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Xanthines

Xanthines are a class of organic compounds that are derived from purine and are widely found in various plants and animals.
They have diverse biological activities, including stimulant, diuretic, and bronchodilator effects.
Xanthines are commonly used in the treatment of respiratory conditions, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), as well as in the management of certain cardiovascular disorders.
Research into the therapeutic potential of xanthines is an active area of investigation, with ongoing studies exploring their effeects on cognition, neuroprotection, and other physiological processes.
This MeSH term provides a concise overview of the key characteristics and pharmacological applications of this improtant class of compounds.

Most cited protocols related to «Xanthines»

1
Generation of GFP-TgTgAtg8 Transformants
To generate stable transformants, 5×107 extracellular tachyzoites of the of the RHΔHX strain were transfected and selected as previously described [42] (link). GFP-TgTgAtg8-expressing parasites were obtained by electroporation of 100 µg of plasmids for the expression of GFP-TgTgAtg8 or its mutated version. After overnight growth, transfectants were selected with 25 µg/ml mycophenolic acid and 50 µg/ml xanthine for three passages, before cloning by limiting dilution under drug selection. After expanding the clones, GFP-expressing parasites were selected by observation with a fluorescent microscope.
Besteiro S., Brooks C.F., Striepen B, & Dubremetz J.F. (2011). Autophagy Protein Atg3 is Essential for Maintaining Mitochondrial Integrity and for Normal Intracellular Development of Toxoplasma gondii Tachyzoites. PLoS Pathogens, 7(12), e1002416.
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Publication 2011
Clone Cells Electroporation Microscopy Mycophenolic Acid Parasites Pharmaceutical Preparations Plasmids Strains Technique, Dilution Xanthines
2
Extraction and Quantification of Amaranth Pigments
The leaves of red and green amaranth were extracted in 80% methyl alcohol having 50 mM ascorbate to measure β-cyanin and β-xanthin according to the method of Sarker and Oba21 (link). A spectrophotometer (Hitachi, U-1800, Tokyo, Japan) was used to measure the absorbance at 540 nm for β-cyanin and 475 nm for β-xanthin, respectively. The results were expressed as the nanogram betanin equivalent per gram fresh weight (FW) for β-cyanin and nanograms indicaxanthin equivalent per gram FW for β-xanthin.
Sarker U, & Oba S. (2019). Antioxidant constituents of three selected red and green color Amaranthus leafy vegetable. Scientific Reports, 9, 18233.
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Publication 2019
Amaranth Dye betanin indicaxanthin Methanol Xanthines
3
Genetic Modification of Parasites
Freshly harvested parasites were transfected with purified plasmid or amplicon DNA by electroporation as previously described (49 (link)). Transgenic parasites were selected following DNA transfection by FACS sorting with a FACSAria II (BD Biosciences) on the basis of Cas9-GFP fluorescence or with an appropriate antibiotic. When needed, the antibiotic (concentration) used for drug selection was chloramphenicol (20 µM), mycophenolic acid (25 µg/ml) with xanthine (50 µg/ml), pyrimethamine (3 µM), or 5-fluorodeoxyuracil (10 µM). Stable clones were isolated by limiting dilution.
Brown K.M., Long S, & Sibley L.D. (2017). Plasma Membrane Association by N-Acylation Governs PKG Function in Toxoplasma gondii. mBio, 8(3), e00375-17.
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Publication 2017
Animals, Transgenic Antibiotics Chloramphenicol Clone Cells Electroporation Fluorescence Mycophenolic Acid Parasites Pharmaceutical Preparations Plasmids Pyrimethamine Technique, Dilution Transfection Xanthines
4
Chk1 Receptor-Ligand Complex Selection
The selection of the Chk1 receptor was based on the propositions by Sarkaria et al. (1999) [7 (link)] and Lu et al. (2008) [8 (link)] (as previously discussed), highlighting the Chk1 receptor as a prominent target for the action of alkylxanthines against epithelial cancer.
The Protein Data Bank (PDB) provides several receptor-ligand complex alternatives for Chk1. However, the structure of this receptor complexed with caffeine is not available in the PDB, which makes it necessary to select the receptor-ligand complex (for further docking) as described below:
Selection of the receptor-ligand complex Chk1 (target protein) was performed taking into account (1) the structural similarity (visual inspection) of the ligands to the xanthine scaffold structure, regarding the presence of the heterocyclic rings; followed by (2) the overlap of the ligands with the caffeine structure, in relation to the overlap similarity values.
For PDB selection, only small ligand structures (characteristic common to the molecules here studied) from target in complex with only one ligand were selected. The structural similarity was accessed in the Discovery Studio 4.0 Client tool [24 ]. The ligands obtained were analyzed regarding the overlap similarity with caffeine.
Costa J.D., Costa K.D., Cruz J.V., Ramos R.D., Silva L.B., Brasil D.D., Tomich de Paula da Silva C.H., Rodrigues dos Santos C.B, & Macêdo W.J. (2018). Virtual Screening and Statistical Analysis in the Design of New Caffeine Analogues Molecules with Potential Epithelial Anticancer Activity. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 24(5), 576-594.
Publication 2018
Caffeine Carcinoma Ligands Proteins Xanthines
5
Pharmacophore Modeling of Trialkylxanthine Derivatives
We selected 30 molecules derived from trialkylxanthine with experimental values of biological activity [9 (link)] related to the prevention of Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) in the malignant transformation of epidermal cells of susceptible JB6 rats (P +) C141 (JB6 P +). Activity values were presented as ICT50 (50% inhibition of cell transformation) against epithelial cancer.
The training set molecules used for the construction of the pharmacophore model were selected in decreasing biological activity sequence (from 0.01 to 0.24 mM), containing the most active, since the activity is a critical factor for the determination of the pharmacophore characteristics and for the validation of the model Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) [11 , 12 (link)]. Caffeine and xanthine molecules were introduced in the training set, according to the following considerations: (1) introduction of caffeine, here used as the reference/prototype molecule; (2) introduction of xanthine, because it has the active scaffold of the molecules here investigated. A total of 21 molecules comprise of the final training set.
The test set comprised 9 molecules randomly selected, which was here used for external validation of the MLR model. Structures were drawn using the ChemScketch software [13 ] and saved in the mol format, except caffeine, for which the crystallographic pose was retrieved from the Cambridge Structural Database portal at http://webcsd.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/. Both files were later.
converted to mol2 using the Open Babel tool 2.3.2 [14 ]. The geometries of the molecules were optimized according to the Molecular Mechanics MM+ Force Field, using the HyperChem 7 program [15 ].
Costa J.D., Costa K.D., Cruz J.V., Ramos R.D., Silva L.B., Brasil D.D., Tomich de Paula da Silva C.H., Rodrigues dos Santos C.B, & Macêdo W.J. (2018). Virtual Screening and Statistical Analysis in the Design of New Caffeine Analogues Molecules with Potential Epithelial Anticancer Activity. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 24(5), 576-594.
Publication 2018
A-factor (Streptomyces) Biopharmaceuticals Caffeine Carcinoma Cells Crystallography Epidermal Cells Epidermal growth factor factor A Mechanics Molecular Dynamics Psychological Inhibition Rattus norvegicus Xanthines

