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Polycarbonate

Polycarbonates are a class of thermoplastic polymers characterized by carbonate groups (-O-C(O)-O-) in their main chain.
They are known for their exceptional impact resistance, transparency, and heat resistance, making them widely used in a variety of applications such as construction, automotive, and electronics.
Polycarbonates are typically synthesized through the reaction of bisphenols and phosgene or by the transesterification of bisphenols with carbonic acid diesters.
This versatile material has been the subject of extensive research, with scientists exploring ways to optimize its properties and expand its uses.
The PubCompare.ai platform can help researchers in this field by providing access to relevant protocols, preprints, and patents, as well as leveraging AI-driven comparisons to identify the best approoaches and products for their polycarbonate studies, enhancing reproducibility and accuracy.

Most cited protocols related to «Polycarbonate»

1
Cell Migration and Invasion Assay
For migration studies, a standard assay was used to determine the number of cells that traversed a porous polycarbonate membrane in response to a chemo-attractant (higher serum concentration)51 (link),52 (link) using the Cytoselect 24-well cell migration assay (Cell Biolabs). Invasion was measured using BD BioCoat Matrigel invasion chambers (BD Bioscience). In both assays, cells were transfected with AMOs, and 1.5 × 105 and 2.5 × 105 cells per well were seeded in an upper chamber in serum free media for the migration and invasion assay, respectively. The lower chamber was filled with media containing 10% FBS. After 24 h, cells passing through polycarbonate membrane were stained and counted according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
Oh J.M., Venters C.C., Di C., Pinto A.M., Wan L., Younis I., Cai Z., Arai C., So B.R., Duan J, & Dreyfuss G. (2020). U1 snRNP regulates cancer cell migration and invasion in vitro. Nature Communications, 11, 1.
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Publication 2020
Biological Assay Cell Migration Assays Cells Culture Media, Serum-Free matrigel polycarbonate Serum Tissue, Membrane
2
Optimizing Viral Community Concentration Methods
Wild ocean viral communities used for optimizing procedures were collected from Scripps Pier, Pacific Ocean (April 2009) and the Biosphere 2 Ocean (May 2009). Whole seawater was pre-filtered through a GF/D membrane (Whatman) in a stainless steel filter holder (Millipore, YY30-142-36) and 0.22 µm Steripak (Millipore GP20), pressured by a peristaltic pump (MasterFlex I/P 77410-10). The ‘viral fraction’ seawater was subsequently concentrated using either large-scale TFF (Amersham Biosciences100 kDa pore-size filter, UFP-100-C-9A) followed by small scale TFF (Millipore Labscale TFF System, XX42LSS11, with Pellicon XL Biomax 100 kDa pore size filter, PXB-100-C-50), or FeCl3 flocculation and filtration using the same pump and filter holder as for the initial filtration. Virus concentrations were measured by epifluorescence microscopy after staining with SYBR Gold, according to established procedures (Noble and Fuhrman, 1998 ).
The suitability of Fe-virus concentrates for genetic analyses was analysed as follows. PCR amplification of T4-like capsid assembly genes (gene 20) was obtained with primer set CPS1.1/CPS8.1 (Sullivan et al., 2008 (link)) according to the following conditions: initial denaturation step of 94°C for 3 min, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 15 s, annealing at 35°C for 1 min, ramping at 0.3°C s−1, and elongation at 73°C for 1 min with a final elongation step at 73°C for 4 min. The PCR reactions were done in triplicate, pooled into a single tube, purified using a QIAGEN QIAquick PCR Purification kit (Qiagen, Germantown, MD, USA), cloned into a pGEM-T Easy Vector System (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) and 10 clones were then Sanger sequenced at the University of Arizona Genetics Core sequencing centre. The resulting DNA sequences were trimmed to remove PCR primers and ambiguous sequence, and aligned using Clustal X (Gap Opening penalty = 10; Extension = 0.2; DNA matrix IUB) against a suite of published gene 20 sequences chosen to represent the known diversity of these sequences in the wild (Sullivan et al., 2008 (link)). The alignment was used to calculate a phylogenetic tree using PhyML under the HKY substitution model, with an empirically determined proportion of invariant sites, and transition/transversion ratio (Guindon and Gascuel, 2003 (link)).
The recovery of infective viruses from Fe-virus concentrates was tested using vibriophages and a cyanophage. The vibriophages (myovirus Vibriophage 12G01, on Vibrio alginolyticus 12G01; siphovirus Vibriophage Jenny 12G5, on Vibrio splendidus 12G5) were grown in Difco Marine Broth 2216 and spiked into 500 or 250 ml 0.2-µm-filtered seawater that lacked phages for the assayed Vibrio host (Kauffman, data not shown), at final concentrations of ∼108–109 plaque-forming units (PFU) ml−1. This mixture was then FeCl3 flocculated with 4 mg Fe and filtered onto 47 mm 0.2 µm polycarbonate membranes. Replicate precipitates from separate experiments were resuspended in one of three ways: in an ascorbate buffer, in an oxalate buffer or in an oxalate buffer with subsequent transfer to modified SM (MSM) phage storage buffer (0.4 M NaCl, 0.02 M MgSO4, 0.05 M Tris, pH 7.5) (Table 1). Transfer was achieved by centrifugal exchange with multiple rounds of centrifugation (5000 g, 20 min, room temperature) in a pre-rinsed 10K Macrosep (Pall) centrifugal device according to manufacturer's instructions, washing with ∼3–4 volumes of MSM. Resuspended samples from all treatments were assayed for infective phage (PFU ml−1) by agar overlay plaque assay with glycerol (Adams, 1959 ; Santos et al., 2009 (link)). Infectivity was tested 24 h after precipitation and up to 38 days after precipitation and storage in the dark at 4°C.
The cyanophage experiments were done using similar methods, except that the cyanophage (myovirus S-SSM1, on Synechococcus) was grown in Pro99 medium (Moore et al., 2007 ) and assayed for titre using the most probable number technique (Sullivan et al., 2003 (link)).
