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Tetrodotoxin

Tetrodotoxin is a potent neurotoxin found in certain marine organisms, particularly pufferfish.
It works by blocking sodium channels, preventing the propagation of action potentials and causing paralysis.
Tetrodotoxin has been used in scientific research to study neural function and as a potential therapeutic agent.
PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform can help optimize Tetrodotoxin research by enhancing reproducibilty, identifying the most effective protocols and products from literature, preprints, and patents.
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Most cited protocols related to «Tetrodotoxin»

1
Intrathecal CPEB Antisense Delivery
Cited 15 times
The antisense ODN sequence for CPEB, 5’-CATACACCACTCCACCAAATAG-3’ (Invitrogen), was directed against a unique region of the rat mRNA sequence. The corresponding NCBI GeneBank accession number and ODN position within the mRNA-sequence are NM_001106276.1 and 1354 to 1375. The mismatch ODN sequence 5’-AATAGAACACACCACCTGATAC-3’ corresponds to the antisense sequence with 7 bases mismatched (denoted in bold).
ODN was reconstituted in nuclease-free 0.9% NaCl (10 µg/µl) and stored at −20°C until use. For each injection, rats were anesthetized with 2.5% isoflurane. A dose of 40 µg (injection volume 20 µl) of CPEB antisense or mismatch ODN were administered using a 3/10 cc insulin syringe with a 29-gauge ultra fine ½-inch fixed hypodermic needle (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ) inserted intrathecally, on the midline between the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae, once daily over 3 consecutive days. Using this protocol others and we have previously demonstrated the downregulation of several different proteins including the tetrodotoxin (TTX)-resistant sodium channel, NaV1.8 (Lai et al., 2002 (link)), PLC β-3 (Joseph et al., 2007 (link)), gp130, a receptor subunit for IL-6 (Summer et al., 2008 (link)) or the mitochondrial fission regulator dynamin-related protein 1 (Ferrari et al., 2011 (link)).
Bogen O., Alessandri-Haber N., Chu C., Gear R.W, & Levine J.D. (2012). Generation of a Pain Memory in the Primary Afferent Nociceptor Triggered by PKCε Activation of CPEB. The Journal of Neuroscience, 32(6), 2018-2026.
Publication 2012
DNM1L protein, human Down-Regulation Hypodermic Needles IL6ST protein, human Insulin Interleukin 6 Receptor Isoflurane Mitochondria Normal Saline PLCB3 protein, human Proteins Protein Subunits Rattus RNA, Messenger Sodium Channel Syringes Tetrodotoxin Vertebrae, Lumbar
2
Gating Current Measurements of Ion Channels
Cited 13 times
The gating current measurements were performed on a cut-open oocyte voltage clamp set-up (CA-1B; Dagan Corporation) as described previously (Muroi et al., 2010 (link); Lacroix and Bezanilla, 2011 (link)). For the potassium channel gating current measurement, the external solution was 115 mM NMG-MES (N-methyl-d-glucamine methanesulfonate), 2 mM Ca-MES, and 10 mM Hepes, pH 7.4. For the sodium channel gating current measurement, the external solution was 115 mM Na-MES, 2 mM Ca-MES, and 10 mM Hepes, pH 7.4. In the latter case, all ionic currents were blocked by the application of 10 µM tetrodotoxin to the external and middle chambers. For both channels, the internal solution was 115 mM NMG-MES, 2 mM EGTA, and 10 mM Hepes, pH 7.4. The recording pipette resistance was 0.3–0.5 MΩ. Analogue signals were sampled at 250 kHz with a Digidata 1440 interface (Molecular Devices) and low-pass filtered at 10 kHz. The capacitive transient currents were subtracted online using the P/4 method with a subtraction holding potential of −120 mV for the potassium channels and 50 mV for the sodium channels. Gating currents were obtained by applying a depolarizing pulse (50 ms for potassium and 20 ms for sodium channels) to voltages from −120 to 10 mV (at 5-mV intervals) for the potassium channels and −160 to 30 mV (at 10-mV intervals) for the sodium channels. The holding potential was −90 mV, and a 50-ms-long pre- and postpulse at −130 mV was used.
Chowdhury S, & Chanda B. (2012). Estimating the voltage-dependent free energy change of ion channels using the median voltage for activation. The Journal of General Physiology, 139(1), 3-17.
