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Zeatin

Zeatin is a naturally occurring plant growth hormone that plays a crucial role in cell division and differentiation.
It belongs to the class of cytokinins, a group of plant hormones that stimulate cell growth and development.
Zeatin is found in various plant tissues, including roots, leaves, and fruits, and is essential for regulating important physiological processes such as apical dominance, shoot formation, and leaf senescence.
This hormone has been extensively studied in the context of plant biology and agriculture, with potential applications in areas like crop yield improvement and plant stress management.
Zetain's complex mechanisms and diverse functions continue to be an active area of research, offering valuable insights into the intricate workings of plant systems.

Most cited protocols related to «Zeatin»

Phytohormone Analysis by HPLC-MS

Cytokinins (zeatin, Z, and zeatin riboside, ZR), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and abscisic acid (ABA) were extracted and purified according to the method of Dobrev and Kaminek (2002) (link). One gram of fresh plant material (leaf or root) was homogenized in liquid nitrogen and placed in 5 ml of cold (–20 °C) extraction mixture of methanol/water/formic acid (15/4/1 by vol., pH 2.5). After overnight extraction at –20 °C solids were separated by centrifugation (20 000 g, 15 min) and re-extracted for 30 min in an additional 5 ml of the same extraction solution. Pooled supernatants were passed through a Sep-Pak Plus †C₁₈ cartridge (SepPak Plus, Waters, USA) to remove interfering lipids and plant pigments and evaporated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in 5 ml of 1 M formic acid and loaded on an Oasis MCX mixed mode (cation-exchange and reverse phase) column (150 mg, Waters, USA) preconditioned with 5 ml of methanol followed by 5 ml of 1 M formic acid. To separate different CK forms (nucleotides, bases, ribosides, and glucosides) from IAA and ABA, the column was washed and eluted stepwise with different appropriate solutions indicated in Dobrev and Kaminek (2002) (link). ABA and IAA were analysed in the same fraction. After each solvent was passed through the columns, they were purged briefly with air. Solvents were evaporated at 40 °C under vacuum. Samples then dissolved in a water/acetonitrile/formic acid (94.9:5:0.1 by vol.) mixture for HPLC/MS analysis. Analyses were carried out on a HPLC/MS system consisting of an Agilent 1100 Series HPLC (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) equipped with a μ-well plate autosampler and a capillary pump, and connected to an Agilent Ion Trap XCT Plus mass spectrometer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) using an electrospray (ESI) interface. Prior to injection, 100 μl of each fraction extracted from tissues or a similar volume of xylem sap were filtered through 13 mm diameter Millex filters with 0.22 μm pore size nylon membrane (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). 8 μl of each sample, dissolved in mobile phase A, was injected onto a Zorbax SB-C18 HPLC column (5 μm, 150×0.5 mm, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA), maintained at 40 °C, and eluted at a flow rate of 10 μl min⁻¹. Mobile phase A, consisting of water/acetonitrile/formic acid (94.9:5:0.1 by vol.), and mobile phase B, consisting of water/acetonitrile/formic acid (10:89.9:0.1 by vol.), were used for the chromatographic separation. The elution programme maintained 100% A for 5 min, then a linear gradient from 0% to 6% B in 10 min, followed by another linear gradient from 6% to 100% B in 5 min, and finally 100% B maintained for another 5 min. The column was equilibrated with the starting composition of the mobile phase for 30 min before each analytical run. The UV chromatogram was recorded at 280 nm with a DAD module (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). The mass spectrometer was operated in the positive mode with a capillary spray voltage of 3500 V, and a scan speed of 22 000 m/z s⁻¹ from 50–500 m/z. The nebulizer gas (He) pressure was set to 30 psi, whereas the drying gas was set to a flow of 6.0 l min⁻¹ at a temperature of 350 °C. Mass spectra were obtained using the DataAnalysis program for LC/MSD Trap Version 3.2 (Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Germany). For quantification of Z, ZR, ABA, and IAA, calibration curves were constructed for each component analysed (0.05, 0.075, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 mg l⁻¹) and corrected for 0.1 mg l⁻¹ internal standards: [²H₅]trans-zeatin, [²H₅]trans-zeatin riboside, [²H₆]cis,trans-abscisic acid (Olchemin Ltd, Olomouc, Czech Republic), and [¹³C₆]indole-3-acetic acid (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories Inc., Andover, MA, USA). Recovery percentages ranged between 92% and 95%.
ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) was determined after conversion into ethylene by gas chromatography using an activated alumina column and a FID detector (Konik, Barcelona, Spain). ACC was extracted with 80% (v/v) ethanol and assayed by degradation with alkaline hypochlorite in the presence of 5 mM HgCl₂ (Casas et al., 1989 ). A preliminary purification step was performed by passing the extract through a Dowex 50W-X8, 50–100 mesh, H⁺-form resin and later recovered with 0.1 N NH₄OH. The conversion efficiency of ACC into ethylene was calculated separately by using a replicate sample containing 2.5 nmol of ACC as an internal standard and used for the correction of data.