John S.G., Mendez C.B., Deng L., Poulos B., Kauffman A.K., Kern S., Brum J., Polz M.F., Boyle E.A, & Sullivan M.B. (2011). A simple and efficient method for concentration of ocean viruses by chemical flocculation. Environmental Microbiology Reports, 3(2), 195-202.
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Publication 2011
3
Clonal Culture DNA Extraction and Sequencing
Fifty to 100 ml of clonal culture were filtered onto 25 mm, 5 μm pore size, polycarbonate membrane filters (Millipore) for DNA extraction using either the DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen) or the Easy-DNA Kit (Invitrogen), following manufacturer instructions. The internal transcribed spacer sequence 1 (ITS1) was polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified with primers 1645F and Dit5.8sR as described in [30 ]. Products from six amplification reactions were pooled and purified in one of two ways. The pooled PCR product was either directly purified using the High Pure PCR Product Purification Kit (Roche Applied Science) or electrophoresed in 1% agarose gels and bands of the appropriate size were excised and extracted from the agarose with the QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen). The resulting fragments were sequenced using primers 1645F and Dit5.8sR with the DYEnamic ET Terminator Cycle Sequencing Kit (GE Healthcare Bio-sciences Corp., New Jersey) and analyzed on a MegaBACE 1000 automated sequencer (GE Healthcare Biosciences Corp., New Jersey). Sequences were assigned to a population by aligning them to two type-sequences [Genbank: DQ329268] (population 1; ITS1-1) and [Genbank: DQ329270] (population 2; ITS1-2). Genbank accession numbers for ITS1 sequences from our study are [Genbank: GQ370472-GQ370503].
Koester J.A., Swalwell J.E., von Dassow P, & Armbrust E.V. (2010). Genome size differentiates co-occurring populations of the planktonic diatom Ditylum brightwellii (Bacillariophyta). BMC Evolutionary Biology, 10, 1.
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Publication 2010
Clone Cells Oligonucleotide Primers Plants polycarbonate Polymerase Chain Reaction Sepharose Tissue, Membrane
4
Sprague-Dawley Rat Housing and Care
Male Sprague–Dawley rats, weighing 200–250 g, were purchased from Samtaco Animal Co. (Osan, Kyungki-do, Korea). All rats were housed in a limited access rodent facility with up to five rats per polycarbonate cage. The room controls were set to maintain the temperature at 22 ± 2 °C and the relative humidity at 55 ± 15%, the cages were lit by artificial light for 12 h each day, and sterilized drinking water and a standard chow diet were supplied ad libitum throughout the study. All animal experiments began a minimum of 7 days after the animals arrived, were conducted in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals Eighth Edition (by the National Research Council of the National Academies, revised in 2011), and were approved by the Kyung Hee University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. All efforts were made to minimize the number and suffering of animals.
Kwon S., Lee Y., Park H.J, & Hahm D.H. (2017). Coarse needle surface potentiates analgesic effect elicited by acupuncture with twirling manipulation in rats with nociceptive pain. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 17, 1.
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Publication 2017
Animals Animals, Laboratory Humidity Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees Light Males polycarbonate Rats, Sprague-Dawley Rattus norvegicus Rodent Therapy, Diet
5
Albino Wistar Rat Acclimation Study
This study was conducted with 12 week old, male Albino Wistar rats having a body weight of 200 g, which were randomly assigned to six rats/group/interval. Rats were bred in-house at the Pharmacology Animal Facility, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia. The animal facility was registered by the Directorate of Veterinary (Reg. No: HR-POK-007). Laboratory rats were acclimated for 5 days and randomly assigned to their respective treatment groups. Laboratory animals were housed in polycarbonate (PC) cages under conventional laboratory conditions at 20–24 °C, relative humidity of 40–70%, and noise level of 60 dB. Each cage was identified with dates, number of the study, group, dose, number, and sex of each animal. Fluorescent lighting provided illumination for 12 h per day. A standard Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) diet and fresh water were provided ad libitum. Animal care was in compliance with the standard operating procedures (SOPs) of the animal facility and the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes (ETS 123). This study was approved (Number: 641-01/17-02101; Date: 02 November 2017 (by the local ethics committee. Ethical principles of the study complied with the European Directive 010/63/E, the Law on Amendments to the Animal Protection Act (Official Gazette 37/13), the Animal Protection Act (Official Gazette 135/06), the ordinance on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes (Official Gazette 55/13), recommendations of the Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations (FELASA), and the recommendations of the Ethics Committee of the School of Medicine, University of Zagreb. The experiments were assessed by observers blinded to the treatment.
Strbe S., Gojkovic S., Krezic I., Zizek H., Vranes H., Barisic I., Strinic D., Orct T., Vukojevic J., Ilic S., Lovric E., Muzinic D., Kolenc D., Filipčić I., Zoricic Z., Marcinko D., Boban Blagaic A., Skrtic A., Seiwerth S, & Sikiric P. (2021). Over-Dose Lithium Toxicity as an Occlusive-like Syndrome in Rats and Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157. Biomedicines, 9(11), 1506.
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Publication 2021
Albinism Animals Animals, Laboratory Body Weight Conferences DB 60 Ethics Committees Europeans Humidity Lighting Males Pharmaceutical Preparations polycarbonate Rats, Laboratory Rats, Wistar Rattus norvegicus Regional Ethics Committees Vertebrates