Most recents protocols related to «Xanthines»

1
Extraction and Fractionation of Savory Compounds from Cocoa
Not available on PMC !

Example 1

The present example described the preparation of an HMG glucoside for use in a flavor composition through the hydrolysis of cocoa bean liquor made from West African cocoa beans.

Reagents: A solution of 4N HCl was prepared by adding 100 mL 34-37% HCl in a 250 mL volumetric flask and filling it with water. A solution of 4N NaOH was prepared by dissolving 80 g NaOH pellets in 500 mL of water in a volumetric flask.

Method: Cocoa liquor was run through a sieve and 30.09 g of fine powder was weighed into a 500 mL 3-neck round-bottom flask. The liquor was dissolved in 4N HCl (200 mL) and a stir bar was added to the flask. The sample was stirred at room temperature until the liquor was fully dispersed and flowed freely. A condenser was affixed to the flask and held at 8° C. A digital thermometer was pierced through a rubber stopper to measure the temperature of the solution. The third neck was plugged with a rubber stopper. The flask was wrapped in aluminum foil and heated to approximately 106° C. using a heating mantle. The sample was refluxed for 4.5 hours and left to cool to room temperature. The sample was transferred to a 1 L beaker and neutralized to pH 7 with 4N NaOH using a digital pH meter (pH 6.98 @29° C.). The sample was divided equally into 4 250 mL centrifuge tubes and centrifuged for 10 minutes @ 4500 rpm. The supernatant was filtered under vacuum through a Buchner funnel. The filtrate was then transferred to 2 32 oz plastic containers and lyophilized (yield 52.50 g).

1. Hydrolysis of Cocoa Powder

    • Preparation: A solution of 4N HCl was prepared by adding 100 mL 34-37% HCl in a 250 mL volumetric flask and filling it to the line with water. A solution of 4N NaOH was prepared by dissolving 80 g NaOH pellets in 500 mL of water in a volumetric flask.
    • Procedure: Cocoa liquor made from Theobroma cacao cocoa beans was run through a sieve and 30.09 g of fine powder was weighed into a 500 mL 3-neck round-bottom flask. The liquor was dissolved in 4N HCl (200 mL) and a stir bar was added to the flask. The sample was stirred at room temperature until the liquor was fully dispersed and flowed freely. A condenser was affixed to the flask and held at 8° C. A digital thermometer was pierced through a rubber stopper to measure the temperature of the solution. The third neck was plugged with a rubber stopper. The flask was wrapped in aluminum foil and heated to approximately 106° C. using a heating mantle. The sample was refluxed for 4.5 hours and left to cool to room temperature. The sample was transferred to a 1 L beaker and neutralized to pH 7 with 4N NaOH using a digital pH meter (pH 6.98 @ 29° C.). The sample was divided equally into 4 250 mL centrifuge tubes and centrifuged for 10 minutes @ 4500 rpm. The supernatant was filtered under vacuum through a Buchner funnel. The filtrate was then transferred to 2 32 oz plastic containers and lyophilized.

2. Ethanol Extraction of Hydrolyzed Cocoa Powder

    • The hydrolyzed cocoa powder was extracted with ethanol to remove a bulk of the salts generated during neutralization. Hydrolyzed cocoa powder (50.36 g) was divided equally into 2 500 mL centrifuge tubes. Ethanol (200 mL) was added slowly to each tube as to not disturb the sample. The samples were shaken for 15 minutes on an autoshaker and then centrifuged for 10 minutes @4500 rpm. The supernatant was decanted into a 1000 mL round-bottom flask. The residue was scraped off the bottom of the tubes and redissolved in ethanol (200 mL each). The samples were shaken for 15 minutes on an autoshaker and then centrifuged for 10 minutes @ 4500 rpm. The supernatant was combined with the previous supernatant and evaporated under reduced pressure to remove all organic solvent. The remaining solids were redissolved in approximately 100 mL deionized water and lyophilized.

3. SPE (Solid Phase Extraction) Fractionation of HCP (Hydrolysed Cocoa Powder) Ethanol Extract

    • The extract previously obtained was further fractionated to exhaustively remove the salts and hydrophilic molecules. HCP ethanol extract was transferred to 14 glass vials (approximately 0.5 g each, 20 mL volume) and dissolved in DI water (10 mL). The samples were shaken until dissolved (approximately 1 minute). The samples were filtered through a syringe and PTFE filter to remove particulates as necessary. A solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge (20 g/60 mL, C18 stationary phase) was conditioned sequentially with DI water (100 mL), methanol (100 mL), and DI water (100 mL). The sample (10 mL) was then loaded onto cartridge and washed with DI water (100 mL) and extracted with methanol (100 mL). The cartridge was reconditioned and the remaining 13 samples were washed and extracted as previously described. The organic solutions were combined and rotary evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was redissolved in DI water and lyophilized using a Labconco freeze dryer. The sample was separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to narrow down the taste-active molecules of interest.