Albacete A., Ghanem M.E., Martínez-Andújar C., Acosta M., Sánchez-Bravo J., Martínez V., Lutts S., Dodd I.C, & Pérez-Alfocea F. (2008). Hormonal changes in relation to biomass partitioning and shoot growth impairment in salinized tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants. Journal of Experimental Botany, 59(15), 4119-4131.

Publication 2008

1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid Abscisic Acid acetonitrile Capillaries Centrifugation Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy Chromatography cis-acid Cold Temperature CREB3L1 protein, human Cytokinins DNA Replication Dowex Ethanol Ethylenes formic acid Gas Chromatography Glucosides High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies Hypochlorite indoleacetic acid Isotopes Lipids Mass Spectrometry Mercuric Chloride Methanol Nebulizers Nitrogen Nucleotides Nylons Oxide, Aluminum Pigmentation Plant Leaves Plant Roots Plants Pressure Radionuclide Imaging Resins, Plant Sep-Pak C18 Solvents Strains Tissue, Membrane Tissues Vacuum Xylem Zeatin zeatin riboside

Quantitative Analysis of Phytohormones in Plant Tissues

The content of phytohormones (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA; trans-zeatin, tZ; N6-isopentenyladenine, iP; abscisic acid, ABA, gibberellins A₁, GA₁; gibberellins A₄, GA₄; jasmonic acid, JA; jasmonoyl-l-isoleucine, JA-Ile; and salicylic acid, SA) was determined according to the method of Lehisa and co-workers [31 (link)] with modifications. Frozen inflorescence meristems and flag leaves (~200 mg) were ground to a fine powder, mixed with 4 mL of 80% (v/v) acetonitrile containing 1% (v/v) acetic acid and known amounts of stable isotope-labeled internal standards, and stored for 1 h at 4°C to extract the hormones. Tissue debris was pelleted by centrifugation at 3000 ×g for 10 min, and the pellet was washed with 80% (v/v) acetonitrile containing 1% (v/v) acetic acid. The two supernatants were combined, evaporated in a vacuum centrifugal evaporator (Sakuma, EC-57CS, Tokyo, Japan) and dissolved in 1% (v/v) acetic acid. The extracted hormones were loaded onto a reverse-phase solid-phase extraction cartridge (Oasis HLB 1 cc; Waters Corporation, Milford, MA, USA). The cartridge was washed with 1 mL of 1% acetic acid and hormones were eluted with 2 mL of 80% acetonitrile containing 1% acetic acid. The eluent was evaporated to leave the extracts in 1 mL of 1% acetic acid and subjected to cation exchange chromatography on an Oasis MCX 1-cc extraction cartridge (Waters Corporation). The cartridge was successively washed with 1% acetic acid and 80% acetonitrile. The acidic fraction was eluted with 1 mL of 80% acetonitrile containing 1% acetic acid. A portion of the acidic elute was analyzed for SA as detailed below. The cartridge was further washed with 5% aqueous ammonia, and the basic fraction was eluted with 40% acetonitrile containing 5% ammonia and analyzed for tZ and iP. The remaining acidic fraction was evaporated, dissolved in 1% acetic acid, and loaded onto an Oasis WAX 1-cc extraction cartridge (Waters Corporation Inc.). The cartridge was washed with 1% acetic acid and the remaining hormones were eluted with 80% acetonitrile containing 1% acetic acid. The elute was analyzed for IAA, GA₁, GA₄, ABA, JA, and JA-Ile.
All fractions were analyzed on an Agilent 1260–6410 Triple Quad LC/MS system (Agilent Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA) equipped with a ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-C18 column (Agilent Technologies Inc.). The conditions of liquid chromatography are described in Table C in S1 File. The multiple-reaction-monitoring mode of the tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer and precursor-product ion transitions for each compound are listed in Table D in S1 File.