Most recents protocols related to «Polycarbonate»

1
Impact Performance of Polycarbonate with Fries Branching
Not available on PMC !

Example 10

Melt polycarbonate prepared from BPA and DPC having a MVR of 26 cm3/10 min and with a Fries branching level of around 1200 ppm and using PCP as endcapping agent were prepared to study the impact performance. FIG. 5 shows the impact behaviour (Izod impact) as a function of temperature.

TABLE 7
End CapOHFries% Bulky
(%)(ppm)(ppm)endgroups
Ex. 1081.79635125671

US11879035B2. Polycarbonate (2024-01-23). SABIC GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES B.V. [NL]. Inventors: Ignacio Vic Fernandez [ES], David Del Agua Hernandez [ES], Helena Varela Rizo [ES].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Dietary Fiber polycarbonate
2
Polycarbonate Synthesis and Characterization
Not available on PMC !

Example 1

Polycarbonate was continuously produced using an apparatus as schematically shown in FIG. 1. BPA and DPC are introduced in a monomer mixing device which is kept at a temperature of 170 QC at a pressure of about 1050 mbar. 1000 ppm of tetra butyl phosphonium acetate (TBPA) was also added as a beta catalyst.

The monomer mix is then introduced in the first oligomerisation reactor operating at a temperature of 257° C. and a pressure of 180 mbar. The initial DPC/BPA ratio (molar ratio) is adjusted with additional DPC to 1.040 and an amount of NaKHPO4 as alpha catalyst is added. The carbonate oligomer formed in the first oligomerisation reactor is fed to the second oligomerisation reactor operating at a temperature of 280° C. and a pressure of 37 mbar.

The so formed carbonate oligomer is then introduced to a first and second polymerisation reactor operating at 300 and 302° C., respectively. The pressure was selected to accommodate the formation of the desired molecular weight.

The residence time in the oligomerisation section was 1.8 hours (1.1. hour in the first oligomerisation reactor, 0.7 hours in the second polymerisation reactor) and the residence time in the polymerisation section was 1.0 hours (0.5 hour in each polymerisation reactor).

After polymerisation the polymer is fed to an extruder where a catalyst quencher (butyl tosylate) is added to deactivate the catalyst. The molten polymer was extruded, filtered, cooled and cut to pellets.

During the oligomerisation PCP as endcapping agent was added to the first oligomerisation reactor. In order to increase the level of PCP end-capping while maintaining the desired molecular weight, the amount of alpha catalyst was adjusted resulting in somewhat higher amount of Fries branching as shown in the Table 1 below.