Publication 2012
Dagan Egtazic Acid HEPES Ion Transport Medical Devices methanesulfonate Oocytes Potassium-50 Potassium Channel Pulse Rate Sodium-20 Sodium Channel Subtraction Technique Tetrodotoxin Transients
3
GABA-A Receptor Characterization in Neuronal Slices
Cited 13 times
Slices were perfused with ACSF, which was heated to 35–37°C, equilibrated with 95% O2/5% CO2 and contained (in mM): 126 NaCl, 26 NaHCO3, 3 KCl, 1.25
NaH2PO4, 1.6 CaCl2, 1.5 MgSO4, 10 glucose, 0.05 D-(–)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (APV), 0.02 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX) and 0.002 (2S)-3-{[(1S)-1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]amino-2-hydroxypropyl)(phenylmethyl)phosphinic acid (CGP 55845). APV, DNQX and CGP55845 were used to block NMDA, AMPA/kainate and GABAB receptors, respectively, so that GABAA receptor-mediated currents could be studied in relative isolation (Bevan et al., 2002 (link); Hallworth and Bevan, 2005 (link)). Miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) were recorded in the additional presence of 0.5 µM tetrodotoxin. In some cases sulpiride (2 µM) was added to block D2 dopamine receptors. Drugs were purchased from Abcam except for sulpiride, which was obtained from Tocris.
Somatic patch clamp recordings were obtained under visual guidance (Axioskop FS2, Zeiss) using computer-controlled manipulators (Luigs & Neumann) and a Multiclamp 700B amplifier and digidata 1440A digitizer controlled by PClamp 10 (Molecular Devices). Pipettes contained (in mM): 135 CsCl, 3.6 NaCl, 1 MgCl2, 10 HEPES, 10 QX-314, 0.1 Na4EGTA, 0.4 Na3GTP and 2 Mg1.5ATP (pH 7.2, 290 mOsm) or 130 Kgluconate, 3.6 Nagluconate, 1 MgCl2, 10 HEPES, 10 QX-314, TEA-Cl 5, 0.1 Na4EGTA, 0.4 Na3GTP and 2 Mg1.5ATP (pH 7.2, 290 mOsm) for the recording of GABAA receptor-mediated mIPSCs and evoked currents, respectively. mIPSCs were recorded at −60 mV. Evoked IPSCs and isoguvacine-evoked current were recorded at −50 mV. Weighted decay kinetics ofmIPSCs were calculated from τ decay = (A1*τ1 + A2*τ2)/(A1 + A2) where A and τ refer to the amplitude and decay constants, respectively, of biexponential fits of mIPSCs. Data were analyzed with Clampfit 10 (Molecular Devices), Igor Pro 6 (Wavemetrics) and Origin 8 (OriginLab).
Fan K.Y., Baufreton J., Surmeier D.J., Chan C.S, & Bevan M.D. (2012). Proliferation of External Globus Pallidus-Subthalamic Nucleus Synapses following Degeneration of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons. The Journal of Neuroscience, 32(40), 13718-13728.
Publication 2012
6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid Amino Acids Bicarbonate, Sodium Cardiac Arrest cesium chloride CGP 55845 CGP55845 Diploid Cell Dopamine D2 Receptor GABA-A Receptor Glucose HEPES Hypromellose Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Inhibitory Postsynaptic Currents isoguvacine isolation Kainate Kinetics Magnesium Chloride Medical Devices N-Methylaspartate Pharmaceutical Preparations Phosphinic Acids QX-314 Seizures Sodium Chloride Sulfate, Magnesium Sulpiride Tetrodotoxin
4
Electrophysiological Profiling of Hippocampal Slices
Cited 9 times
Hippocampal slices were prepared as previously described28 (link) from Baf53b+/− het mice,BAF53ΔHDlow, BAF53ΔHDhigh, and wildtype mice (approximately 2 months of age). Transverse hippocampal slices (300 μm) through the mid-third of the septotemporal axis of the hippocampus were placed in an interface recording chamber containing preheated artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF; in mM): 124 NaCl, 3 KCl, 1.25 KH2PO4, 1.5 MgSO4, 2.5 CaCl2, 26 NaHCO3, and 10 D-glucose and maintained at 31 ± 1°C). Slices were continuously perfused with at a rate of 1.75-2 ml/min while the surface was exposed to warm, humidified 95% O2 / 5% CO2. Recordings began following at least 2 hr of incubation.