Tsukahara K., Sawada H., Kohno Y., Matsuura T., Mori I.C., Terao T., Ioki M, & Tamaoki M. (2015). Ozone-Induced Rice Grain Yield Loss Is Triggered via a Change in Panicle Morphology That Is Controlled by ABERRANT PANICLE ORGANIZATION 1 Gene. PLoS ONE, 10(4), e0123308.

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Publication 2015

Abscisic Acid Acetic Acid acetonitrile Acids Ammonia Centrifugation Chromatography CREB3L1 protein, human Freezing gibberellin A1 gibberellin A4 Hormones indoleacetic acid Inflorescence Isotopes jasmonic acid jasmonoyl-isoleucine Liquid Chromatography Meristem N6-isopentenyladenine Plant Growth Regulators Powder Salicylic Acid Solid Phase Extraction Tissues Vacuum Workers Zeatin

Generating Transgenic Brassica napus via Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation

The 35S::BraLTP1 fragment in PBI121s was introduced into Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101 by electroporation, and positive clones were selected on on LB agar plates at 37°C, supplemented with appropriate concentration of antibiotics (gentamicin 50 mg L⁻¹, rifampicin 50 mg L⁻¹ and kanamycin 50 mg L⁻¹) and PCR verified. A single positive colony was used to transform B. napus cv. Zhongshuang 6, an elite Chinese cultivar in China, as follows: Seeds of Zhongshuang 6 were soaked in 75% ethanol for 1 min and for 10–15 min in a 1.5% mercuric chloride solution. Five to six days after germination under darkness, etiolated hypocotyls were cut in 7 mm segments and mixed with 50 mL Agrobacterium in liquid DM media (MS+30 g L⁻¹ sucrose+100 µM acetosyringone, pH 5.8) (OD ∼0.3) for 0.5 h. Surface air dried hypocotyls were then transferred to co-cultured medium (MS+30 g L⁻¹ sucrose+18 g L⁻¹ manitol+1 mg L⁻¹ 2, 4-D+0.3 mg L⁻¹ kinetin+100 µM acetosyringone+8.5 g agrose, pH 5.8) for 2 days and then to a selection medium (MS+30 g L⁻¹ sucrose+18 g L⁻¹ manitol+1 mg L⁻¹ 2, 4-D+0.3 mg L⁻¹ kinetin+20 mg L⁻¹ AgNO₃₊8.5 g L⁻¹ agrose+25 mg L⁻¹ kanamycin+250 mg L⁻¹ carbenicillin pH 5.8) for proliferation. After 3 weeks, hypocotyl callus was transferred to regeneration medium (MS+10 g L⁻¹ glucose+0.25 g L⁻¹ xylose+0.6 g L⁻¹ MES hydrate+2 mg L⁻¹ zeatin+0.1 mg L⁻¹ indole-3-acetic acid₊8.5 g L⁻¹ agrose+25 mg L⁻¹ kanamycin+250 mg L⁻¹ carbenicillin, pH 5.8) for 2 weeks. Hypocotyls were transferred to new regeneration media every 2 weeks for 3∼4 regeneration cycles before transfer to radication medium (MS+10 g L⁻¹ sucrose+10 g L⁻¹ agar, pH 5.8) for rooting (about 3 weeks). Transformed plants with roots were transplanted into pots and grown as described. For the construct, more than 60 independent 35S::BraLTP1 T₀ transgenic plants were generated, and more than 85% were positive transformants as detected using a forward primer designed to the CaMV 35S sequence (35S-F: 5′-AGGACACGCTGAAATCACCA-3) and a reverse primer designed to BraLTP1 (D-BraLTP1-R: 5′-GGATCCCAAACCTCATGGCACAATGTA-3′). T₁ seeds of PCR-positive transformants were harvested and grown to T₂ generation for phenotype identification.

Liu F., Xiong X., Wu L., Fu D., Hayward A., Zeng X., Cao Y., Wu Y., Li Y, & Wu G. (2014). BraLTP1, a Lipid Transfer Protein Gene Involved in Epicuticular Wax Deposition, Cell Proliferation and Flower Development in Brassica napus. PLoS ONE, 9(10), e110272.