In Example 1, two different polycarbonates were made with this process, indicated below as Example 1a and Example 1 b.

Polycarbonate was produced using a process similar to Example 1 except that the end-capping agent, PCP, is added to the second polymerisation reactor. In order to reach the desired weight average molecular weight of 40,000 Daltons the present inventors observed s strong increase in the level of Fries branching. The present inventors further found that the amount of PCP end-groups was much lower as compared to the level in Examples 1-3.

TABLE 3
FriesPCPEnd CapOH% Bulky
(Ppm)(%)(%)Mw (Da)(ppm)endgroups
CE 113961.5071.3840,010106364

Example 2

Polycarbonate was produced using a process similar to Example 1, but with the difference that the end-capping agent, PCP, was added to the first polymerisation reactor. The inventors observed that at similar levels of Fries more similar levels of bulky end-groups could be obtained, yet with a somewhat lower molecular weight.

TABLE 1
FriesPCPEnd CapOH% Bulky
(Ppm)(%)(%)Mw (Da)(ppm)endgroups
Ex. 1A 9851.8879.540,28460965
Ex. 1B12592.2081.740,43263571
Ex. 2A 9461.7978.339,42082064
Ex. 2B11142.2077.338,45084576

US11879035B2. Polycarbonate (2024-01-23). SABIC GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES B.V. [NL]. Inventors: Ignacio Vic Fernandez [ES], David Del Agua Hernandez [ES], Helena Varela Rizo [ES].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
3
Utilizing Polycarbonate Waste Ash in Concrete
The polycarbonate waste ash utilized in this study was acquired from Eco Industry Private Limited in Bangalore, as shown in Fig. 3. Polycarbonate wastes include microbiological and biotechnological wastes such as hypodermic needles, syringes, scalpels, and broken glass. The ash from PC waste collection can be both primary waste and secondary waste. For M25, the maximum allowable water-to-cement ratio was calculated to be 0.45 under moderate exposure conditions.

Polycarbonate waste ash.

Sathvik S., Kumar R., Ulloa N., Shakor P., Ujwal M.S., Onyelowe K., Kumar G.S, & Christo M.S. (2024). Modelling the mechanical properties of concrete produced with polycarbonate waste ash by machine learning. Scientific Reports, 14, 11552.
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Publication 2024
4
Optimized Polycarbonate Resin Composition and Multilayer Body
Not available on PMC !

Example 1

Polymerization of the polycarbonate resin was carried out using a continuous polymerization facility including three vertical stirring reactors, one horizontal stirring reactor, and a twin-screw extruder. ISB, CHDM, and DPC are each melted in a tank, and ISB, CHDM, and DPC were continuously supplied to the first vertical stirring reactor at flow rates of 29.8 kg/hr, 12.6 kg/hr, and 63.1 kg/hr, respectively (ISB/CHDM/DPC=0.700/0.300/1.010 in molar ratio). At the same time, an aqueous solution of calcium acetate monohydrate as a polymerization catalyst was supplied to the first vertical stirring reactor at an addition amount such that calcium acetate monohydrate was 1.5 μmol per 1 mol of all dihydroxy compounds. The internal temperature, internal pressure, and residence time of each reactor were set as follows: 190° C., 25 kPa, and 120 minutes for the first vertical stirring reactor, 195° C., 10 kPa, and 90 minutes for the second vertical stirring reactor, 205° C., 4 kPa, and 45 minutes for the third vertical stirring reactor, and 220° C., 0.1 to 1.0 kPa, and 120 minutes for the fourth horizontal stirring reactor. The operation was performed while finely adjusting the internal pressure of the fourth horizontal stirring reactor so that the reduced viscosity of the obtained polycarbonate resin was 0.42 dL/g to 0.44 dL/g. The polycarbonate resin extracted from the fourth horizontal stirring reactor was supplied in a molten state to a vent type twin-screw extruder TEX30α [manufactured by The Japan Steel Works, Ltd.]. The extruder has three vacuum vents, where residual low molecular weight components in the resin were removed by devolatilization, and 0.63 ppm by weight of phosphonic acid was added as a catalyst deactivator before the first vent to the polycarbonate resin, 1000 ppm by weight of Irganox 1010, 500 ppm by weight of AS2112, 3000 ppm by weight of E-275, and 200 ppm by weight of SEESORB709 were added to the polycarbonate resin before the third vent. The polycarbonate resin that passed through the extruder was continuously caused to pass through an Ultipleat candle filter (manufactured by PALL) with an opening of 10 μm in a molten state to filter foreign matters. Then, the polycarbonate resin was extruded in a strand form from the die, cooled with water, solidified, and then cut by a rotary cutter to be pelletized. The pelletized polycarbonate resin thus obtained is referred to as “PC-A1”.