Field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) were recorded from CA1b stratum radiatum using a single glass pipette (2-3 MΩ). Bipolar stainless steel stimulation electrodes (25 μm diameter, FHC) were positioned at two sites (CA1a and CA1c) in the apical Schaffer collateral-commissural projections to provide activation of separate converging pathways of CA1b pyramidal cells. Pulses were administered in an alternating fashion to the two electrodes at 0.03 Hz using a current that elicited a 50% maximal response. After establishing a stable baseline, long-term potentiation (LTP) was induced by delivering 5 or 10 ‘theta’ bursts (each burst was four pulses at 100 Hz and bursts were separated by 200 msec). Data were collected and digitized by NAC 2.0 Neurodata Acquisition System (Theta Burst Corp.).
Slices used for whole-cell recordings were prepared as previously described23 (link),56 (link). Briefly, slices were placed in a submerged recording chamber and continuously perfused at 2–3 ml/min with oxygenated (95% O2/5% CO2) ACSF at 32°C. Whole-cell recordings were made with 3–5 MΩ recording pipettes filled with solution of the following composition (in mM): 130 K-gluconate, 0.1 EGTA, 0.5 MgCl2, 10 HEPES, 2 ATP (pH 7.25, 285 mosM) using an Axopatch 200A amplifier (Molecular Devices). Miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) were recorded at a holding potential of −70 mV in the presence of tetrodotoxin (1 μM) and bicuculline (50 μM). Data were filtered at 2 kHz, digitized at 1–5 kHz, stored on a computer, and analyzed off-line using Mini Analysis Program (Synaptosoft), Origin (OriginLab), and pCLAMP 7 (Molecular Devices) software.
Vogel-Ciernia A., Matheos D.P., Barrett R.M., Kramár E., Azzawi S., Chen Y., Magnan C.N., Zeller M., Sylvain A., Haettig J., Jia Y., Tran A., Dang R., Post R.J., Chabrier M., Babayan A., Wu J.I., Crabtree G.R., Baldi P., Baram T.Z., Lynch G, & Wood M.A. (2013). The Neuron-specific Chromatin Regulatory Subunit BAF53b is Necessary for Synaptic Plasticity and Memory. Nature neuroscience, 16(5), 552-561.
Publication 2013
Bicarbonate, Sodium Bicuculline Cerebrospinal Fluid Egtazic Acid Epistropheus Excitatory Postsynaptic Currents Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials gluconate Glucose HEPES Long-Term Potentiation Magnesium Chloride Medical Devices Mus Pulse Rate Pyramidal Cells Schaffer Collaterals Seahorses Sodium Chloride Stainless Steel Sulfate, Magnesium Tetrodotoxin
5
Hippocampal Slice Electrophysiology in Mice
Cited 9 times
Transverse hippocampal slices were obtained from P21–P30 Chrna2-cre/R26tom and wild type littermate mice, Chrna2-cre/Viaatlx mice, and 1–2 month-old hChR2 carrying mice of either sex (see Virus injection) as previously described and according to the rules of Animal Experimentation of the Uppsala University. Slices were maintained in artificial CSF (in mmol: 124 NaCl, 3.5 KCl, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 1.5 MgCl2, 1.5 CaCl2, 24 NaHCO3, 10 glucose), constantly bubbled with 95% O2 and 5% CO2. Borosilicate glass electrodes (resistance = 4–8MΩ for somatic recordings; 12–18MΩ for dendritic recordings) were filled with either K-gluconate or CsCl-based internal solution49 (link). Current/voltage clamp recordings were obtained from using either a Dagan BVC700 (Dagan), Axopatch 200B or a Multiclamp 700B (Molecular Devices) amplifiers; data was acquired by National Instruments DAQ cards and winWCP (Dr John Dempster, Strathclyde University, UK). No differences between firing and passive membrane properties and morphology of CA1 OLM cells were found between Chrna2-cre and WT littermates (n=153 cells); therefore, data is presented only from mice carrying Cre recombinase. Postsynaptic currents were obtained in voltage clamp at a holding potential of −60mV using a CsCl-based internal solution (Cl− reversal potential = 0mV).