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Publication 2014

acetosyringone Agar Agrobacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens Antibiotics, Antitubercular Callosities Carbenicillin Chinese Clone Cells Darkness Electroporation Ethanol Gentamicin Germination Glucose Hypocotyl indoleacetic acid Kanamycin Kinetin Mannitol Marijuana Abuse Mercuric Chloride MS 1-2 Oligonucleotide Primers Phenotype Plant Embryos Plant Roots Plants, Transgenic Regeneration Rifampin Sucrose Xylose Zeatin

Kohlrabi In Vitro Culture Protocol

Establishment of kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes cv. Vienna Purple) in vitro culture was performed as previously described in Ćosić et al.^{6 (link),12 (link)}. Accordingly, seeds were primarily surface sterilized by a 5 min submersion in 70% ethanol. This step was followed by 30 min submersion in 30% commercial bleach (4–6% NaOCl) containing a drop of detergent (Fairy; Procter and Gamble, London, UK) and rigorously rinsing in autoclaved distilled water. Sterilized seeds were aseptically transferred to particular growth media.
A basal, PGRs-free growth medium comprised of Murashige and Skoog^{84 (link)} mineral salts, Linsmaier and Skoog^{85 (link)} vitamins, 100 mg L⁻¹ inositol and 0.6% agar. For the investigation of sucrose concentration effects, media containing 3%, 6% or 9% sucrose were used. At the same time, different regeneration media have been additionally complemented with trans-zeatin or thidiazuron at 2 mg L⁻¹. The respective CK concentrations have been previously established through an optimization of the regeneration protocol for various explant types of kohlrabi cultivars Vienna Purple and Vienna White, as described earlier^{6 (link)}. All media used in this study were adjusted to pH 5.8 with 1 N NaOH before autoclaving at 114 °C and 80 kPa for 25 min. Cultures were maintained in a growth chamber at 25 ± 2 °C under cool white fluorescent light (16 h light photoperiod; 47 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ irradiance).
The experimental setup for evaluating the impact of sucrose on CK homeostasis and organogenesis-related genes in four different stages (T1-T4) of CK-induced DNSO in kohlrabi seedlings implied eight 375 mL jars for each specific combination of sucrose and CK. Each jar contained six surface sterilized seeds. Control seeds were grown on basal growth medium with 3% of sucrose.
Plant material was collected in four developmental stages (T1-T4), and included seedlings bearing two cotyledons (T1), plantlets with emerged two leaves (T2), plantlets forming callus at the base of the stem (T3) and de novo shoots appearing from the calli (T4). Plantlets grown on CK-free medium were collected at the same time as corresponding CK treated plantlets, having in mind that DNSO occurred only on media supplemented with transZ or TDZ. For each stage point, three representative plantlets exposed to the same treatment were collected and pooled into a single biological sample. All samples were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -70 °C until analysis. The entire experimental setup was conducted in three independent biological replicates.

Ćosić T., Motyka V., Savić J., Raspor M., Marković M., Dobrev P.I, & Ninković S. (2021). Sucrose interferes with endogenous cytokinin homeostasis and expression of organogenesis-related genes during de novo shoot organogenesis in kohlrabi. Scientific Reports, 11, 6494.

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Publication 2021

Agar Biopharmaceuticals Brassica Callosities Cotyledon Detergents Ethanol Freezing Genes Homeostasis Inositol Light Minerals Nitrogen Organogenesis Plant Embryos Plants Regeneration Salts Seedlings Stem, Plant Submersion Sucrose thidiazuron Vitamins Zeatin

Quantifying Plant Hormones Across Tissues

Hormones were extracted from freeze-dried samples of leaves, stems, and roots of 5 plants with 80% ethanol and were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) after their solvent partitioning and purification. Ethanol extraction was omitted in the case of bacterial culture media. IAA and ABA were purified as described previously [29 (link)]. In short, they were extracted with diethyl ether (at pH 2–3) from the aqueous residue of ethanol extracts, then transferred into 1% sodium hydrocarbonate, and secondary re-extraction was performed with diethyl ether from aqueous extract acidified with HCl (at pH 2–3). The volumes of extractants were reduced at each stage of extraction and re-extraction, enabling the release of the extract from related compounds. IAA and ABA were analyzed using corresponding specific serum as described previously [30 (link)]. Cytokinins in aqueous residue were concentrated on C-18 cartridge (Waters Corporation, Milford, MA, USA), separated with the help of thin-layer chromatography as described previously [31 (link)]. Zeatin and isopentenyl adenine derivatives (free bases and ribosides) were assayed in the eluates of the zones corresponding to the position of standards with antibodies raised against ribosides of zeatin and isopentenyl adenine as described [30 (link)]. The reliability of the method was confirmed by comparison of its results with the data obtained with the help of HPLC combined with mass-spectrometry [31 (link),32 (link)].