After blending 700 parts by weight of pellets of the polycarbonate resin PC-A1 obtained in Production Example 1 and 300 parts by weight of pellets of the polycarbonate resin PC-B1 obtained in Production Example 4, a twin-screw extruder TEX30HSS equipped with a vacuum vent (manufactured by The Japan Steel Works, Ltd.) was used to perform extrusion kneading at a cylinder temperature of 240° C. and an extrusion rate of 18 kg/hr, thereby obtaining pellets of a polycarbonate resin composition. Next, the pellets of the resin composition were dried with a hot air dryer at a temperature of 90° C. for 5 hours, and then injection-molded using a 75-ton injection molding machine EC-75 [manufactured by Toshiba Machine Co., Ltd.]. The molding conditions were a mold temperature of 60° C. and a cylinder temperature of 240° C. Thus, a test piece composed of a plate-shaped molded article having a width of 100 mm, a length of 100 mm, and a thickness of 2 mm was obtained. Further, an ISO tensile test piece was obtained by performing molding in the same manner. From the ISO tensile test piece, a Charpy impact test piece with a notch of 0.25 mm was cut out to perform a Charpy impact test. The total light transmittance, YI, chemical resistance, and moist heat cycle resistance of the plate-shaped molded product were measured.

After blending 80 parts by weight of pellets of PC-A1 and 20 parts by weight of powder of PC-C1, a twin-screw extruder TEX30HSS equipped with a vacuum vent [manufactured by The Japan Steel Works, Ltd.] was used to perform extrusion-kneading at a cylinder temperature of 260° C. and an extrusion rate of 12 kg/hr to obtain a pellet of a polycarbonate resin composition (see Table 7). The obtained pellet was cloudy. As a result of measuring the glass transition temperature by dynamic viscoelasticity measurement using this pellet, two glass transition temperatures were detected. From this result, it can be judged that PC-A1 and PC-C1 are incompatible.

Example 2

The procedure of Production Example 1 was performed except that supply amounts of the raw materials were set as 21.3 kg/hr of ISB, 21.1 kg/hr of CHDM, and 62.9 kg/hr of DPC (ISB/CHDM/DPC=0.500/0.500/1.005 in molar ratio) and adjustment was performed so that the reduced viscosity of the obtained polycarbonate resin was 0.50 dL/g to 0.52 dL/g. The polycarbonate resin thus obtained is referred to as “PC-A2”.

The same procedure as in Reference Example 1 was performed except that 80 parts by weight of pellets of PC-A1 and 20 parts by weight of powder of PA-C1 were used and the cylinder temperature of the extruder was set to 240° C. (see Table 7). The obtained pellet was cloudy and two glass transition temperatures were detected, and thus it can be judged that PC-A1 and PA-C1 are incompatible.

After blending 90 parts by weight of pellets of PC-A1, 9.76 parts by weight of pellets of PC-B1, and 0.24 parts by weight of powder of PC-C1, a twin-screw extruder TEX30HSS equipped with a vacuum vent [The Japan Steel Works, Ltd.] was used to perform extrusion-kneading at a cylinder temperature of 240° C. and an extrusion rate of 12 kg/hr to obtain a pellet of a polycarbonate resin composition. Next, the pellets of the resin composition were dried with a hot air dryer at a temperature of 90° C. for 5 hours, and then injection-molded using a 75-ton injection molding machine EC-75 [manufactured by Toshiba Machine Co., Ltd.]. The molding conditions were a mold temperature of 60° C. and a cylinder temperature of 240° C. Thus, a test piece composed of a plate-shaped molded article having a width of 100 mm, a length of 100 mm, and a thickness of 2 mm was obtained. Further, an ISO tensile test piece was obtained by performing molding in the same manner. From the ISO tensile test piece, a Charpy impact test piece with a notch of 0.25 mm was cut out to perform a Charpy impact test. The total light transmittance, haze, YI, chemical resistance, and moist heat cycle resistance of the plate-shaped molded article were measured. The results are shown in Table 8.

Example 3

The procedure of Production Example 1 was performed except that supply amounts of the raw materials were set as 27.3 kg/hr of ISB, 15.7 kg/hr of TCDDM, and 57.6 kg/hr DPC (ISB/TCDDM/DPC=0.700/0.300/1.007 in molar ratio), the addition amount of calcium acetate monohydrate was set to 1.5 μmol per 1 mol of all dihydroxy compounds, adjustment was performed so that the reduced viscosity of the obtained polycarbonate resin was 0.38 dL/g to 0.40 dL/g, and the addition amount of phosphonic acid was set to 1.3 ppm by weight with respect to the polycarbonate resin. The polycarbonate resin thus obtained is referred to as “PC-A3”. The content of ISB structural unit in PC-A3 is 53.9° by weight, and the content of TCDDM structural unit is 31.1% by weight.

