), was purchased from Chengdu Biopurify Phytochemicals Ltd. Piracetam, the positive control, was obtained from Glaxosmithkline (Thailand) Ltd. and DMSO, the vehicle, was obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. (product code: D/4121/PB15).
gingerol
Phytochemicals
Piracetam
Sulfoxide, Dimethyl
Top products related to «Phytochemicals»
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DMSO is a versatile organic solvent commonly used in laboratory settings. It has a high boiling point, low viscosity, and the ability to dissolve a wide range of polar and non-polar compounds. DMSO's core function is as a solvent, allowing for the effective dissolution and handling of various chemical substances during research and experimentation.
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Whatman No. 1 filter paper is a general-purpose cellulose-based filter paper used for a variety of laboratory filtration applications. It is designed to provide reliable and consistent filtration performance.
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Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.
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Methanol is a clear, colorless, and flammable liquid that is widely used in various industrial and laboratory applications. It serves as a solvent, fuel, and chemical intermediate. Methanol has a simple chemical formula of CH3OH and a boiling point of 64.7°C. It is a versatile compound that is widely used in the production of other chemicals, as well as in the fuel industry.
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Gallic acid is a naturally occurring organic compound that can be used as a laboratory reagent. It is a white to light tan crystalline solid with the chemical formula C6H2(OH)3COOH. Gallic acid is commonly used in various analytical and research applications.
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Quercetin is a natural compound found in various plants, including fruits and vegetables. It is a type of flavonoid with antioxidant properties. Quercetin is often used as a reference standard in analytical procedures and research applications.
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Whatman filter paper is a laboratory filtration product designed for various filtering applications. It is manufactured to provide consistent quality and performance. The core function of Whatman filter paper is to separate solid particles from liquids or gases through the process of filtration.
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Formic acid is a colorless, pungent-smelling liquid chemical compound. It is the simplest carboxylic acid, with the chemical formula HCOOH. Formic acid is widely used in various industrial and laboratory applications.
Sourced in United Kingdom, Germany, United States, Japan, Switzerland, China, Italy, India
Cytiva No. 1 filter paper is a high-quality laboratory filtration product designed for general-purpose filtration tasks. It is composed of cellulose fibers and is suitable for a variety of applications requiring efficient separation of solids from liquids.
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Acetonitrile is a colorless, volatile, flammable liquid. It is a commonly used solvent in various analytical and chemical applications, including liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, and other laboratory procedures. Acetonitrile is known for its high polarity and ability to dissolve a wide range of organic compounds.
More about "Phytochemicals"
Phytochemicals, also known as plant-based compounds or phytonutrients, are a diverse array of naturally occurring substances found in plants.
These bioactive molecules play crucial roles in plant defense mechanisms and have been extensively researched for their potential health benefits.
Phytochemicals encompass a wide range of chemical structures, including polyphenols, carotenoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids, among others.
Researchers have studied the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties of phytochemicals, as well as their ability to modulate various physiological processes.
Understanding the mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential of these plant-based compounds is an active area of investigation in the field of natural product research and drug discovery.
The exploration of optimal methods to identify, isolate, and characterize phytochemicals is essential for leveraging their power in enhancing human health and wellness.
Techniques such as DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) extraction, Whatman No. 1 filter paper filtration, FBS (fetal bovine serum) cell culture media, and the use of solvents like methanol, formic acid, and acetonitrile have been employed in phytochemical research.
Compounds like gallic acid and quercetin, which are commonly found in plants, have been the focus of many studies due to their potential health-promoting properties.
Optimizing the extraction, purification, and analysis of these phytochemicals using techniques like Whatman filter paper can contribute to the advancement of phytochemical research and its applications in the field of natural product development and drug discovery.
By harnessing the power of phytochemicals and leveraging the latest research methods, scientists and researchers can unlock the full potential of these plant-based compounds in enhancing human health and wellness.
These bioactive molecules play crucial roles in plant defense mechanisms and have been extensively researched for their potential health benefits.
Phytochemicals encompass a wide range of chemical structures, including polyphenols, carotenoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids, among others.
Researchers have studied the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties of phytochemicals, as well as their ability to modulate various physiological processes.
Understanding the mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential of these plant-based compounds is an active area of investigation in the field of natural product research and drug discovery.
The exploration of optimal methods to identify, isolate, and characterize phytochemicals is essential for leveraging their power in enhancing human health and wellness.
Techniques such as DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) extraction, Whatman No. 1 filter paper filtration, FBS (fetal bovine serum) cell culture media, and the use of solvents like methanol, formic acid, and acetonitrile have been employed in phytochemical research.
Compounds like gallic acid and quercetin, which are commonly found in plants, have been the focus of many studies due to their potential health-promoting properties.
Optimizing the extraction, purification, and analysis of these phytochemicals using techniques like Whatman filter paper can contribute to the advancement of phytochemical research and its applications in the field of natural product development and drug discovery.
By harnessing the power of phytochemicals and leveraging the latest research methods, scientists and researchers can unlock the full potential of these plant-based compounds in enhancing human health and wellness.