Arkhipova T.N., Evseeva N.V., Tkachenko O.V., Burygin G.L., Vysotskaya L.B., Akhtyamova Z.A, & Kudoyarova G.R. (2020). Rhizobacteria Inoculation Effects on Phytohormone Status of Potato Microclones Cultivated In Vitro under Osmotic Stress. Biomolecules, 10(9), 1231.

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Publication 2020

Antibodies Bacteria Culture Media Cytokinins derivatives Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Ethanol Ethyl Ether Freezing High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies Hormones Mass Spectrometry N(6)-(delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenine Plant Roots Serum Sodium Solvents Stem, Plant Thin Layer Chromatography Zeatin zeatin riboside

Most recents protocols related to «Zeatin»

Quantification of plant growth hormones and antioxidants

For CF detection, CF was extracted from fresh leaf tissues using a distillation device. For the determination of auxin (IAA), gibberellin (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), zeatin (ZR), SP, SS, MDA, and Pro contents and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) activities, 0.1000 g coconut leaf tissue was accurately weighted and mixed with precooled PBS at a weight (g) to volume (mL) ratio of 1:10. The samples were subjected to high-speed grinding and centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 10 min. Then, 50 µL supernatant was used for the measurements. IAA, GA, ABA, ZR, MDA, SP, Pro, SOD, CAT, and POD kits and standards were obtained from the Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Research Institute, and the measurements were performed in strict accordance to the manufacturer’s instructions and following the method reported by Li (2000) . We used 1-cm optical path cuvettes, and blank cuvette was used for setting the baseline. The wavelength was set to 450 nm (IAA, ABA, GA, ZR), 595 nm (SP), 620 nm (SS), 532 nm (MDA), 520 nm (Pro), 550 nm (SOD), 405 nm (CAT), or 420 nm (POD) to measure the absorbance by using the enzyme marker (DG5033A, Nanjing Huadong Electronics Group Medical Equipment). All measurements were carried out within 10 min after adding the termination solution. Based on the absorbance value, the concentration/activity was calculated according to the manufacturer’s formulas.

Lu L., Chen S., Yang W., Wu Y., Liu Y., Yin X., Yang Y, & Yang Y. (2023). Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses reveal key metabolic pathways in response to potassium deficiency in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) seedlings. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 1112264.

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Publication 2023

Abscisic Acid Auxins Catalase Cocos nucifera Diet, Formula Distillation Enzymes Gibberellins Medical Devices Peroxidase Plant Leaves Superoxide Dismutase Tissues Vision Zeatin

Phytohormone Analysis in Grapevine

Hormone levels were analyzed in both xylem and leaf in four of the six plants where gas exchange and grapevine water status were measured.
Xylem was sampled from the same leaves used to measure Ψ_MD. Leaves were exposed to high pressure with a Scholander pressure chamber (Soilmoisture Equipment Corp., Santa Barbara, CA, USA) to collect the xylem with a micropipette in a 1.5 mL tube. The collected xylem was immediately frozen with liquid nitrogen and stored at −80 °C until analysis.
Leaves were sampled with special frozen clamps, which allow collecting and immediately froze 1.5 cm radius leaf disks. Three disks per plant, one per leaf, were collected and immediately kept in liquid nitrogen. In the laboratory, leaf disks were separately grinded in a mortar with liquid nitrogen, and 100 mg were stored in 2 mL tubes at −80 °C until hormone analysis.
Active cytokinins (trans-zeatin, TZ, zeatin riboside, ZR and isopentenyl adenine, iP), gibberellins (GA1, GA3 and GA4), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) were analysed according to Albacete et al. [86 (link)], with some modifications. Briefly, 1 mL of extraction solution (cold (−20 °C) methanol/water (80/20, v/v)) was mixed with 100 mg of plant material and centrifuged (20,000× g, 15 min) to separate solids. Then, 1 mL of the same solution was added, and the solids were re-extracted (30 min at 4 °C). Lipids and part of vegetal pigments were removed by passing the supernatants through Sep-Pak Plus †C18 cartridge (SepPak Plus, Waters, Mildford, MA, USA). Next, they were evaporated at 40 °C under vacuum. The residue was dissolved using an ultrasonic bath in 0.5 mL of extraction solution. The dissolved samples were filtered through 13 mm diameter Millex filters with 0.22 μm pore size nylon membrane (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA).
10 μL of the resulted extract were injected in a U-HPLC-MS system consisting of an Accela Series U-HPLC (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) coupled to an Exactive mass spectrometer (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) using a heated electrospray ionization (HESI) interface. Xcalibur 2.2 (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA, EE.UU.) was the software used to obtain the mass spectra. Phytohormones were quantified by creating calibration curves (1, 10, 50, and 100 μg·L⁻¹), which were corrected with 10 μg·L⁻¹ deuterated internal standards. Recovery percentages ranged between 92 and 95%.

