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Serotonin

Serotonin is a monoamine neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in the regulation of various physiological and psychological processes.
It is synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan and is found in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets.
Serotonin is involved in mood regulation, sleep-wake cycles, appetite, cognition, and neuroplasticity.
Imbalances in serotonin levels have been linked to a range of neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and migraine.
Understanding the complex mechanisms underlying serotonin function is essential for the development of effective treatments and therapies.
Reseachers can leverage the power of PubCompare.ai to identify the most reproducible and accurate research protocols, unlocking new insights and optimizing their workflow in the field of serotonin research.

Most cited protocols related to «Serotonin»

1
Ligand Binding and Uptake Assays for SERT
Cited 21 times
Ligand binding experiments were carried out by adding HEK293 membranes containing SERT to a final concentration of 2 nM in 1 ml of TBS with either [3H]paroxetine 0.01–10 nM or [3H](R/S)-citalopram 0.01–20 nM. Reactions were rotated at room temperature for 4 hours followed by filtering through a glass microfiber filter prewet with 0.4% polyethylenimine in TBS. Membranes were washed 3x with 4 ml of TBS followed by liquid scintillation counting. Data was fit to a single-site binding curve accounting for ligand depletion. For dissociation, 20 nM SERT in membranes was mixed with 40 nM [3H](R/S)-citalopram in 10 μl; samples were diluted to 1 ml in TBS with 100 μM (S)-citalopram, or without ligand, followed by filtering. For uptake assays, ~105 HEK293 cells in 96-well Cytostar T plates were transfected with 0.2 μg of plasmid with Polyjet. After 24–36 hrs, cells were washed with 25 mM HEPES-Tris pH 7.0, 130 mM NaCl, 5.4 mM KCl, 1.2 mM CaCl2, 1.2 mM MgSO4, 1 mM ascorbic acid, and 5 mM glucose. For a control, 10 μM paroxetine was added. [14C]5-hydroxytryptamine at concentrations of 0.02–40 μM was added and uptake was followed using a MicroBeta scintillation counter. Data was fit to a Michaelis-Menten equation.
Coleman J.A., Green E.M, & Gouaux E. (2016). X-ray structures and mechanism of the human serotonin transporter. Nature, 532(7599), 334-339.
Publication 2016
Ascorbic Acid Binding Sites Biological Assay Cells Citalopram Escitalopram Glucose HEK293 Cells HEPES Ligands Paroxetine Plasmids Polyethyleneimine Scintillation Counters Serotonin Sodium Chloride Sulfate, Magnesium Tissue, Membrane Tromethamine
2
Ligand Binding and Uptake Assays for SERT
Cited 21 times
Ligand binding experiments were carried out by adding HEK293 membranes containing SERT to a final concentration of 2 nM in 1 ml of TBS with either [3H]paroxetine 0.01–10 nM or [3H](R/S)-citalopram 0.01–20 nM. Reactions were rotated at room temperature for 4 hours followed by filtering through a glass microfiber filter prewet with 0.4% polyethylenimine in TBS. Membranes were washed 3x with 4 ml of TBS followed by liquid scintillation counting. Data was fit to a single-site binding curve accounting for ligand depletion. For dissociation, 20 nM SERT in membranes was mixed with 40 nM [3H](R/S)-citalopram in 10 μl; samples were diluted to 1 ml in TBS with 100 μM (S)-citalopram, or without ligand, followed by filtering. For uptake assays, ~105 HEK293 cells in 96-well Cytostar T plates were transfected with 0.2 μg of plasmid with Polyjet. After 24–36 hrs, cells were washed with 25 mM HEPES-Tris pH 7.0, 130 mM NaCl, 5.4 mM KCl, 1.2 mM CaCl2, 1.2 mM MgSO4, 1 mM ascorbic acid, and 5 mM glucose. For a control, 10 μM paroxetine was added. [14C]5-hydroxytryptamine at concentrations of 0.02–40 μM was added and uptake was followed using a MicroBeta scintillation counter. Data was fit to a Michaelis-Menten equation.
Coleman J.A., Green E.M, & Gouaux E. (2016). X-ray structures and mechanism of the human serotonin transporter. Nature, 532(7599), 334-339.
Publication 2016
Ascorbic Acid Binding Sites Biological Assay Cells Citalopram Escitalopram Glucose HEK293 Cells HEPES Ligands Paroxetine Plasmids Polyethyleneimine Scintillation Counters Serotonin Sodium Chloride Sulfate, Magnesium Tissue, Membrane Tromethamine
3
Brain Neurotransmitter Analysis After Acute Alcohol
Cited 16 times