Extracellular field EPSP (fEPSP) recordings (LTP experiments) were obtained by placing a concentric stimulation electrode (FHC) either at SR or SLM (for SC or TA stimulation, respectively) as previously described14 (link). A borosilicate glass pipette (4–8MΩ) filled with ACSF was used to record SC or TA fEPSPs at the CA1 region 200–400 µm away from the stimulation electrode. Stimulation strength was adjusted to obtain 50–60% of the maximum fEPSP amplitude followed by 20min recordings (200ms pulses delivered every 20s) to obtain a stable fEPSP baseline. Stimulus-response curves were obtained from fEPSPs slopes and synaptic potentiation was induced by weak theta burst stimulation (wTBS; two bursts of four pulses at 100 Hz spaced by 200 ms). The following drugs were bath applied to brain slices: tetrodotoxin (1µM), methyllycaconitine citrate (MLA, Tocris, 10nM), 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX, Sigma, 10uM), d-(−)-2-Amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (dAP5, Sigma, 30µM), picrotoxin (PTX, Sigma, 10uM), mecamylamine hydrochloride (MEC, Sigma, 25µM), and (−)-Nicotine ditartrate (Nic, Tocris, 1µM).
Leão R.N., Mikulovic S., Leão K.E., Munguba H., Gezelius H., Enjin A., Patra K., Eriksson A., Loew L.M., Tort A.B, & Kullander K. (2012). OLM interneurons differentially modulate CA3 and entorhinal inputs to hippocampal CA1 neurons. Nature neuroscience, 15(11), 1524-1530.
Publication 2012
6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione Amino Acids Bath Bicarbonate, Sodium Brain Cells cesium chloride Citrates Cre recombinase Dagan Debility Dendrites Diploid Cell Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials gluconate Glucose Magnesium Chloride Mecamylamine Medical Devices methyllycaconitine Mus Nicotine Pharmaceutical Preparations Picrotoxin Postsynaptic Current Pulses Sodium Chloride SR-AT Tetrodotoxin Tissue, Membrane Virus

Most recents protocols related to «Tetrodotoxin»

1
Tyrode and Extracellular Solutions for Voltage-Clamp Experiments
Tyrode solution contained (in mM) 140 NaCl, 5 KCl, 2.5 CaCl2, 2 MgCl2, and 10 HEPES. The standard extracellular solution for voltage-clamp experiments contained (in mM) 140 TEA-methane-sulfonate, 2.5 CaCl2, 2 MgCl2, 1 4-aminopyridine, 10 HEPES, and 0.002 tetrodotoxin. For the experiments described in Figs. 1 and 2, the extracellular solution also contained 0.33% DMSO. The standard pipette solution contained (in mM) 120 K-glutamate, 5 Na2-ATP, 5 Na2-phosphocreatine, 5.5 MgCl2, 5 glucose, and 5 HEPES. For measurements of rhod-2 Ca2+ transients, it also contained 15 EGTA, 6 CaCl2, and 0.1 rhod-2. For measurements with fluo-4, isolated muscle fibers were incubated for 30 min in the presence of Tyrode solution containing 10 μM fluo-4 AM. All solutions were adjusted to pH 7.20. The Ringer solution used for muscle force measurements contained (in mM) 140 NaCl, 6 KCl, 3 CaCl2, 2 MgCl2, and 10 HEPES, adjusted to pH 7.40.
Probenecid was prepared as a 0.3 M aliquoted stock solution in DMSO and used in the extracellular solution at 0.5, 1, or 2 mM. Carbenoxolone was prepared as a 10 mM stock solution in the extracellular solution and used at 0.1 mM. These concentrations were chosen on the basis of their effectiveness and wide use to block Panx1 channels throughout the literature (e.g., Dahl et al., 2013 (link)). When testing the effect of either probenecid or carbenoxolone using the preincubation protocol (Figs. 1 and 2), fibers were bathed in the drug-containing extracellular solution from the beginning of the intracellular dialysis with the rhod-2-containing solution (i.e., 30 min before taking measurements). The 10panx1 peptide and the scrambled control peptide (10panx1SCr) were tested under the same conditions at 200 µM while the P2Y2 antagonist AR-C 118925XX was tested at 10 µM. All chemicals and drugs were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, except for tetrodotoxin (Alomone Labs), rhod-2 and fluo-4 (Thermo Fisher Scientific), and AR-C 118925XX (TOCRIS—Bio-Techne).
In vitro fluorescence measurements using droplets of a solution containing (in mM) 120 K-glutamate, 10 HEPES, 15 EGTA, 6 CaCl2, and 0.1 rhod-2, with or without probenecid, showed that fluorescence intensity in the presence of 1 mM probenecid corresponded to 1.09 ± 0.12% (n = 6) the intensity in the absence of probenecid, excluding an interaction of the drug with the dye to explain the effect on resting fluorescence in muscle fibers.