Labarga D., Mairata A., Puelles M., Martín I., Albacete A., García-Escudero E, & Pou A. (2023). The Rootstock Genotypes Determine Drought Tolerance by Regulating Aquaporin Expression at the Transcript Level and Phytohormone Balance. Plants, 12(4), 718.

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Publication 2023

Abscisic Acid Bath Carboxylic Acids Cold Temperature Cytokinins Ethylenes Freezing Gibberellins High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies Hormones indoleacetic acid jasmonic acid Lipids Mass Spectrometry Methanol N(6)-(delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenine Nitrogen Nylons Pigmentation Plant Growth Regulators Plant Leaves Plants Pressure Radius Salicylic Acid Sep-Pak C18 Strains Tissue, Membrane Ultrasonics Vacuum Xylem Zeatin zeatin riboside

Plant Hormone Quantification by HPLC

Samples were ground into powder under liquid nitrogen and extracted with methanol overnight at 4 °C [20 (link),21 (link)]. Biological reference standards, i.e., zeatin (ZT), gibberellin (GA₃), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA) and brassinolide (BR) were all obtained from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China. Detection of HPLC: mobile phase—V_methanol:V_0.6% acetic acid = 50%:50%. Column temperature—35 °C; flow rate—1.0 mL/min; injection volume—10 μL; detection wavelength—254 nm.

Yang M., Wang M., Zhou M., Zhang Y., Yu K., Wang T., Bu T., Tang Z., Zheng T, & Chen H. (2023). ABA and SA Participate in the Regulation of Terpenoid Metabolic Flux Induced by Low-Temperature within Conyza blinii. Life, 13(2), 371.

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Publication 2023

Abscisic Acid Acetic Acid Biopharmaceuticals brassinolide Gibberellins High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies indoleacetic acid Methanol Nitrogen Powder Salicylic Acid Zeatin

Quantifying Plant Hormones via HPLC-MS/MS

We used high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-HPLC-MS/MS) (triple quadrupole-ionic hydrazine mode, mass spectrometer Qtrap6500, Aglient 1290, Agilent Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA) to detect the contents of IAA, ABA, GA₃, trans-Zeatin (TZ) and Brassinolide (MeJA) (The standards purchased from Olchemim company, Olomouc, Czech Republic), and the purity was greater than 99%.
For each sample, one gram of fresh roots was sampled and added to isopropanol-water-hydrochloric acid mixed extract after grinding. We added 8 μL of 1 μg/mL internal standard solution; the homogenates were centrifuged at low temperature (4 °C for 30 min) and then added to dichloromethane and oscillated at low temperature (4 °C) for 30 min again. Next, it was centrifuged at a low temperature (4 °C) for 5 min at 13,000 r/min and taken out of the lower organic phase. Ultimately, the supernatant was centrifuged at 4 °C for 10 min (13,000 r), passed through a 0.22 μm filter, and measured by LC-MS/MS with a reversed-phase Poroshell 120 SB-C18 column (2.1 × 150, 2.7 μm, Agilent, USA). The mobile phase was set as A: B = (methanol/0.1% formic acid): (water/0.1% formic acid). The sample injection was 2 μL, the column temperature was 30 °C, and the volume flow rate was 1.0 mL/min. IAA, ABA, GA₃, TZ, and MeJA were detected using the electrospray anion source (ESI-source). The hormone peak area was measured and compared with the standard curve for calculating hormone concentration. Three biological replicates were run for each treatment.

Li J., Xu P., Zhang B., Song Y., Wen S., Bai Y., Ji L., Lai Y., He G, & Zhang D. (2023). Paclobutrazol Promotes Root Development of Difficult-to-Root Plants by Coordinating Auxin and Abscisic Acid Signaling Pathways in Phoebe bournei. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(4), 3753.

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Publication 2023

Anions Biopharmaceuticals brassinolide Cold Temperature formic acid High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies Hormones hydrazine Hydrochloric acid Ions Isopropyl Alcohol Methanol Methylene Chloride Plant Roots Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry Zeatin

Somatic Embryogenesis in Leucojum aestivum L.