Protocol full text hidden due to copyright restrictions

Open the protocol to access the free full text link

Publication 2009
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid Acetic Acid acetonitrile Ascorbic Acid Biological Assay Brain Buffers Carbon Cerebrospinal Fluid Chromatography Dopamine Edetic Acid Ethanol Fishes Freezing High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid Hypersensitivity Microscopy Perchloric Acid POU3F2 protein, human Proteins Pulse Rate Retention (Psychology) Serotonin Sodium Chloride sodium polymetaphosphate Solvents tetrahydrofuran
4
Electrophysiological Monitoring of C. elegans Feeding
Cited 12 times
In the conventional EPG recording method,23 (link) the worm is immersed in a bath of physiological saline and sucked partway into a saline-filled glass pipette (Fig. 1A). Pharyngeal activity is induced by including in the saline the neuromodulator serotonin, which initiates feeding behavior in C. elegans.24 (link) The close apposition between the worm’s body and the mouth of the pipette generates an electrical resistance (Rseal) between the lumen of the pipette and the bath. As a result of this resistance, electrical currents generated by pharyngeal activity can be detected directly, or by means of the voltage difference (V) generated between the pipette and the bath.23 (link)The conventional method is ill-suited to drug screens in two key respects. First, to attain this recording configuration, the operator must capture the worm by manual adjustment of a micromanipulator that holds the pipette (not shown); this form of capture would be difficult to automate and parallelize. Second, drugs are delivered via the bath solution, thus requiring macroscopic volumes of drug solutions.
Lockery S.R., Hulme S.E., Roberts W.M., Robinson K.J., Laromaine A., Lindsay T.H., Whitesides G.M, & Weeks J.C. (2012). A microfluidic device for whole-animal drug screening using electrophysiological measures in the nematode C. elegans. Lab on a Chip, 12(12), 2211-2220.
Publication 2012
Bath Electricity Feeding Behaviors Helminths Human Body Neuromodulators Oral Cavity Pharmaceutical Preparations Pharmaceutical Solutions Pharynx physiology Resistance, Electrical Saline Solution Serotonin Substance Abuse Detection
5
Radiofrequency Stimulation for GAD-MD Treatment
Cited 11 times
The present study was approved by the Croce e Carle hospital ethics committee, Cuneo, Italy, and registered at the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Register. The study was conducted according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
Twenty-four outpatients (20 females and four males, mean age 46.7 ± 8.9 years) diagnosed with GAD-MD using current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Revision criteria and the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90R)35 (link),36 (link) participated in the study. The patients were being treated at the Psychiatric Hospital of Cuneo, Italy. All patients were dissatisfied with the results of their ongoing medical treatment of serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors at a standard dose and duration of treatment. All participants were maintained on their current pharmacological treatment. At baseline (T0), the average 21-item Hamilton Depression (HAM-D)37 (link) rating scale score was 15.5 ± 4.6, corresponding to a “mild” level of severity. The SCL-90R and HAM-D were administered prior to and after a standard cycle of REAC treatments (one Neuro Postural Optimization32 (link) followed by 18 Neuro Psycho Physical Optimization32 (link) sessions). Nine SCL-90R clusters were examined, ie, somatization, obsession-compulsion, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, anger-hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, and psychotic behavior. The SCL-90R was specifically used due to its greater sensitivity to critical clinical aspects of anxiety (ie, interpersonal sensitivity and phobic anxiety) than the classic Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A).38 (link) In addition, the overlap between HAM-D and HAM-A is well known.
REAC25 ,26 was applied using a medical device based on an innovative biostimulation technology. REAC typically runs within a frequency range of 2.4, 5.8, or 10.5 gHz. For the current study, a frequency of 10.5 gHz, with a specific absorption rate of 7 μW/kg, was used. The REAC pulse protocol was seven radiofrequency bursts of 500 msec each, applied by touching the metallic tip of the REAC probe (Convogliatore di Radianza Modulante, Asmed, Italy) to the ear pavilion using Neuro Postural Optimization and Neuro Psycho Physical Optimization protocols which have been described in detail elsewhere.31 –34 (link) The time interval from the initial clinical assessment until the last Neuro Psycho Physical Optimization session was approximately one month. Data were analyzed with t-tests, Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and Sign-tests. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.
Olivieri E.B., Vecchiato C., Ignaccolo N., Mannu P., Castagna A., Aravagli L., Fontani V, & Rinaldi S. (2011). Radioelectric brain stimulation in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder with comorbid major depression in a psychiatric hospital: a pilot study. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 7, 449-455.
Publication 2011
Anger Anxiety Compulsive Behavior Ethics Committees, Clinical Females Hostility Hypersensitivity inhibitors Males Medical Devices Mental Disorders Metals Norepinephrine Obsessions Outpatients Patients Pharmacotherapy Physical Examination Pulse Rate Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Serotonin Syndrome