1. Liquid/Solid Extraction of Liquor

    • Cocoa Liquor made from cocoa beans sourced from Papua New Guinea (PNG liquor) (600 g) was frozen in liquid nitrogen and ground into a fine powder with a laboratory mill. The powder was divided equally into six plastic centrifuge tubes (500 mL volume). Each sample (100 g PNG liquor) was extracted with diethyl ether (200 mL) for 15 minutes using an autoshaker to remove the fat. After centrifugation (10 min, 4500 rpm), the supernatant was discarded. The extraction process was repeated three more times for a total of four times. The remaining defatted liquor was left to air dry in a fume hood overnight. Defatted liquor (200 g) was divided equally between four plastic centrifuge bottles (250 mL volume). To each sample (50 g defatted PNG liquor), 150 mL 70:30 acetone:water was added. The bottles were placed on an autoshaker for 15 minutes. Each sample was centrifuged (5 min, 3500 rpm) and then the supernatant was vacuum filtered using Whatman 540 filter paper and a Buchner funnel. The residue was freed from the bottom of the bottles by hand and additional 70:30 acetone:water (100 mL) was added to each sample. The samples were shaken for 15 minutes using an auto-shaker. After centrifugation (10 min, 4500 rpm), the supernatant was vacuum filtered again using the same procedure described above. The supernatants from each extraction were combined (˜800 mL) and the residue was discarded. The supernatant was rotary evaporated under reduced pressure and the remaining aqueous solution (˜250 mL) was transferred into a separatory funnel (1000 mL volume). The aqueous solution was washed with Dichloromethane (3×300 mL) to remove any xanthines. The dichloromethane layer was discarded, then the aqueous solution was washed sequentially with n-butyl acetate (3×300 mL), ethyl acetate (3×300 mL), and methyl acetate (3×300 mL) to remove procyanidins. The organic layers were discarded and the aqueous solution (F7) was rotary evaporated under reduced pressure to remove any remaining solvent. The remaining water solution was lyophilized using a Labconco freeze dryer (100×103 mbar, −40° C.). Sensory analysis was performed and the savory attribute was found to be in F7.

2. Solid Phase Extraction (SPE)

    • For removal of any residual salts, treated PNG liquor powder (F7) was transferred to 14 glass vials (20 mL volume, approximately 0.5 g sample in each vial) and dissolved in DI water (10 mL). The samples were shaken until dissolved (approximately 1 minute). A solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge (20 g/60 mL, C18 stationary phase) was conditioned sequentially with DI water (100 mL), methanol (100 mL), and DI water (100 mL). The vacuum was broken and the sample (10 mL) was then loaded onto cartridge. The vacuum was resumed and the sample was washed with DI water (100 mL). The receptacle flask was changed and the sample was extracted with methanol (100 mL). The cartridge was reconditioned and the remaining 13 samples were washed and extracted as previously described. The organic solutions were combined and rotary evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was redissolved in DI water and lyophilized using a Labconco freeze dryer (100×103 mbar, −40° C.). Sensory analysis confirmed the presence of the savory attribute in the organic fraction.