Leucojum aestivum L. somatic embryos in the torpedo stage were used as plant material in this research. To obtain somatic embryos, leaf fragments were isolated from bulbs, chilled for 12 weeks at 5 °C, and placed in solid Murashige and Skoog (MS) [68 (link)] medium containing 25 µM picloram (4-amino-3, 5, 6-trichloropicolinic acid, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and 0.5 µM BA (6-benzyladenine, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). After 12 weeks of culturing, the embryogenic callus was separated from primary explants and multiplied during eight weeks in the medium with the addition of 5 µM picloram and 0.5 µM BA. Somatic embryos were induced in the same medium. The detailed procedure was described earlier by Ptak et al. [7 (link)].
The somatic embryos were grown in a solid MS [68 (link)] medium enriched with 5 µM zeatin. The pH was adjusted to 5.8. The plant material was treated with four different light quality combinations: white fluorescent lamp (390–760 nm, OSRAM Fluora 36W/77, Munich, Germany) as a control, blue LED (445 nm), red LED (638 nm), and mixed: white (420 nm) and red LED (1:1) (Snijders Scientific, Netherlands). Cultures were maintained for four weeks in a climatic chamber (MCA 1600, Snijders Scientific, Netherlands) at 25 ± 1 °C (day/night) and 70% relative humidity, different light sources (16/8 h photoperiod (day/night)) were used and PPFD was maintained constant at 60 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹ for all treatments. About 4 g of somatic embryos were placed in each petri dish. The experiment was set up in 10 replicates. In total, about 200 embryos were used for each of the combinations. After four weeks of culturing, the increase in the FW of plant material was determined.

Morańska E., Simlat M., Warchoł M., Skrzypek E., Waligórski P., Laurain-Mattar D., Spina R, & Ptak A. (2023). Phenolic Acids and Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids Profiles in Leucojum aestivum L. In Vitro Plants Grown under Different Light Conditions. Molecules, 28(4), 1525.

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Publication 2023

Acids benzylaminopurine Callosities Climate Diploid Cell Embryo Embryonic Development Humidity Hyperostosis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Light Picloram Plant Bulb Plant Leaves Plants Torpedo Zeatin

Top products related to «Zeatin»

Trans zeatin by Merck Group

Sourced in Italy

Trans-zeatin is a plant growth regulator that belongs to the cytokinin group of phytohormones. It acts as a cell division and cell elongation stimulant in plants. Trans-zeatin is used as a research tool in plant biology studies.

Gibberellic acid by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany

Gibberellic acid is a plant hormone that belongs to the gibberellin family. It is a naturally occurring substance produced by various fungi and plants. Gibberellic acid plays a key role in the regulation of plant growth and development, including stem elongation, seed germination, and flower induction.

Zeatin by Merck Group

Sourced in United States

Zeatin is a plant growth regulator that belongs to the class of cytokinins. It plays a crucial role in various plant developmental processes, including cell division, shoot formation, and root growth. Zeatin is commonly used in plant tissue culture and biotechnology applications.

Jasmonic acid by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany

Jasmonic acid is a naturally occurring plant hormone that plays a crucial role in plant growth and development. It is a carboxylic acid with the chemical formula C₁₂H₁₈O₃. Jasmonic acid functions as a signaling molecule, regulating various physiological processes in plants, including defense responses, stress tolerance, and reproductive development.

Kinetin by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, Japan

Kinetin is a plant growth regulator chemical compound produced by Merck Group. It is a synthetic cytokinin that promotes cell division and growth in plants. The core function of Kinetin is to stimulate cell division and development in plant tissues.

Abscisic acid by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, Sao Tome and Principe, Italy

Abscisic acid is a plant hormone that plays a crucial role in various physiological processes in plants. It is a naturally occurring compound found in many plant species and is involved in regulating plant growth, development, and responses to environmental stresses.

Glutamic acid d5 by Merck Group

Sourced in United States

Glutamic acid-d5 is a stable isotope-labeled amino acid. It is used as a reference standard and as a tracer compound in various analytical and research applications.

Thymine d4 by Merck Group

Thymine-d4 is a deuterated form of the DNA base thymine. It is a chemical compound used as a standard or label in research applications, such as mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Testosterone d3 by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Italy

Testosterone-d3 is a stable isotope-labeled compound used as an internal standard in analytical methods for the quantification of testosterone in biological samples. It serves as a reference substance to ensure accurate and reliable measurement of testosterone levels.