The same procedure as in Reference Example 1 was performed except that 80 parts by weight of pellets of PC-B3 and 20 parts by weight of powder of PC-C1 were used (see Table 7). The obtained pellet was transparent, and one glass transition temperature was detected between the glass transition temperatures of PC-B3 and PC-C1, and thus it can be judged that PC-B3 and PC-C1 are compatible.

After blending 90 parts by weight of pellets of PC-A1 and 10 parts by weight of pellets of PC-B5, a twin-screw extruder TEX30HSS equipped with a vacuum vent [manufactured by The Japan Steel Works, Ltd.] was used to perform extrusion-kneading at a cylinder temperature of 240° C. and an extrusion rate of 12 kg/hr to obtain a pellet of the polycarbonate resin composition. Various properties of the polycarbonate resin composition were evaluated according to the methods described above. The results are shown in Table 10.

The same operation as in Example 3-1 was performed, except that the composition was changed to those shown in Table 10. Further, for Example 3-2, Example 3-3, and Comparative Examples 3-1 to 3-3, various properties of the polycarbonate resin compositions were evaluated by the methods described above. The results are shown in Table 10.

TABLE 9
Number
StructuralStructuralGlassAverage
Unit (a)Unit (b)TransitionMeltMolecularReduced
% by% byTemperatureViscosityWeightViscosity
Type of Resinweightweight° C.Pa · s—dL/g
FirstPC-A158.824.91282530100000.43
PolycarbonatePC-A353.931.11353520145000.39
Resin
SecondPC-B525.358.3 78 270107000.45
Polycarbonate
Resin

TABLE 10
ComparativeComparativeComparative
ExampleExampleExampleExampleExampleExample
Example and Comparative Example No.3-13-23-33-13-23-3
BlendingPC-A1parts9070—100——
forby weight
Resin PC-A3parts——80—100—
Compositionby weight
PC-B5parts103020——100
by weight
PropertiesGlass Transition° C.13013013612813578
ofTemperature° C.717171———
Resin MeltPa · s19801470220025303520270
CompositionViscosity
Heat° C.979210010411164
Resistance
(HDT)
Color Tone—1.71.51.71.21.91.1
(YI)
Total Light%92.091.591.892.592.492.5
Transmittance
Haze%0.92.61.10.30.30.3
Pencil—FHBHFH2B
Hardness
Photoelastic×10−12 Pa−120221219928
Coefficient
Surface Impact—DuctilityDuctilityDuctilityDuctilityBrittlenessDuctility
Test
Chemical%0.440.420.400.240.200.45
Resistance
(Critical Strain)
Weather—0.010.030.05−0.050.050.10
resistance
( Δ YI)
Warpage of BPA-PCmm2−1216138
Multilayer BodyPMMAmm0−3256−12
COPmm31212108

As known from Table 10, the resin compositions of Examples 3-1 to 3-3 are excellent in a plurality of properties such as transparency, heat resistance, color tone, moldability, chemical resistance, mechanical properties, weather resistance, and optical properties in good balance. In addition, in the multilayer bodies including the resin layers containing the resin compositions of Examples 3-1 to 3-3, warpage generated under use environment or storage environment was suppressed.

On the other hand, in Comparative Example 3-1 and Comparative Example 3-2, the resin compositions contained the first polycarbonate resin, but did not contain the second polycarbonate resin. In this case, the warpage of the multilayer body was large. In Comparative Example 3-3, the resin composition contained the second polycarbonate resin, but did not contain the first polycarbonate resin. Also, in this case, the warpage of the multilayer body was large.

Example 4

The procedure of Production Example 1 was performed except that supply amounts of the raw materials were set as 17.1 kg/hr of ISB, 25.3 kg/hr of CHDM, and 62.6 kg/hr of DPC (ISB/CHDM/DPC=0.400/0.600/1.000 in molar ratio), the addition amount of calcium acetate monohydrate was set to 3 μmol per 1 mol of all dihydroxy compounds, adjustment was performed so that the reduced viscosity of the obtained polycarbonate resin was 0.66 dL/g to 0.68 dL/g, and the addition amount of phosphonic acid was set to 1.3 ppm by weight with respect to the polycarbonate resin. The polycarbonate resin thus obtained is referred to as “PC-B1”.

The same procedure as in Reference Example 1 was performed except that 80 parts by weight of pellets of PC-B3 and 20 parts by weight of powder of PA-C1 were used and the cylinder temperature of the extruder was set to 240° C. (see Table 7). The obtained pellet was transparent, and one glass transition temperature was detected between the glass transition temperatures of PC-B3 and PA-C1, and thus it can be judged that PC-B3 and PA-C1 are compatible.