Jaque-Fernandez F., Allard B., Monteiro L., Lafoux A., Huchet C., Jaimovich E., Berthier C, & Jacquemond V. (2023). Probenecid affects muscle Ca2+ homeostasis and contraction independently from pannexin channel block. The Journal of General Physiology, 155(4), e202213203.
Publication 2023
Aminopyridines Carbenoxolone Cardiac Arrest Dialysis Solutions Drug Interactions Egtazic Acid Figs Fluo 4 Fluorescence Glucose Glutamate HEPES Magnesium Chloride methanesulfonate Muscle Tissue P2RY2 protein, human Peptides Pharmaceutical Preparations Phosphocreatine Probenecid Protoplasm rhod-2 Ringer's Solution Sodium Chloride Sulfoxide, Dimethyl Tetrodotoxin Transients Tyrode's solution
2
Electrophysiological Assessment of Synaptic Function
Electrophysiology whole-cell recordings were performed in voltage-clamp mode using a MultiClamp 700B amplifier (Molecular Devices, LCC) at a sampling frequency of 50 kHz and recorded signals were digitized using a Digidata 1440 digitizer (Molecular Devices, LCC). Patch pipettes were pulled from borosilicate glass and had a resistance of 3-5 MΩ when filled with standard intracellular solution (95.0 K-gluconate, 50.0 KCl, 10.0 HEPES, 4.00 Mg-ATP, 0.3 NaGTP and 10.0 mM phosphocreatine; pH 7.2, 300 mOsm). Miniature excitatory postsynaptic current (mEPSC) was measured in rat hippocampal neurons following OGD at room temperature in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (126.0 NaCl, 2.5 KCl, 10.0 glucose, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 2.0 MgCl2, 2.0 CaCl2 and 26.0 mM NaHCO3) with 0.5 µM tetrodotoxin (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA).
Ge C., Wang X., Wang Y., Lei L., Song G., Qian M, & Wang S. (2023). PKCε inhibition prevents ischemia‑induced dendritic spine impairment in cultured primary neurons. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 25(4), 152.
Publication 2023
Bicarbonate, Sodium Cerebrospinal Fluid Excitatory Postsynaptic Currents gluconate Glucose HEPES Magnesium Chloride Medical Devices Neurons Phosphocreatine Protoplasm Sodium Chloride Tetrodotoxin
3
Electrophysiological Recording of Miniature Inhibitory Postsynaptic Currents
For electrophysiological recordings, 350-µm-thick brain slices were prepared from 3 week old mice and equilibrated in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) composed of 120 mM NaCl, 3 mM KCl, 1.3 mM Mg2SO4, 1.25 mM NaH2PO4, 2.5 mM CaCl2, 10 mM D-glucose, and 25 mM NaHCO3, and gassed with 95% O2/5% CO2, pH 7.3 at room temperature for at least 1 h as described previously [34 (link)].
Patch clamp recordings were performed on coronal slices that were placed in a submerged recording chamber mounted on an upright microscope (BX51WI, Olympus, Hamburg, Germany). Slices were continuously superfused with gassed aCSF (2–3 mL/min, 32 °C, pH 7.3). Recordings of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic current (mIPSC) kinetics were performed using a CsCl-based intracellular solution containing 122 mM CsCl, 8 mM NaCl, 0.2 mM MgCl2, 10 mM HEPES, 2 mM EGTA, 2 MM Mg-ATP, 0.5 mM Na-GTP, 10 mM QX-314 [N-(2,6-dimethylphenylcarbamoylmethyl) triethylammonium bromide], pH adjusted to 7.3 with CsOH. DL-AP5 (30 μM), CNQX (10 μM) and tetrodotoxin (0.5 μM) were added to the perfusate. mIPSCs were recorded at a holding potential of −70 mV for at least 5 min in aCSF. Data analysis was performed off-line with the detection threshold levels set to 5 pA. The following parameters were determined: frequency, peak amplitude, rise time, time constant of decay (τ-decay), half-width, and electrical charge transfer.
Chen J., Salveridou E., Liebmann L., Sundaram S.M., Doycheva D., Markova B., Hübner C.A., Boelen A., Visser W.E., Heuer H, & Mayerl S. (2023). Triac Treatment Prevents Neurodevelopmental and Locomotor Impairments in Thyroid Hormone Transporter Mct8/Oatp1c1 Deficient Mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(4), 3452.