Most recents protocols related to «Serotonin»

1
Immunotherapy for Solid Tumors
Not available on PMC !

Example 7

Use in Patients for Treating Solid Tumours

Stored haematopoietic cells (e.g. haematopoietic stem cells or granulocyte precursor cells obtainable therefrom), and granulocytes (e.g. neutrophils) differentiated therefrom are matched to cancer patients based on their cancer type, blood type (ABO, rhesus and HLA), and/or genetics. Patients may also be matched based on human leukocyte antigen (HLA) similarity.

Patients are treated using:

    • IV infusion of haematopoietic cells (including haematopoietic stem cells, and granulocyte precursor cells) together with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, human growth hormone, serotonin, and interleukin into the patient; or
    • IV infusion of stimulated granulocyte precursor cells (obtainable from haematopoietic stem cells) into the patient. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that said cells naturally differentiate into granulocytes (e.g. neutrophils) having a high CKA in a CKA assay in vivo; or
    • direct IV infusion of granulocytes (e.g. neutrophils) having a high CKA in a CKA assay which have been differentiated from haematopoietic cells (e.g. haematopoietic stem cells).

Typically, cells are infused once weekly for 8 weeks with a cell volume of 2×1011 administered per week. Progress of the therapy is monitored and dosing is adapted accordingly.

US11878033B2. Cancer-killing cells (2024-01-23). LIFT BIOSCIENCES LTD [GB]. Inventors: Alex Blyth [GB], Nico Bruyniks [GB].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Biological Assay Cells Granulocyte Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Granulocyte Precursor Cells Hematopoietic System Histocompatibility Antigens Class II Human Growth Hormone Interleukins Intravenous Infusion Macaca mulatta Malignant Neoplasms Neoplasms Neutrophil Patients Serotonin Stem Cells, Hematopoietic Therapeutics
2
5HTR4 Receptor Role in Tryptamine Signaling
Not available on PMC !

Example 5

The response to 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HT; 0.003-300 μM) on the mucosal or serosal side and tryptamine (0.003-3000 μM) on the mucosal or serosal side was determined in segments of proximal colon, stripped of external muscle layers, from both 5HTR4 KO and WT mice.

Colon segments from 5HTR4 KO mice displayed decreased responsiveness to serosal serotonin and no response to mucosal serotonin when compared with colon segments from WT mice. Cumulative concentration response curves induced by serosal tryptamine were significantly different between 5HTR WT (Emax: 110±17 μA/cm2; n=6-7) and KO mice (no response). While Δlsc did not reach maximum response following mucosal application of 3000 μM tryptamine, responses were seen in 5HTR4 WT mice (99.5±30.7 n=5) while no response was elicited in 5HTR4 KO (FIG. 18).

These results show that tryptamine acts as a 5HTR4 mimetic with effects on gut epithelial function independent of serotonin.

US11878002B2. Methods and materials for using Ruminococcus gnavus or Clostridium sporogenes to treat gastrointestinal disorders (2024-01-23). Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research [US], The Regents of the University of California [US]. Inventors: Purna C. Kashyap [US], Michael Fischbach [US], Brianna B. Williams [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
5-Hydroxytryptophan Bladder Detrusor Muscle Colon Mice, Knockout Mucous Membrane Mus Serotonin Serous Membrane SERPINA3 protein, human tryptamine Vision
3
Haematopoietic Cell Expansion and Differentiation
Not available on PMC !

Example 5

Expansion and Differentiation of Haematopoietic Cells

The haematopoietic cells (e.g. haematopoietic stem cells) are stimulated using a supernatant growth factor suspension, to either develop more stem cells or differentiate into precursor cells (e.g. myeloid or granulocyte progenitor cells) or granulocytes. Suitable neutrophil synthesis methods are disclosed in Lieber et al, Blood, 2004 Feb. 1; 103(3):852-9, and Choi et al, Nat. Protoc., 2011 March; 6(3):296-313.