Example 5

The Procedure of Production Example 1 was Performed except that supply amounts of the raw materials were set as 15.0 kg/hr of ISB, 27.4 kg/hr of CHDM, and 62.7 kg/hr of DPC (ISB/CHDM/DPC=0.350/0.650/1.000 in molar ratio), the addition amount of calcium acetate monohydrate was set to 3 μmol per 1 mol of all dihydroxy compounds, adjustment was performed so that the reduced viscosity of the obtained carbonate resin was 0.73 dL/g to 0.75 dL/g, and the addition amount of phosphonic acid was 1.3 ppm by weight with respect to the polycarbonate resin. The polycarbonate resin thus obtained is described as “PC-B2”.

Example 6

The procedure of Production Example 1 was performed except that supply amounts of the raw materials were set as 12.8 kg/hr of ISB, 29.6 kg/hr of CHDM, and 62.7 kg/hr of DPC (ISB/CHDM/DPC=0.300/0.700/1.000 in molar ratio), the addition amount of calcium acetate monohydrate was set to 3 μmol per 1 mol of all dihydroxy compounds, adjustment was performed so that the reduced viscosity of the obtained polycarbonate resin was 0.75 dL/g to 0.77 dL/g, and the addition amount of phosphonic acid was set to 1.3 ppm by weight with respect to the polycarbonate resin. The polycarbonate resin thus obtained is described as “PC-B3”.

Example 7

The procedure of Production Example 1 was performed except that supply amounts of the raw materials were set as 15.0 kg/hr of ISB, 27.4 kg/hr of CHDM, and 63.3 kg/hr of DPC (ISB/CHDM/DPC=0.350/0.650/1.010), the addition amount of calcium acetate monohydrate was set to 3 μmol per 1 mol of all dihydroxy compounds, adjustment was performed so that the reduced viscosity of the obtained polycarbonate resin was 0.44 dL/g to 0.46 dL/g, and the addition amount of phosphonic acid was 1.3 ppm by weight with respect to the polycarbonate resin. The obtained polycarbonate resin is described as “PC-B4”.

Example 8

The procedure of Production Example 1 was performed except that supply amounts of the raw materials were set as 12.8 kg/hr of ISB, 29.6 kg/hr of CHDM, and 63.3 kg/hr of DPC (ISB/CHDM/DPC=0.300/0.700/1.010 in molar ratio), the addition amount of calcium acetate monohydrate was set to 3 μmol per 1 mol of all dihydroxy compounds, adjustment was performed so that the reduced viscosity of the obtained polycarbonate resin was 0.44 dL/g to 0.46 dL/g, and the addition amount of phosphonic acid was set to 1.3 ppm by weight with respect to the polycarbonate resin. The polycarbonate resin thus obtained is referred to as “PC-B5”.

Example 9

The procedure of Production Example 1 was performed except that supply amounts of the raw materials were set as 12.8 kg/hr of ISB, 29.6 kg/hr of CHDM, and 63.7 kg/hr of DPC (ISB/CHDM/DPC=0.300/0.700/1.015 in molar ratio), the addition amount of calcium acetate monohydrate was set to 3 μmol per 1 mol of all dihydroxy compounds, adjustment was performed so that the reduced viscosity of the obtained polycarbonate resin was 0.38 dL/g to 0.40 dL/g, and the addition amount of phosphonic acid was set to 1.3 ppm by weight with respect to the polycarbonate resin. The polycarbonate resin thus obtained is referred to as “PC-B6”.

Tables 1, 6, and 9 show structural units and physical properties of the first polycarbonate resin and the second polycarbonate resin obtained in the above-mentioned Production Examples. Note that, of the components constituting the first polycarbonate resin and the second polycarbonate resin, components other than the structural units shown in Tables 1, 6, and 9 are linking groups such as a carbonyl group. In addition, Table 6 shows the physical properties of the resin C (that is, PC-C1 and PA-C1). Table 1 shows structural units and physical properties of the resins used in Examples 1-1 to 1-10 and Comparative Examples 1-1 to 1-3 below. Table 6 shows structural units and physical properties of the resins used in Reference Examples 1 to 4, Examples 2-1 to 2-8, and Comparative Examples 2-1 to 2-3 below. Table 9 shows structural units and physical properties of the resins used in Examples 3-1 to 3-3 and Comparative Examples 3-1 to 3-3 below.

