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Pyrogens

Pyrogens are substances that induce a febrile (fever) response in humans and animals when introduced into the body.
These endotoxins, produced by bacteria, can contaminate pharmaceutical and medical products, potentially causing serious adverse reactions.
Accurate detection and quantification of pyrogens is crucial for ensuring the safety and efficacy of these critical healthcare items.
PubCompare.ai's intelligent platform can optimize your pyrogen research by easily locating the best protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents to enhance reproducibility and accuracy.
Its AI-driven comparisons help identify the most effective mehtods and products, enabling seamless pyrogen research and improved product quality.

Most cited protocols related to «Pyrogens»

1
Prenatal Exposure to Nanoparticles: Inhalation and Instillation
Inhalation. A total of 44 time-mated mice were exposed by whole-body inhalation exposure as described previously (Hougaard et al. 2008 (link), 2010 (link)). Time-mated mice were placed in perforated steel-cage in a steel-framed pyrex glass exposure chamber. The animals were exposed whole-body to HEPA-filtered air or 42 mg/m3 aerosolized Printex 90 for 1 h per day from GD 8-18. Maximally 12 mice could be exposed at a time. Four groups of mice were exposed on each exposure day and the mice order was changed each time.
Printex 90 was fed into a small airstream by a rotating perforated disc micro-feeder (Fraunhofer-Institut fur Toxikologie und Experimentelle Medizin, Hannover, Germany) and it was dispersed into the nozzle with pressurized air (20 L/min; 5 bars). The mice were exposed at a slightly negative pressure in the exposure chamber between 07:30 and 14:30 h. The high dose-rate and short exposure time were chosen to avoid unnecessary stressing of the dams during gestation. We chose a relatively high dose because there are virtually no data on the developmental toxicity of nanoparticles. Still, the dose used (1 h exposure to 42 mg Printex 90/m3) corresponds to only one-and-a-half day exposure that Danish workers might experience at the time-weighted average occupational exposure limit (3.5 mg/m3 for carbon black) (The Danish Working Environment Authority 2007 ).
Instillation. The particle preparation and instillation procedures were described previously (Jackson et al. 2011 (link)). Printex 90 was sonicated for 8 min (10 s pulses and 10 s pauses, total sonication time 4 min) at a concentration of 1.675 mg/mL (67 jag/instillation) in 0.2 jam filtered, γ-irradiated Nanopure Diamond UV water (Pyrogens: < 0.001 EU/ml, Total Organic Carbon: < 3.0 ppb), using a 400 W Branson Sonifier S-450D (Branson Ultrasonics Corp., Danbury, CT, USA) mounted with a disruptor horn and operated at 10% amplitude. This dispersion was used for the high dose and diluted 1:5 for the medium dose (13.4 μg/instillation) and diluted futher 1:5 for the low dose (2.7 μg/instillation). Eighty time-mated mice were anesthetized with 3% Isofiurane and instilled with a vehicle or one of the three concentrations of Printex 90 dispersions (40 μL solution followed by 160 μL air) on GD 7, 10, 15 and 18. We chose to instill Printex 90 at times that would cover the major part of the fetal development. We tried to distribute the dose over that period assuming that a fraction of the particles would have been cleared rapidly, but that much of the dose would remain in the lungs for several weeks. Exposure took place between 08:30 and 14:30 h. Time-mated mice were instilled in different order each day, to reduce any variation that might be related to the time of exposure. The total instilled doses were 11, 54 and 268 μg/animal.
Jackson P., Hougaard K.S., Boisen A.M., Jacobsen N.R., Jensen K.A., Møller P., Brunborg G., Gutzkow K.B., Andersen O., Loft S., Vogel U, & Wallin H. (2012). Pulmonary exposure to carbon black by inhalation or instillation in pregnant mice: Effects on liver DNA strand breaks in dams and offspring. Nanotoxicology, 6(5), 486-500.