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Publication 2023
6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione Bicarbonate, Sodium Brain Bromides Cerebrospinal Fluid cesium chloride Egtazic Acid Electricity Glucose HEPES Inhibitory Postsynaptic Currents Kinetics Magnesium Chloride Mice, Laboratory Microscopy Protoplasm QX-314 Sodium Chloride Tetrodotoxin
4
Preparation and Administration of Pharmacological Agents
Celastrol (Fermentek Ltd., Jerusalem, Israel) was dissolved in 100% DMSO at a concentration of 10 mg/mL and stored at −20 °C for up to one week prior to dilution in PBS immediately prior to i.p. injection at a dose of 1 mg/kg/d. Triptolide (Sigma, Rehovot, Israel) was dissolved in 100% DMSO and stored at −20 °C prior to dilution in PBS immediately prior to ip injection at a dose of 0.6 mg/kg. Tetrodotoxin (TTX), 2-(3-Carboxypropyl)-3-amino-6-(4 methoxyphenyl) pyridazinium bromide Gabazine (GBZ), and DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV) were obtained from Alomone labs (Jerusalem, Israel).
Jada R., Borisov V., Laury E., Halpert S., Levy N.S., Wagner S., Netser S., Walikonis R., Carmi I., Berlin S, & Levy A.P. (2023). Daily Brief Heat Therapy Reduces Seizures in A350V IQSEC2 Mice and Is Associated with Correction of AMPA Receptor-Mediated Synaptic Dysfunction. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(4), 3924.
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Publication 2023
Amino Acids Bromides celastrol gabazine Injections, Intraperitoneal Sulfoxide, Dimethyl Technique, Dilution Tetrodotoxin triptolide
5
Investigating Gastric and Intestinal Muscle Contractility
Cited 1 time
Gastric and intestinal tissue of n = 19 guinea pigs were used. The stomach was cut along the greater and smaller curvature and the small and large intestine were cut along the mesenteric border, contents were removed, and the tissue was carefully washed. Tissue samples were pinned mucosal side up in Sylgard®-coated Petri dishes. Mucosa and submucosa were carefully removed under microscopic control (Olympus SZ30 stereo microscope, Olympus Corporation, Hamburg, Germany). Muscle-myenteric plexus preparations (MPPs) were cut in the direction of visible muscle fibers to examine circular muscle motility, and vertically to visible muscle fibers for investigation of longitudinal muscle motility, dissecting MPP preparations of 2 × 1 cm for both gastric and intestinal tissue. For the stomach, two MPPs were cut from both the oral fundus and the aboral antrum, and four MPPs were cut from the corpus. For the intestine, MPPs were cut from the ileum and from the proximal colon.
Threads were knotted on both ends of each MPP that were then put into organ baths containing 12 mL of oxygenated Krebs solution (in mmol/L: 1.2 MgCl2, 2.5 CaCl2, 1.2 NaH2PO4, 117 NaCl, 20 NaHCO3, 11 glucose, 4.7 KCl) at 37 °C. While one thread tied the MPP to the organ bath, the other one was knotted to an isometric force transducer (Spider). Platinum electrodes connected to an electric stimulator (Grass S88 Dual output pulse stimulator, Grass Instruments, RI, USA) were placed at each side of single MPPs for electrical field stimulations (EFS; 30 V, 10 Hz, 0.5 ms individual pulse duration for 10 s). Stimulation parameters were chosen to exclusively stimulate neuronal-mediated smooth muscle activity. After a 30 min equilibration with a preload of 30 mN, the buffer was changed and tissue vitality and responsiveness were proved by EFS repeated three times with 15 to 20 min in between. Ten minutes after the last EFS and when a stable baseline was reached again, 10 µM cocaine was applied to the bath. The motility was recorded for 50 min and then a further EFS was applied, followed by washout. In order to investigate whether the effect of cocaine application was nerve-mediated, in a set of experiments 1 µM tetrodotoxin (TTX) was applied to the bath 20 min prior to cocaine addition, blocking the voltage-gated neuronal Na+ channels.
Elfers K., Menne L., Colnaghi L., Hoppe S, & Mazzuoli-Weber G. (2023). Short- and Long-Term Effects of Cocaine on Enteric Neuronal Functions. Cells, 12(4), 577.