The protocol is composed of four major stages:

    • culturing and proliferation of haematopoietic cells;
    • short-term expansion of multipotent myeloid progenitors with a high dose of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), a granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), a human growth hormone (HGH); serotonin, vitamin C, vitamin D, glutamine (Gln), arachidonic acid, AGE-albumin, interleukin-3 (IL-3), interleukin 8 (IL-8), Interleukin-4 (IL-4), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-18 (IL-18), TNF-alpha, Flt-3 ligand, thrombopoietin, foetal bovine serum (FBS), or combinations thereof; and
    • directed differentiation of myeloid progenitors into neutrophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells (DCs), Langerhans cells (LCs), macrophages and osteoclasts.

US11878033B2. Cancer-killing cells (2024-01-23). LIFT BIOSCIENCES LTD [GB]. Inventors: Alex Blyth [GB], Nico Bruyniks [GB].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Albumins Anabolism Arachidonic Acid Ascorbic Acid BLOOD Cell Proliferation Cells Dendritic Cells Eosinophil Ergocalciferol Fetal Bovine Serum flt3 ligand Glutamine Granulocyte Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Granulocyte Progenitor Cells Growth Factor Hematopoietic System Interleukin-3 Interleukin-18 interleukin 18 protein, human Langerhans Cell Macrophage Malignant Neoplasms Neutrophil Osteoclasts Serotonin Stem Cells Stem Cells, Hematopoietic Thrombopoietin Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
4
Tryptamine's Effect on Serotonin Synthesis
Not available on PMC !

Example 2

To determine if tryptamine can reproducibly and consistently stimulate serotonin synthesis in vitro tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph1) mRNA expression was assessed in an alternate EC-like cell model-BON cells by qRT-PCR. Cells were plated at 1×10{circumflex over ( )}5 per ml and grown to 90% confluency in 12-well culture plates. Culture wells were then treated (in triplicate) with tryptamine in media for 6 hours, fixed in RNA Protect (Qiagen) and subjected to qRT-PCR.

None of the tested tryptamine concentrations (1 μM, 5 μM, 10 μM, and 20 μM) reproducibly showed a significant alteration of Tph1 mRNA levels. Treatments with acetate of 10 mM, 30 mM, and 50 mM induced 2.5-fold, 3.2-fold and 2.2-fold Tph1 expression, respectively (P<0.001; One-way ANOVA; 2-3 independent experiments). The effect of another short chain fatty acid, butyrate, on Tph1 expression was also tested. Butyrate (500 M and 1 mM) induced Tph1 mRNA 3.5- and 2.5-fold above controls, respectively (P<0.05; 2-3 independent experiments).

These results demonstrate that tryptamine exerts physiological effects on the gut independent of serotonin.

US11878002B2. Methods and materials for using Ruminococcus gnavus or Clostridium sporogenes to treat gastrointestinal disorders (2024-01-23). Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research [US], The Regents of the University of California [US]. Inventors: Purna C. Kashyap [US], Michael Fischbach [US], Brianna B. Williams [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Acetate Anabolism Argentaffin Cell Butyrate Cells Fatty Acids, Volatile neuro-oncological ventral antigen 2, human physiology RNA, Messenger Serotonin tryptamine Tryptophan Hydroxylase
5
Quantifying Colonic Aquaporins and Biomarkers
The colonic tissue (2 cm) of the rats was frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C for later use. The tissue was then made into homogenates, and the supernatant was used in accordance with the instructions of Aquaporin 3 (MB-2017A, Jiangsu Enzyme Biotechnology Co., Ltd), Aquaporin 4 (MB-2016A, Jiangsu Enzyme Biotechnology Co., Ltd), Aquaporin 8 (MB-7036A, Jiangsu Enzyme Biotechnology Co., Ltd), 5-Hydroxytryptamine (UK Abcam), Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (American Raybio), Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide (Shanghai Bluegene Biotechnology Co., Ltd) and Protein kinase A (Shanghai Bluegene Biotechnology Co., Ltd) ELISA kits. Later, the absorbance (optical density (OD) value) of each well was measured sequentially at 450 nm. The standard curves were drawn according to the standard concentration and OD value given in the instructions, the formula was established, and the concentration of each sample was calculated using the formula.
Li J., Sun Y., Wang R., Ma S., Shi L., Wang K., Zhang H., Wang T, & Liu L. (2023). Seasonal differences in intestinal flora are related to rats’ intestinal water metabolism. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14, 1109696.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
Aquaporin 3 Aquaporin 4 aquaporin 8 Cathelicidins Colon Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Enzymes Freezing Nitrogen Rattus Serotonin Tissues Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Vision

Top products related to «Serotonin»