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Publication 2012
Animals Carbon Carbon Black Diamond Fetal Development Horns Human Body Inhalation Inhalation Exposure Lung Mice, House Occupational Exposure Pregnancy Pressure Pulses Pyrogens Steel Ultrasonics Workers
2
Quantifying Bacterial Exopolysaccharide Psl Production
Crude polysaccharide extracts were obtained by resuspending approximately 10 OD equivalents (vol. [mL] = 10/culture OD600) of overnight culture (∼16 h) in 100 μL 0.5M EDTA and boiling 5 min. at 100°C (Parise et al., 2007 (link)). The supernatant was collected and treated with proteinase K for 60 min. at 60°C (final concentration 0.5 mg/mL), followed by proteinase K inactivation for 30 min. at 80°C. Samples were stored at 4°C for immunoblotting and ELISA. For immunoblotting 1-5 μL of polysaccharide extract was spotted on a nitrocellulose membrane and allowed to air dry. The membrane was blocked with 10% skim milk in TBST (20 mM Tris, 137 mM NaCl, 0.1% Tween 20, pH 7.6) then probed with α-Psl (1:25000 in TBST) for 45 min. at 25°C with agitation. After washing, the secondary horseradish peroxidase-conjugated donkey anti-rabbit whole IgG (1:10000 in TBST, GE Healthcare) was applied and the blot incubated 45 min. at 25°C. The membrane was washed again and detected using SuperSignal West Dura Extended Duration Substrate per manufacturer's instructions (Pierce). Images were recorded using a Kodak Image Station 2000RT System and analyzed with Kodak Molecular Imaging Software.
In order to quantify Psl production an ELISA was modified from an existing protocol (Honko et al., 2006 (link)). Flat-bottom 96-well MaxiSorp plates (Nunc) were coated in triplicate overnight at 4°C with 100 μL of a 1:100 dilution of the crude polysaccharide extracts also used for immunoblotting. Plates were washed 3× with wash buffer (PBS + 0.05% Tween 20) and blocked for 2 h at 25°C with 10% newborn calf serum in PBS. Plates were washed 3× and incubated with 100 μL α-Psl (1:25000 in PBS) for 2 h at 25°C. Following five washes, the secondary horseradish peroxidase-conjugated donkey anti-rabbit whole IgG (1:10000 in PBS, GE Healthcare) was applied and the plates incubated for 1 h at 25°C. The plates were washed 7× and 100 μL of 3,3′,5,5′-Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB, Sigma) substrate was applied and incubated 30 min. at 25°C. To stop development 50 μL of a 2N solution of H2SO4 was added and the plates were read at 450 nm. Psl concentration was determined from absorbance values using a Psl standard curve then normalized to the optical density of cells used to make the polysaccharide extract. The Psl standard was the lyophilized extract used in antibody generation resuspended at a known concentration, typically 2 mg/mL, in pyrogen free distilled water.
Byrd M.S., Sadovskaya I., Vinogradov E., Lu H., Sprinkle A.B., Richardson S.H., Ma L., Ralston B., Parsek M.R., Anderson E.M., Lam J.S, & Wozniak D.J. (2009). Genetic and Biochemical Analyses of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Psl Exopolysaccharide Reveal Overlapping Roles for Polysaccharide Synthesis Enzymes in Psl and LPS Production. Molecular microbiology, 73(4), 622-638.
Publication 2009
3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine anti-IgG Buffers Complex Extracts Dura Mater Edetic Acid Endopeptidase K Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Equus asinus Horseradish Peroxidase Immunoglobulins Infant, Newborn Milk, Cow's Nitrocellulose Polysaccharides Pyrogens Rabbits Serum Sodium Chloride Technique, Dilution Tissue, Membrane Tromethamine Tween 20
3
Isolation and Analysis of Circulating miRNAs in Mouse Serum
• Mice (e.g. data presented here involves wild-type C57Bl/10 and dystrophic C57BL/10ScSn-Dmdmdx/J [mdx]) CAUTION: Experiments involving live rodents must conform to all relevant institutional and governmental regulations for animal handling and care. All animal procedures described here are permitted under PPL 30/2907 awarded to Professor Matthew J. A. Wood at the University of Oxford by the UK Home Office in accordance with UK law (Animals [Scientific Procedures] Act 1986).
• TRIzol LS Reagent (catalogue #: 10296-028 [Life Technologies]). CAUTION: Always work with TRIzol LS reagent in a fume hood. Always wear a lab coat, gloves and safety glasses.
• Chloroform (molecular biology grade) CAUTION: Always work with Chloroform in a fume hood. Always wear a lab coat, gloves and safety glasses.
• Isopropanol (molecular biology grade).
• 75% Ethanol wash (molecular biology grade).