US11858955B2. Flavor composition containing HMG glucosides (2024-01-02). MARS, INCORPORATED [US]. Inventors: John Didzbalis [US], John P. Munafo [US].
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Patent 2024
Acetone Aluminum Amniotic Fluid ARID1A protein, human butyl acetate Cacao Centrifugation Cocoa Powder Dietary Fiber Ethanol ethyl acetate Ethyl Ether Flavor Enhancers Fractionation, Chemical Freezing Glucosides High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies HMGB Proteins Hydrolysis Methanol methyl acetate Methylene Chloride Neck Nitrogen Pellets, Drug Polytetrafluoroethylene Powder Pressure Procyanidins Rubber Salts Savory Solid Phase Extraction Solvents Syringes Taste Thermometers Vacuum West African People Xanthines
2
Pharmacokinetics of Methylone and MDMA
One day prior to any experimental session, participants were tested for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by performing a PCR test. Participants arrived at the Clinical Research Unit (UPIC) at 7:45 a.m. on the day of the session after fasting overnight and remained at the facility for approximately 11 h. Upon arrival, participants provided a urine sample to perform a drug urine test (Drug-Screen Multi 10TD Test [Multi-Line], Nal Von Minden, Germany) to detect the presence of drugs of abuse (amphetamine, barbiturate, benzodiazepine, cocaine, MDMA, methamphetamine, morphine, methadone, tricyclic antidepressants, and tetrahydrocannabinol). Participants were requested to abstain from pre-session use of illicit drugs (1 week), alcohol (48 h), and caffeine or xanthines (24 h) (Papaseit et al., 2016 (link); Poyatos et al., 2021 (link)).
To establish levels of methylone, MDMA and their metabolites, blood and oral fluid samples were collected at baseline and 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 24 h after administration. Urine samples were collected at various time points throughout the session until 24 h (0–4 h, 4–8 h, 8–12 h, 12–24 h). Data on methylone and MDMA concentrations from this study are not presented, although the pharmacokinetics of methylone at doses ranging from 50 to 200 mg from pilot studies have been published (see study design) (Poyatos et al., 2022a (link)).
Poyatos L., Pérez-Mañá C., Hladun O., Núñez-Montero M., de la Rosa G., Martín S., Barriocanal A.M., Carabias L., Kelmendi B., Taoussi O., Busardò F.P., Fonseca F., Torrens M., Pichini S., Farré M, & Papaseit E. (2023). Pharmacological effects of methylone and MDMA in humans. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 14, 1122861.
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Publication 2023
Amphetamines Barbiturates Benzodiazepines BLOOD Caffeine Cocaine COVID 19 Dronabinol Drug Kinetics Ethanol Illicit Drugs MDMA Methadone Methamphetamine methylone Morphine Pharmaceutical Preparations Substance Abuse Detection Tricyclic Antidepressive Agents Urinalysis Urine Xanthines
3
Propagation of T. gondii RHΔhxgprt Strain
Parental T. gondii RHΔhxgprt (wild-type) and subsequent strains were grown on confluent monolayers of human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF) (BJ, ATCC, Manassas, VA) at 37°C and 5% CO2 in Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (DMEM) supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum (Gibco), 5% Cosmic calf serum (HyClone), and 1× penicillin-streptomycin-l-glutamine (Gibco). Constructs containing selectable markers were selected using 1 μM pyrimethamine (dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase [DHFR-TS]), 50 μg/mL mycophenolic acid-xanthine (HXGPRT), or 40 μM chloramphenicol (CAT) (54 (link)– (link)56 (link)). Homologous recombination to the UPRT locus was negatively selected using 5 μM 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FUDR) (57 (link)).
Back P.S., Moon A.S., Pasquarelli R.R., Bell H.N., Torres J.A., Chen A.L., Sha J., Vashisht A.A., Wohlschlegel J.A, & Bradley P.J. (2023). IMC29 Plays an Important Role in Toxoplasma Endodyogeny and Reveals New Components of the Daughter-Enriched IMC Proteome. mBio, 14(1), e03042-22.