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Publication 2023
Antral Bath Bicarbonate, Sodium Buffers Cavia Cocaine Colon Electricity Glucose Hyperostosis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Ileum Intestines Krebs-Ringer solution Large Intestine Magnesium Chloride Mesentery Microscopy Motility, Cell Mucous Membrane Muscle Tissue Myenteric Plexus Nervousness Neurons Platinum Poaceae Pulse Rate Smooth Muscles Sodium Chloride Spiders Stimulations, Electric Stomach Tetrodotoxin Tissues Transducers

Top products related to «Tetrodotoxin»

1
Tetrodotoxin by Bio-Techne
Sourced in United Kingdom, United States
Tetrodotoxin is a potent neurotoxin that inhibits voltage-gated sodium channels. It is commonly used in research applications to study the role of sodium channels in various biological processes.
2
Tetrodotoxin by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom
Tetrodotoxin is a naturally occurring chemical compound found in certain marine organisms, such as pufferfish. It is a potent neurotoxin that blocks sodium channels in nerve and muscle cells, affecting the transmission of electrical signals. Tetrodotoxin is commonly used in research laboratories for the study of nerve and muscle function.
3
Tetrodotoxin ttx by Bio-Techne
Sourced in United Kingdom, United States
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin that selectively blocks sodium channels in nerve and muscle cells. It is a naturally occurring compound found in various marine organisms, including puffer fish. TTX is used extensively in research laboratories for its ability to inhibit the flow of sodium ions across cell membranes, which is essential for the generation and propagation of action potentials in excitable cells.
4
Pclamp 10 by Molecular Devices
Sourced in United States, Germany, Canada, United Kingdom, China, Australia
PClamp 10 software is a data acquisition and analysis platform for electrophysiology research. It provides tools for recording, analyzing, and visualizing electrical signals from cells and tissues.
5
Tetrodotoxin ttx by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is isolated from various marine organisms, including pufferfish. TTX is commonly used in research laboratories for the study of voltage-gated sodium channels and their role in neurophysiology.
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Multiclamp 700b amplifier by Molecular Devices
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, Japan, Hungary
The Multiclamp 700B amplifier is a versatile instrument designed for electrophysiology research. It provides high-quality amplification and signal conditioning for a wide range of intracellular and extracellular recording applications. The Multiclamp 700B offers advanced features and precise control over signal acquisition, enabling researchers to obtain reliable and accurate data from their experiments.
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Tetrodotoxin by Alomone
Sourced in Israel, Australia, United Kingdom, United States
Tetrodotoxin is a highly potent neurotoxin that acts by blocking sodium channels, preventing the generation and propagation of action potentials in nerve and muscle cells. It is commonly found in various marine organisms, including pufferfish, blue-ringed octopus, and certain species of newts.
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Picrotoxin by Merck Group
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Picrotoxin is a chemical compound that acts as a GABA antagonist. It is primarily used in scientific research as a tool to study the function of GABA receptors.
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Picrotoxin by Bio-Techne
Sourced in United Kingdom, United States, Israel
Picrotoxin is a chemical compound that functions as a non-competitive antagonist of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor. It is commonly used in scientific research as a tool to study GABA receptor function and neurotransmission.
10
Strychnine by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Sao Tome and Principe, France
Strychnine is a chemical compound that can be used as a research tool in laboratory settings. It is a naturally occurring substance found in certain plants. Strychnine has specific chemical and biological properties that may be of interest for certain scientific investigations, though its intended use should be determined by the relevant research protocols and safety guidelines.

More about "Tetrodotoxin"

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a powerful neurotoxin found in various marine organisms, particularly pufferfish.
This potent compound works by blocking sodium channels, preventing the propagation of action potentials and causing paralysis.
Tetrodotoxin has been extensively studied in scientific research to elucidate neural function and has also been explored as a potential therapeutic agent.
PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform can help optimize Tetrodotoxin research by enhancing reproducibility and identifying the most effective protocols and products from literature, preprints, and patents.
The PClamp 10 software and Multiclamp 700B amplifier are commonly used tools in Tetrodotoxin research, as they enable precise electrophysiological recordings and analysis.
In addition to its use in neural studies, Tetrodotoxin has also been investigated in combination with other compounds, such as Picrotoxin and Strychnine, to further understand its mechanisms of action and potential applications.
Improving research efficiency is crucial, and PubCompare.ai's user-friendly tools can help researchers optimize their Tetrodotoxin studies, leading to more reproducible and impactful findings.