• RNase-free glycogen (catalogue #: 10901393001 [Roche CA, USA]).
• Nuclease-free water (RNase-, DNAse- pyrogen-free) (catalogue #: AM9932 [Life Technologies]).
• Synthetic single-stranded RNA oligonucleotide for use as an exogenous spike-in control. This can be any sequence not found in the host organism. For analysis of human and mouse serum the Caenorhabditis elegans miRNA cel-miR-39 is typically used (5′-UCACCGGGUGUAAAUCAGCUUG). Alternatively a cocktail of synthetic small RNAs can also be used, in which case multiple oligonucleotides are required. (NOTE: 5′ phosphorylation of the RNA oligonucleotide is not required).
• MicroRNA Reverse Transcription Kit (catalogue #: 4366597 [Life Technologies]).
• TaqMan Gene Expression Mastermix (catalogue #: 4369510 [Life Technologies]).
• Small RNA TaqMan assay (medium/large scale) (Life Technologies). (Assay IDs: miR-1 002222, miR-133a 002246, miR-206 000510, cel-miR-39 000200). RT primers are supplied at 20X concentration with medium and large scale assays. This concentration is more convenient for RT multiplexing whereas the small scale assays contain 5X RT primers which is less convenient.
• Yeast tRNA (catalogue #: 10109495001 [Roche]).
• MS2 Bacteriophage RNA (catalogue #: 10165948001 [Roche]).
Roberts T.C., Coenen-Stass A.M., Betts C.A, & Wood M.J. (2014). Detection and quantification of extracellular microRNAs in murine biofluids. Biological Procedures Online, 16, 5.
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Publication 2014
Animals Biological Assay Caenorhabditis elegans Chloroform Deoxyribonuclease I Endoribonucleases Ethanol Gene Expression Glycogen Homo sapiens Isopropyl Alcohol Mice, House MicroRNAs Oligonucleotide Primers Oligonucleotides Phosphorylation Pyrogens Reverse Transcription RNA Phages Rodent Saccharomyces cerevisiae Serum Transfer RNA trizol
4
In vivo tumor growth and passaging
For in vivo experiments, T-Hep3, LK25, D-HEp3, or AS24 cells growing in culture were detached with 2 mM EDTA in PBS, washed, and inoculated on the CAMs of 9–10-d-old chick embryos. In some experiments, before inoculation, the cells were incubated for 40 min at 37°C with appropriate antibodies. To determine growth in vivo at different times postinoculation, the thickened CAMs indicating tumor cell presence were excised, weighed, and after mincing, dissociated into single cell suspensions by incubation with type 1A collagenase for 30 min at 37°C. Tumor cells, recognized by their very large diameter, were counted with a hemocytometer. Cell viability was determined by trypan-blue exclusion. All antibodies used in vivo or in culture were free of azide. The antibodies used in vivo were tested for endotoxin content, using the Pyrogen-Plus test from Biowhittaker, and found to have <24 pg/ml. For serial passage of T-Hep3 cells, 7-d-old CAM tumors were minced, and small amounts of the mince were reapplied to fresh CAMs of 10-d-old chick embryos.
Ghiso J.A., Kovalski K, & Ossowski L. (1999). Tumor Dormancy Induced by Downregulation of Urokinase Receptor in Human Carcinoma Involves Integrin and MAPK Signaling. The Journal of Cell Biology, 147(1), 89-104.
Publication 1999
Antibodies Azides Cell Adhesion Molecules Cells Cell Survival Chick Embryo Collagenase Edetic Acid Endotoxins Neoplasms Pyrogens Trypan Blue Vaccination
5
Synthetic Equimolar RNA Pool for Profiling
A synthetic equimolar pool containing 1,152 synthetic RNA oligos was prepared in an RNase-free environment and working on ice to minimize degradation. The pool was prepared by combining (i) the miRXplore Universal Reference from Miltenyi Biotec Inc (Auburn, CA), which comprises 962 RNA oligonucleotides with sequences matching human and other miRNAs, and (ii) a set of 190 additional, custom-synthesized RNA oligonucleotides, to generate the pool in which each of the 1,152 RNA oligonucleotides is present at equimolar concentration. This latter set comprises miRNAs and non-miRNA sequences of varied length from 15 to 90 nt, which were synthesized, HPLC-purified and quantified spectrophotometrically by IDT, Inc. (Coralville, IA). This latter set of RNA oligonucleotides is available to qualified investigators seeking to reproduce the synthetic equimolar for non-commercial purposes, by request of the corresponding authors (as long as supplies last). The resulting equimolar pool was aliquoted in prelabeled DNA-, DNase-, RNase-, and pyrogen-free screw cap tubes with low adhesion surface and stored immediately at −80C. Aliquots were distributed to the participant laboratories in overnight shipments with an abundant supply of dry ice. The complete list of RNA sequences comprising the equimolar pool is provided in Supplementary Table 1.