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Publication 2023
Chloramphenicol Cosmic composite resin Eagle Fetal Bovine Serum Fibroblasts Floxuridine Foreskin Glutamine Homologous Recombination Homo sapiens Mycophenolic Acid Parent Penicillins Pyrimethamine Serum Strains Streptomycin Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase Thymidylate Synthase Xanthines
4
Gene Expression Cassette Deletion and Complementation in Toxoplasma gondii
To remove the HXGPRT gene expression cassette, parasites were transiently transfected with Cre expression vectors. Selection by growth for 14 days in 80 μg/mL 6-thioxanthine (Wako) was used to obtain stably resistant clones. A total of 24 clones were selected and screened by PCR to detect deletion of the HXGPRT gene expression cassette. To complement the IWS1-deficient parasites, the IWS1 coding region was amplified from RH T. gondii genomic DNA using the primers IWS1_cDNA_F and IWS1_cDNA_R (Table S3), subcloned into pCR-Blunt II TOPO (Thermo Fisher Scientific), and sequenced. The plasmid was cut by BglII and PacI and the IWS1 cDNA fragment was inserted into the BamHI/PacI site of hxgprt cassette containing poly A signal at the 5′ side of the cassette. To construct CRISPR/Cas9 plasmids for complementing IWS1, two oligonucleotide primers (IWS1_complement_gRNA3_F and IWS1_complement_gRNA3_R) were used. To insert the IWS1-polyA-HXGPRT gene cassette into the endogenous locus of IWS1 (Fig. S2A), the cassette was amplified using the primers IWS1_complement_F and IWS1_complement_R. IWS1-deficient parasites lacking HXGPRT were filtered, washed and resuspended in Cytomix. Parasites were mixed with 50 μg of the IWS1-complement_gRNA3 along with the PCR-amplified targeting fragment and supplemented with 2 mM ATP and 5 mM GSH. Parasites were electroporated using a Gene Pulser II. Selection by growth for 14 days in 25 μg/mL mycophenolic acid (Sigma) and 50 μg/mL xanthine (Wako) was used to obtain stably resistant clones. Next, parasites were plated in limiting dilution in 96-well plates to isolate single clones. To confirm expression of the gene encoding IWS1, we analyzed IWS1 mRNA from the rescued parasites by quantitative RT-PCR using the primers listed in Table S3.
Hashizaki E., Sasai M., Okuzaki D., Nishi T., Kobayashi T., Iwanaga S, & Yamamoto M. (2023). Toxoplasma IWS1 Determines Fitness in Interferon-γ-Activated Host Cells and Mice by Indirectly Regulating ROP18 mRNA Expression. mBio, 14(1), e03256-22.
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Publication 2023
6-thioxanthine Clone Cells Cloning Vectors Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats DNA, Complementary Gene Deletion Gene Expression Genes Genome Mycophenolic Acid Oligonucleotide Primers Parasites Plasmids Poly A Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction RNA, Messenger Technique, Dilution Topoisomerase II Xanthines
5
Management of Asthma and Tuberculosis in Tanzania
Details of the correct management of SPs are given in Table 1. Required drugs and lab tests come from the Tanzanian Standard Treatment Guidelines [32 ]. Details of the classification of drugs and tests as palliative, appropriate and unnecessary have been published elsewhere [7 (link)]. Quality of care is measured with two binary outcomes: correct management (SP was prescribed or ordered the required drugs and tests) and unnecessary care (SP was prescribed or ordered any test not categorised as appropriate or any drug not categorised as required or palliative). Correct management and unnecessary care are not mutually exclusive, and can occur within the same SP visit. The unnecessary care outcome is equivalent to overprovision.
Total fees for all services received were converted from Tanzanian shilling to US dollars using the World Bank official exchange rate average for 2018 (2,263.78 TZS = 1.00 USD). Where available, a breakdown of separate fees paid for consultation with the clinician, lab tests and drugs is reported.