1
Serotonin by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, France, Spain, Macao, Japan
Serotonin is a laboratory reagent used for analytical and research purposes. It is a monoamine neurotransmitter that plays a role in various physiological processes. The core function of serotonin is to facilitate chemical signaling in the body and brain.
2
Serotonin hydrochloride by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, Sao Tome and Principe, Australia
Serotonin hydrochloride is a chemical compound that is commonly used in laboratory research. It is the hydrochloride salt of the neurotransmitter serotonin. This compound is utilized by researchers to study the role of serotonin in various biological processes.
3
Dopamine by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, China, Sao Tome and Principe, France, United Kingdom, Italy, Belgium, Canada
Dopamine is a laboratory reagent used in various biochemical and analytical applications. It is a naturally occurring neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in the human body. Dopamine is often used as a standard in the measurement and analysis of compounds with similar chemical structures and properties.
4
Dopamine hydrochloride by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, Italy, China, United Kingdom, Sao Tome and Principe, Australia, Spain, France, India, Canada, Norway, Sweden, Czechia, Switzerland, Macao, Poland
Dopamine hydrochloride is a chemical compound used in laboratory settings. It is a crystalline powder that serves as a precursor for the synthesis of various compounds. The core function of dopamine hydrochloride is to provide a source of the neurotransmitter dopamine for research and analytical purposes.
5
Histamine by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Sao Tome and Principe, Spain, Macao, Canada, Brazil, France, Australia, Austria
Histamine is a laboratory equipment product manufactured by Merck Group. It is a chemical compound used in various research and analytical applications. Histamine plays a crucial role in biological processes and is commonly utilized in laboratories for testing and analysis purposes.
6
Acetylcholine by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Sao Tome and Principe, Spain, France, China, Switzerland, Macao
Acetylcholine is a chemical compound that functions as a neurotransmitter in the body. It plays a crucial role in the transmission of signals between nerve cells and muscle cells, as well as within the central nervous system.
7
5 hydroxytryptamine by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
5-hydroxytryptamine is a laboratory compound used as a research tool. It is a naturally occurring neurotransmitter involved in various physiological processes. The core function of 5-hydroxytryptamine is to facilitate the study of serotonergic systems and their interactions within biological systems.
8
Serotonin elisa kit by Abcam
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom
The Serotonin ELISA kit is a quantitative in vitro diagnostic test used to measure the concentration of serotonin, a neurotransmitter, in biological samples such as plasma, serum, or tissue extracts. The kit utilizes the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique to detect and quantify serotonin levels.
9
Fluoxetine by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Sao Tome and Principe, France, Italy
Fluoxetine is a chemical compound used in laboratory settings. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) that affects the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain. Fluoxetine is commonly used in research applications, but its specific core function is to modulate serotonin levels.
10
Fetal bovine serum (fbs) by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, China, United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, Japan, Canada, Italy, France, Switzerland, New Zealand, Brazil, Belgium, India, Spain, Israel, Austria, Poland, Ireland, Sweden, Macao, Netherlands, Denmark, Cameroon, Singapore, Portugal, Argentina, Holy See (Vatican City State), Morocco, Uruguay, Mexico, Thailand, Sao Tome and Principe, Hungary, Panama, Hong Kong, Norway, United Arab Emirates, Czechia, Russian Federation, Chile, Moldova, Republic of, Gabon, Palestine, State of, Saudi Arabia, Senegal
Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.

More about "Serotonin"

Serotonin, also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is a crucial monoamine neurotransmitter that plays a vital role in regulating a wide range of physiological and psychological processes.
Synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan, serotonin is primarily found in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets.
This versatile neurotransmitter is involved in mood regulation, sleep-wake cycles, appetite, cognition, and neuroplasticity.
Imbalances in serotonin levels have been linked to a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and migraine.
Researchers can leverage the power of PubCompare.ai to identify the most reproducible and accurate research protocols, unlocking new insights and optimizing their workflow in the field of serotonin research.
In addition to serotonin, other important neurotransmitters include dopamine, histamine, and acetylcholine.
Dopamine, for instance, is involved in reward, motivation, and motor control, while histamine plays a role in immune function and inflammation.
Acetylcholine, on the other hand, is crucial for cognitive processes and muscle function.
To study serotonin, researchers often use techniques like the serotonin ELISA kit, which allows for the quantification of serotonin levels in various biological samples.
Medications like fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), are commonly used to treat conditions associated with serotonin imbalances, such as depression.
Understanding the complex mechanisms underlying serotonin function is essential for developing effective treatments and therapies.