Two ratiometric pools, SynthA and SynthB, containing 334 synthetic RNA oligonucleotides were designed in the coordinating lab (see computational methods) and synthesized by IDT. Subsets of these oligos were present in 15 different ratios between the two mixtures. These pools were also prepared, aliquoted and distributed to the participant centers following the same previously mentioned precautions to avoid RNA degradation. The complete list of sequences in the SynthA and SynthB pools, as well as their ratios, are provided in Supplementary Table 2.
Plasma samples from eleven healthy male donors with age ranging from 21-45 years were collected and pooled in one of the participating labs (Supplementary protocol 1). The Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center approved the study protocol to consent participants and collect samples. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects, and the samples were subsequently anonymized before distributing to participating research groups. RNA was isolated from this plasma pool (Supplementary protocol 2) in a single lab and aliquots of the purified RNA were mixed and distributed to the rest of the participant centers.
Giraldez M., Spengler R., Etheridge A., Godoy P., Barczak A., Srinivasan S., De Hoff P., Tanriverdi K., Courtright A., Lu S., Khoory J., Rubio R., Baxter D., Driedonks T., Buermans H., Nolte-‘t Hoen E., Jiang H., Wang K., Ghiran I., Wang Y., Van Keuren-Jensen K., Freedman J., Woodruff P., Laurent L., Erle D., Galas D, & Tewari M. (2018). Comprehensive multi-center assessment of accuracy, reproducibility and bias of small RNA-seq methods for quantitative miRNA profiling. Nature biotechnology, 36(8), 746-757.
Publication 2018
2',5'-oligoadenylate Deoxyribonucleases Donors Dry Ice Endoribonucleases High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies Homo sapiens Males MicroRNAs Oligonucleotides Plasma Pyrogens RNA Degradation RNA Sequence

Most recents protocols related to «Pyrogens»

1
Muscle Regeneration and 8-oxoG Role

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Publication 2023
Cardiotoxins Formalin Hindlimb Inhalation Injuries Intramuscular Injection Isoflurane Males Mus Muscle Tissue MYOG protein, human OGG1 protein, human Pyrogens Regeneration RNA, Messenger Saline Solution Tissues
2
Molecular Diagnosis of Canine Parasitic Infections
Genomic DNA (gDNA) was extracted from each blood sample using the GenUPgDNA commercial kit (Biotechrabbit GmbH, Hennigsdorf, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. All samples were tested for L. infantum kDNA minicircle by real time-PCR (qPCR) using the primers, probes and cycle protocol described elsewhere [40 (link)]. gDNA from L. infantum isolate cultured zymodeme MON-1 was used as positive control, whereas gDNA extracted from blood sample from a healthy dog was used as negative controls.
Samples were tested for Wolbachia of D. immitis by qPCR using primers (111 bp, WDiro.ftsZ.490-F/WDiro.ftsZ.600-R) and probe wDimm.ftsZ.523p (6FAM-CGTATTGCAGAGCTCGGATTA-TAMRA) targeting the ftsZ gene as previously described [41 (link)] with minor modifications.
Briefly, all qPCR reactions were carried out in a final volume of 20 μl, consisting of 10 μl IQ Supermix (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA), 6 μl diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC)-treated pyrogen-free DNase/RNase-free water (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), 2.5 μl of template DNA (except no-template control), primers and probe at 50 μM and 20 μM concentration, respectively. The run protocol consisted of a hot-start at 95 °C for 3 min and 40 cycles of denaturation (95 °C for 5 s) and annealing-extension (60 °C for 30 s). The qPCR was performed in a CFX96 Real-Time System (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA), and the increase in the fluorescent signal was registered during the extension step of the reaction and analyzed using CFX Manager Software, version 3.1 (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA). All the samples were tested in duplicate, and DNA of adult of D. immitis and that from blood samples of pathogen-free dogs were used as positive and negative controls. The positivity for Wolbachia was established based on the threshold cycle (Ct) value up to 38.5.