Standardised patient (SP) case presentation and correct management

CaseInitial presentationFurther details given if probedRequired drugs and testsPalliative drugs¹Appropriate tests²
Asthma“I have had a problem with breathing, and last night it became terrible”Shortness of breath when moving furniture/cleaning. Wheezing and non-productive cough throughout attack. Attacks at night for a year with increasing frequency and severity. Attacks brought on by cleaning or physical activity. Had coughing fits as a child, and a sibling with a similar problem.Prescription of salbutamol or other beta-2 antagonist or steroid inhaler.Other\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${ \beta }_{2}$$\end{document}antagonists and steroids, antihistamines, xanthines.		Allergy tests, ECG, HIV, X-ray.
TB“I have had a cough that is not getting better”Productive cough for three weeks, one week course of amoxicillin without improvement. Low grade fevers, chest pain, loss of appetite, weight loss, night sweats.Order or refer for sputum TB testing (including referral to a higher-level public health facility which could test for TB, even if testing was not mentioned).Cold and flu combinations, cough syrups, NSAIDs and paracetamol.Complete blood count, HIV, malaria, X-ray, Widal.

¹Drugs which are suitable for managing symptoms associated with the condition, and therefore not classified as unnecessary

²Tests which may give the provider useful information in planning management of the patient

King J.J., Powell-Jackson T., Hargreaves J., Makungu C, & Goodman C. (2023). Does increased provider effort improve quality of care? Evidence from a standardised patient study on correct and unnecessary treatment. BMC Health Services Research, 23, 190.
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Publication 2023
Acetaminophen Albuterol Amoxicillin Anorexia antagonists Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal Catabolism Chest Pain Child Common Cold Complete Blood Count Cough Dyspnea Fever Histamine Antagonists Hypersensitivity Inhaler Malaria Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Quality of Health Care Radiography Seizures Sputum Steroids Sweat Xanthines