Salicylic acid by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, France, China, India, Poland, Sao Tome and Principe, Singapore, Czechia, Switzerland, Canada

Salicylic acid is a white crystalline compound that is commonly used as a chemical reagent in various laboratory applications. It has the molecular formula C6H4(OH)COOH and is classified as a phenolic acid. Salicylic acid serves as a versatile tool for researchers and scientists in a wide range of fields, including organic synthesis, analytical chemistry, and biochemistry.

What are the common challenges researchers face when working with Zeatin?

Researchers often face challenges in terms of optimizing Zeatin concentrations and application methods for their specific plant systems and research goals. Achieving the right balance of Zeatin can be crucial for inducing the desired physiological responses, such as cell division and shoot formation, without causing unwanted effects. Additionally, the stability and degradation of Zeatin in different plant tissues and experimental conditions can be a concern, requiring careful handling and storage protocols.

How can PubCompare.ai help researchers working with Zeatin?

PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform can greatly assist researchers working with Zeatin in several ways. First, it allows you to efficiently screen a wide range of protocol literature, both from publications and pre-prints, to identify the most relevant and effective methods for your specific research needs. The platform's AI analysis can then help you pinpoint critical insights, such as the optimal Zeatin concentrations, application techniques, and experimental conditions for maximizing the desired plant responses. This can save you time and improve the reproducibility and accuracy of your Zeatin-related experiments.

Are there different types or variations of Zeatin that researchers should be aware of?

Yes, there are several variations of Zeatin that researchers should be aware of. In addition to the naturally occurring trans-Zeatin, there are also cis-Zeatin isomers, as well as synthetic Zeatin derivatives like Zeatin riboside and Zeatin glucoside. These different forms can exhibit varying levels of biological activity and stability, and may be more or less suitable for specific applications. Researchers should carefully consider the Zeatin form and its properties when designing their experiments to ensure optimal results.

What are some of the unique applications of Zeatin in plant research and agriculture?

Zeatin has a wide range of applications in plant research and agriculture. Beyond its role in regulating cell division and shoot formation, Zeatin has been studied for its potential to enhance crop yield, improve plant stress tolerance, and even delay leaf senescence. Researchers are exploring the use of Zeatin-based treatments to boost the productivity of economically important crops, as well as to help plants better withstand environmental stresses like drought, high temperatures, or pathogen infections. The diverse functions of Zeatin make it a valuable target for continued investigation and potential agricultural applications.

How can PubCompare.ai help researchers identify the best Zeatin protocols for their needs?

PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform can be invaluable in helping researchers identify the most effective Zeatin protocols for their specific research goals. The platform allows you to efficiently screen a vast amount of protocol literature, including publications, preprints, and patents, to pinpoint the protocols that are most relevant and promising. The AI analysis can then highlight key differences in protocol effectiveness, such as Zeatin concentrations, application methods, and experimental conditions, enabling you to choose the best option for reproducibility and accuracy. This can save you time, improve the quality of your Zeatin-related experiments, and ultimately lead to more reliable and impactful research outcomes.

More about "Zeatin"

Zeatin is a crucial plant growth hormone that belongs to the cytokinin family, playing a vital role in cell division, differentiation, and various physiological processes.
Synonymous with Trans-zeatin, this naturally occurring phytohormone is found in diverse plant tissues, including roots, leaves, and fruits.
Zeatin's mechanisms and functions are actively studied in the context of plant biology and agriculture, with potential applications in areas like crop yield improvement and stress management.
Closely related to Gibberellic acid, another important plant hormone, Zeatin's complex and diverse roles in regulating apical dominance, shoot formation, and leaf senescence, offer valuable insights into the intricate workings of plant systems.
Kinetin, a synthetic cytokinin, shares structural and functional similarities with Zeatin, while Abscisic acid and Jasmonic acid are other key plant hormones that interact with and modulate Zeatin's effects.
Glutamic acid-d5, Thymine-d4, and Testosterone-d3 are isotopically labeled compounds that can be utilized in research to trace and quantify Zeatin and related metabolites.
Salicylic acid, a plant signaling molecule, also influences Zeatin-mediated processes, highlighting the interconnected and dynamic nature of plant hormone regulation.
By leveraging the latest technologies and research insights, scientists can optimize their investigations of Zeatin and unlock new possibilities in the field of plant science and agriculture.