Latrofa M.S., Varotto-Boccazzi I., Louzada-Flores V.N., Iatta R., Mendoza-Roldan J.A., Roura X., Zatelli A., Epis S., Bandi C, & Otranto D. (2023). Interaction between Wolbachia pipientis and Leishmania infantum in heartworm infected dogs. Parasites & Vectors, 16, 77.
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Publication 2023
Adult BLOOD Canis familiaris Deoxyribonucleases Diethyl Pyrocarbonate DNA, Kinetoplast Endoribonucleases Genes Genome Oligonucleotide Primers Pathogenicity Pyrogens Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Wolbachia
3
PBMC Isolation and Candida Stimulation
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) collection has been previously described (6 (link)). With informed consent, venous blood was drawn from the cubital vein of study participants into 10mL EDTA Monoject tubes (Medtronic, Dublin). The fraction of PBMC was obtained by density centrifugation of EDTA blood diluted 1:1 in pyrogen-free saline over Ficoll-Paque (Pharmacia Biotech, Uppsala). Cells were washed twice in saline and suspended in medium (RPMI 1640) supplemented with gentamicin (10 mg/mL), L-glutamine (10 nM) and pyruvate (10mM). The cells were counted in a Coulter counter (Beckman Coulter, Pasadena) and the number of was adjusted to 5 x 106 cells/mL. A total of 5 x 105 PBMCs were added in 100 ul to round-bottom 96-well plated (Greiner) and incubated with 100 uL of stimulus (heat-killed Candida albicans yeast of strain ATCC MYA-3573,UC 820, 1 X106/mL or RPMI 1640 as previously described (12 ).
Boahen C.K., Oelen R., Le K., Netea M.G., Franke L., van der Wijst M.G, & Kumar V. (2023). Integration of Candida albicans-induced single-cell gene expression data and secretory protein concentrations reveal genetic regulators of inflammation. Frontiers in Immunology, 14, 1069379.
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Publication 2023
Candida albicans Cells Centrifugation Edetic Acid Ficoll Gentamicin Glutamine PBMC Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Pyrogens Pyruvate Saline Solution Strains Veins Yeast, Dried
4
Pyrogenicity Evaluation of FDBM
The FDBM was tested for pyrogen by reference to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 edition). The extraction solution of FDBM was obtained by the method in 2.4.3, placed in a water bath and preheated to 38°C. Then three normal New Zealand White rabbits were taken and their body temperature was measured. 25 ml extraction solution of FDBM was slowly injected from each rabbit’s ear marginal vein, and then the temperature change was measured in real time over a 3 h period using the same online real-time thermometer. After the measurement was complete, the highest temperature during the entire test was used to subtract the normal body temperature of the rabbit as the number of degrees of increase in body temperature for this test. If all temperatures measured throughout are lower than normal body temperature, record as 0°C.
Liu Z., Jiang X., Wang K., Zhou Y., Li T., Gao J, & Wang L. (2023). Preparation of fish decalcified bone matrix and its bone repair effect in rats. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 11, 1134992.
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Publication 2023
Bath Body Temperature Chinese Fever New Zealand Rabbits Pyrogens Rabbits Thermometers Veins
5
Pyrogenicity Evaluation of PLVF and LPS
The standard method for determining the pyrogenicity is the rabbit pyrogen test (RPT). RPT was conducted on 21 adult Chinchilla rabbits (aged 3 months at the start of the experiment and weighing 2.8–3.05 g). Rabbits were randomized by weight into 7 groups. Three rabbits per group were intravenously injected with PLVF, each Ac3-S-LPS vaccine component or unmodified nLPS of S. flexneri 2a (as pyrogenicity control) at a dose of 0.025 µg kg−1.
A substance was considered apyrogenic if the cumulative temperature rise of three rabbits did not exceed 1.15 °C in accordance with the European Pharmacopoeia requirements [18 ]. The PLVF doze used for RPT was chosen by analogy to the WHO-approved Vi-vaccine pyrogenicity test dose of 0.025 µg kg−1.