Top products related to «Xanthines»

1
Fetal bovine serum (fbs) by Thermo Fisher Scientific
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Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.
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Theophylline is a laboratory equipment product manufactured by Merck Group. It is a crystalline compound commonly used as a standard or reference material in analytical procedures. Theophylline is a key component in various analytical techniques, such as chromatography and spectroscopy, where it serves as a reference point for identification and quantification of similar compounds.
3
Xanthine by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, Italy, Spain, Poland, China, Japan, Sao Tome and Principe
Xanthine is a laboratory equipment product manufactured by Merck Group. It is a chemical compound used as a reagent in various analytical and research applications. Xanthine serves as a core functional component in these laboratory procedures, but a detailed description of its intended use is not available within the scope of this request.
4
Theobromine by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, Spain, Italy, United Kingdom, Belgium
Theobromine is a chemical compound that is commonly used in laboratory settings. It is a naturally occurring alkaloid found in cocoa beans, tea leaves, and other plants. Theobromine is a stimulant and has been studied for its potential therapeutic benefits, but its core function is as a laboratory reagent and analytical tool.
5
Penicillin streptomycin l glutamine by Thermo Fisher Scientific
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Penicillin/streptomycin/L-glutamine is a sterile solution used as a supplement in cell culture media. It provides antimicrobial properties and supports cellular growth and proliferation.
6
Btx ecm 630 machine by Harvard Apparatus
The BTX ECM 630 is a lab equipment machine manufactured by Harvard Apparatus. It is designed for electroporation, a technique used to introduce foreign molecules into cells by creating temporary pores in the cell membrane. The machine provides programmable parameters for pulse duration, voltage, and other settings to facilitate this process.
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Caffeine is a naturally occurring stimulant compound that can be extracted and purified for use in various laboratory applications. It functions as a central nervous system stimulant, inhibiting the action of adenosine receptors in the brain.
8
Acetonitrile by Avantor
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Acetonitrile is a colorless, volatile, and flammable organic solvent used in various laboratory applications. It is a polar aprotic solvent with a high dielectric constant, making it a suitable choice for a wide range of chemical reactions and extractions.
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Dexamethasone (dex) by Merck Group
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Dexamethasone is a synthetic glucocorticoid medication used in a variety of medical applications. It is primarily used as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant agent.
10
Forskolin by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, France, Sao Tome and Principe, Canada, Italy, Japan, China, Switzerland, Macao, Australia
Forskolin is a lab equipment product manufactured by Merck Group. It is a compound derived from the roots of the Coleus forskohlii plant. Forskolin is used as a tool for research purposes in the laboratory setting.

More about "Xanthines"

Xanthines are a class of organic compounds derived from purine, found widely in plants and animals.
These compounds have diverse biological activities, including stimulant, diuretic, and bronchodilator effects.
Xanthines are commonly used in the treatment of respiratory conditions like asthma and COPD, as well as in the management of certain cardiovascular disorders.
Theophylline and caffeine are two well-known xanthine derivatives.
Theophylline is a bronchodilator used to treat asthma and COPD, while caffeine is a stimulant found in coffee, tea, and chocolate.
Theobromine, another xanthine compound, is found in cocoa and has diuretic and vasodilatory properties.
Researchers are actively investigating the therapeutic potential of xanthines, exploring their effects on cognition, neuroprotection, and other physiological processes.
These studies involve various experimental methods, such as cell culture, animal models, and clinical trials.
To optimize your xanthines research, consider using tools like PubCompare.ai, which can help you efficiently locate the best protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, and compare them to identify the most reproducible and effective methods.
This can unlock new insights and accelerate your research.
Additionally, common laboratory techniques used in xanthines research may include the use of FBS, penicillin/streptomycin/L-glutamine, BTX ECM 630 machine, acetonitrile, and dexamethasone.
Forskolin, a plant-derived compound, has also been studied for its potential therapeutic effects related to xanthines.
By incorporating these insights and related terms, you can create a comprehensive and SEO-optimized block of text that provides a clear and informative overview of the fascinating world of xanthines and their applications.