US11873370B2. Polycarbonate resin composition, molded article, and multilayer body (2024-01-16). MITSUBISHI CHEMICAL CORPORATION [JP]. Inventors: Shingo Namiki [JP], Yuuichi Hirami [JP], Tomoaki Kanemasa [JP], Taiki Shimada [JP], Masato Ando [JP], Akira Kosuge [JP], Shigeki Ohta [JP], Yuuichirou Kutsunugi [JP], Asami Kakiuchi [JP].
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Patent 2024
5
Evaluating Polycarbonate Waste Ash in Concrete
By using 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% PC waste ash as fractional substitutes for cement in concrete, the purpose of this research was to analyse and assess the qualities of fresh, physical, and hardened concrete, as shown in Table 2. This was accomplished by using biomedical waste ash as a partial substitute for cement in concrete. Sixty different shapes of concrete were cast, including cubes, cylinders, and prisms. The mix ratio was M25, and the water-to-cement ratio (w/c) was 0.45. Following the casting process, each specimen was placed in a curing tank for 7 or 28 days before being evaluated using a universal testing machine (UTM)25 (link). In accordance with the procedure outlined in the ASTM C 192 code, the specimens were cast in the form of standard cubes measuring 100 mm on one side, cylinders measuring 100 mm in diameter and 200 mm in height, and prisms measuring 100 mm on one side and measuring 500 mm in length. The compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths of this concrete were determined using the specimens. Moreover, the density and water absorption of the concrete specimens were examined after 28 days. For each ratio, three different concrete specimens were cast, and the final result was averaged to determine the effectiveness16 (link). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis were conducted on the concrete samples to characterize the microstructure and chemical composition. A cost analysis was performed by calculating and comparing the costs of raw materials for conventional concrete and 20% polycarbonate waste ash concrete mixes. The market rates for cement, aggregates and waste ash were used for the estimation6 (link).

Concrete mixes prepared with the control and different percentages of ash.

Sl. noMaterial replacementCement %Polycarbonate waste %Fine and coarse aggregate %Mix ratioW/C ratio
10% Polycarbonate waste ash10001001:1.96:3.030.45
25% Polycarbonate waste ash9551001:1.96:3.030.45
310% Polycarbonate waste ash90101001:1.96:3.030.45
415% Polycarbonate waste ash85151001:1.96:3.030.45
520% Polycarbonate waste ash80201001:1.96:3.030.45
625% Polycarbonate waste ash75251001:1.96:3.030.45
Sathvik S., Kumar R., Ulloa N., Shakor P., Ujwal M.S., Onyelowe K., Kumar G.S, & Christo M.S. (2024). Modelling the mechanical properties of concrete produced with polycarbonate waste ash by machine learning. Scientific Reports, 14, 11552.
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Publication 2024

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Fetal bovine serum (fbs) by Thermo Fisher Scientific
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Crystal violet by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, China, Japan, United Kingdom, France, Sao Tome and Principe, Italy, Australia, Macao, Spain, Switzerland, Canada, Belgium, Poland, Brazil, Portugal, India, Denmark, Israel, Austria, Argentina, Sweden, Ireland, Hungary
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Crystal violet by Beyotime
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More about "Polycarbonate"

Polycarbonates are a versatile class of thermoplastic polymers characterized by the presence of carbonate groups (-O-C(O)-O-) in their main chain.
These high-performance materials are renowned for their exceptional impact resistance, transparency, and heat resistance, making them widely utilized in a variety of applications, including construction, automotive, and electronics.
Polycarbonates are typically synthesized through the reaction of bisphenols and phosgene or by the transesterification of bisphenols with carbonic acid diesters.
This versitile material has been the subject of extensive research, with scientists exploring ways to optimize its properties and expand its uses.
Researchers in the field of polycarbonate studies can leverage the PubCompare.ai platform to access relevant protocols, preprints, and patents, as well as utilize AI-driven comparisons to identify the best approaches and products for their research.
This can enhance the reproducibility and accuracy of their experiments, leading to more robust and reliable findings.
In addition to polycarbonates, researchers may also work with related materials such as Matrigel, a gelatinous protein mixture used as a basement membrane model, and Transwell chambers, which are used for cell migration and invasion assays.
Mini-extruders may be employed for the processing and fabrication of polycarbonate materials, while Transwell inserts can be used for permeability studies.
The inclusion of fetal bovine serum (FBS) in cell culture media can also be relevant, as it provides essential nutrients and growth factors for cell growth and proliferation.
Polycarbonate membranes are commonly used in various filtration and separation applications, and the crystal violet assay is a widely used method for quantifying cell viability and proliferation.
By incorporating these related terms and concepts, researchers can gain a more comprehensive understanding of the polycarbonate landscape and leverage the available tools and techniques to optimize their research efforts.