Ledov V.A., Golovina M.E., Alkhazova B.I., Lvov V.L., Kovalchuk A.L, & Aparin P.G. (2023). A Pentavalent Shigella flexneri LPS-Based Vaccine Candidate Is Safe and Immunogenic in Animal Models. Vaccines, 11(2), 345.
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Publication 2023
Adult Chinchilla Rabbits Europeans Oryctolagus cuniculus Pyrogens Rabbits Vaccines

Top products related to «Pyrogens»

1
Fastdna spin kit for soil by MP Biomedicals
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The FastDNA SPIN Kit for Soil is a product designed for the extraction and purification of DNA from soil samples. The kit provides a fast and efficient method to obtain high-quality DNA from a variety of soil types, which can then be used for downstream molecular biology applications.
2
Ficoll paque by GE Healthcare
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Ficoll-Paque is a density gradient medium used for the isolation and purification of cells, such as mononuclear cells, from whole blood or other biological samples. It is designed to separate different cell types based on their density differences during centrifugation.
3
Lipopolysaccharides (lps) by Merck Group
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The LPS laboratory equipment is a high-precision device used for various applications in scientific research and laboratory settings. It is designed to accurately measure and monitor specific parameters essential for various experimental procedures. The core function of the LPS is to provide reliable and consistent data collection, ensuring the integrity of research results. No further details or interpretations can be provided while maintaining an unbiased and factual approach.
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Concanavalin A is a lectin protein derived from the jack bean plant. It is commonly used as a research tool in biochemistry and cell biology laboratories. Concanavalin A has the ability to agglutinate (bind and aggregate) certain types of cells, making it useful for studying cell-surface carbohydrates and their interactions.
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Uric acid is a laboratory reagent used in the quantitative determination of uric acid levels in biological samples, such as blood or urine. It is a chemical compound that serves as a diagnostic tool for various medical conditions, including gout, kidney disorders, and metabolic disorders. The core function of uric acid is to provide an analytical measurement of this substance in the body, which can help healthcare professionals assess and monitor a patient's health status.
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RPMI 1640 medium is a commonly used cell culture medium developed at Roswell Park Memorial Institute. It is a balanced salt solution that provides essential nutrients, vitamins, and amino acids to support the growth and maintenance of a variety of cell types in vitro.
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Ficoll-Paque PLUS is a sterile, ready-to-use medium for the isolation of mononuclear cells from blood or bone marrow by density gradient centrifugation. It is a polysucrose and sodium diatrizoate solution with a density of 1.077 g/mL.
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ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) is a widely used analytical technique for the detection and quantification of specific proteins, hormones, antibodies, and other biomolecules in various samples. It is a plate-based assay that employs enzyme-linked antibodies to generate a measurable signal, typically in the form of a color change or a chemiluminescent reaction, which is proportional to the amount of the target analyte present in the sample.

More about "Pyrogens"

Pyrogens, also known as endotoxins, are substances that trigger a fever-like response (pyrogenic reaction) when introduced into the human or animal body.
These potent molecules are typically produced by bacteria, such as Gram-negative species, and can contaminate various pharmaceutical and medical products, posing a significant risk of serious adverse reactions.
Accurate detection and quantification of pyrogens is crucial for ensuring the safety and efficacy of critical healthcare items, such as intravenous (IV) solutions, vaccines, and medical devices.
The FastDNA SPIN Kit for Soil, Ficoll-Paque, and other laboratory tools can be employed to isolate and analyze pyrogens in these products.
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), a major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, are a well-known class of pyrogens.
Concanavalin A, a plant lectin, can also induce pyrogenic responses by stimulating the release of inflammatory mediators.
The BD Vacutainer system and Complete Mini protease inhibitor cocktail are examples of products used in pyrogen detection and research.
Pyrogen testing is commonly performed using in vitro methods, such as the Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay, which utilizes the clotting cascade of the horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus.
Uric acid, a byproduct of purine metabolism, has also been investigated for its potential role in pyrogen-induced fever.
The RPMI 1640 medium and Ficoll-Paque PLUS are often employed in cell culture and immune response studies related to pyrogens.
PubCompare.ai's intelligent platform can optimize your pyrogen research by easily locating the best protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents to enhance reproducibility and accuracy.
Its AI-driven comparisons help identify the most effective methods and products, enabling seamless pyrogen research and improved product quality.