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Polyethylene

Polyethylene is a widely-used thermoplastic polymer composed of long chains of ethylene monomers.
It is known for its durability, chemical resistance, and versatility, making it a popular material in a variety of applications, including packaging, construction, and medical devices.
Polyethylene can be further classified into different grades based on its molecular weight and density, each with unique properties and uses.
Reseraching and optimizing polyethylene production and applications is an important area of study, requiring access to accurate and reproducible protocols from published literature, preprints, and patents.
PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform can help streamline this process, providing data-driven insights to identify the best products and methodologies for your polyethylene reserach needs.

Most cited protocols related to «Polyethylene»

1
Establishing an SFS: Site Selection Considerations
The crucial first step in establishing a SFS is identifying an appropriate site that adequately captures the environmental conditions experienced by local mosquito species. Additional logistic criteria include ease of access by research personnel and electricity/water supply, being situated where potential hazards to surrounding residents arising from accidental vector release are negligible, and continual monitoring by security staff is possible. Trade-offs may arise in attempting to maximize all these criteria at particular locations which will require careful case-by-case consideration. For example, it has been suggested that the best way to limit hazards posed by unintentional release of mosquitoes into the environment would be to build containment units as far away from communities as possible [55 ]. However, the majority of SFS currently in existence and being planned are located within disease-endemic settings in the developing world. In many of these settings, access to roads, water, an electrical supply, and reliable 24-hour surveillance is possible only near towns or cities. In balancing these components of potential risk, it was decided to select a site for the SFS that is within the campus of the IHI, which is located in Ifakara town. By building within the fenced-off perimeter of the research centre, it was possible to ensure constant surveillance and containment, and strictly control those who had access to the SFS.
Another key factor in the site selection process for SFS is the availability of background data on the dynamics of local vector populations and their disease transmission ability [55 ]. This information is essential to examine how closely the behaviour, life-history and population dynamics of contained vectors represent those of the wild. As mosquitoes in the SFS will be exposed to many of the same environmental conditions as those of neighbouring populations (e.g temperature, humidity, vegetation), it is anticipated they will be subject to similar selective forces. However, one deviation from complete 'naturalness' was made in the IHI SFS by covering its roof with polyethylene plastic; a decision taken on the basis that this compromise would permit experimental manipulation of rainfall in future experiments. How this modification influences the environmental suitability of the SFS relative to ambient conditions can be assessed by comparison of mosquito population dynamics in the SFS with those of the surrounding area. An advantage of selecting a site in Ifakara was that substantial baseline epidemiological and entomological information on the dynamics of malaria and Anopheles populations in the area is already available [50 (link),54 (link),56 (link),57 ]. Additionally, detailed knowledge of mosquito ecology exists for the Kilombero valley, and new studies specifically addressing the mating biology [29 (link)-31 (link),58 (link)] and population genetics (Ng'habi et al., in prep.) of An. gambiae and An. arabiensis within this region were initiated concurrently with the establishment of the SFS.
Ferguson H.M., Ng'habi K.R., Walder T., Kadungula D., Moore S.J., Lyimo I., Russell T.L., Urassa H., Mshinda H., Killeen G.F, & Knols B.G. (2008). Establishment of a large semi-field system for experimental study of African malaria vector ecology and control in Tanzania. Malaria Journal, 7, 158.
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Publication 2008
Accidents Anopheles Cloning Vectors Culicidae Electricity Endemic Diseases Humidity Malaria Perimetry Polyethylene Population Group Secure resin cement Transmission, Communicable Disease
2
Characterization of marine microbial communities
A YSI (model 6600) multiparameter instrument (http://www.ysi.com) was deployed to determine physical characteristics of the water column, including salinity, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and depth. Using sterilized equipment [91 (link)], 40–200 l of seawater, depending on the turbidity of the water, was pumped through a 20-μm nytex prefilter into a 250-l carboy. From this sample, two 20-ml subsamples were collected in acid-washed polyethylene bottles and frozen (−20 °C) for nutrient and particle analysis. At each station the biological material was size fractionated into individual “samples” by serial filtration through 20-μm, 3-μm, 0.8-μm, and 0.1-μm filters that were then sealed and stored at −20 °C until transport back to the laboratory. Between 44,160 and 418,176 clones per station were picked and end sequenced from short-insert (1.0–2.2 kb) sequencing libraries made from DNA extracted from filters [19 (link)]. Data from these six Sorcerer II expedition legs (37 stations) were combined with the results from samples in the Sargasso Sea pilot study (four stations; GS00a–GS00d and GS01a–GS01c; [19 (link)]. The majority of the sequence data presented came from the 0.8- to 0.1-μm size fraction sample that concentrated mostly bacterial and archaeal microbial populations. Two samples (GS01a, GS01b) from the Sargasso Sea pilot study dataset and one GOS sample (GS25) came from other filter size fractions (Table 1).
Rusch D.B., Halpern A.L., Sutton G., Heidelberg K.B., Williamson S., Yooseph S., Wu D., Eisen J.A., Hoffman J.M., Remington K., Beeson K., Tran B., Smith H., Baden-Tillson H., Stewart C., Thorpe J., Freeman J., Andrews-Pfannkoch C., Venter J.E., Li K., Kravitz S., Heidelberg J.F., Utterback T., Rogers Y.H., Falcón L.I., Souza V., Bonilla-Rosso G., Eguiarte L.E., Karl D.M., Sathyendranath S., Platt T., Bermingham E., Gallardo V., Tamayo-Castillo G., Ferrari M.R., Strausberg R.L., Nealson K., Friedman R., Frazier M, & Venter J.C. (2007). The Sorcerer II Global Ocean Sampling Expedition: Northwest Atlantic through Eastern Tropical Pacific. PLoS Biology, 5(3), e77.
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Publication 2007
Acids Archaea Bacteria Biopharmaceuticals Clone Cells Filtration Freezing Leg Nutrients Oxygen Physical Examination Polyethylene Population Group Salinity
3
Air Blast Exposure Protocol in Rats
All studies with animal subjects were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). Adult male Long Evans Hooded rats (Charles River Laboratories International, Inc., Wilmington, MA, USA; 250–300 g) were used as subjects. Experimental overpressure exposure was performed using the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR) shock tube simulating effects of air blast exposure under experimental conditions. This shock tube has a 12″ circular diameter, 19.5 ft. long steel tube divided into a 2.5 ft. air compression chamber separated from a 17 ft. expansion chamber by polyethylene Mylar™ sheets (Du Pont Co., Wilmington, DE, USA). The thickness of the Mylar sheets varied depending upon the peak pressure desired (Chavko et al., 2007 (link); Elder et al., 2010 (link)). There were three BOP intensities for the current set of experiments corresponding to 36.6, 74.5, and 116.7 kPa.
The characteristics of the overpressure wave produced by the shock tube used in this study have been described extensively (Long et al., 2009 (link); Chavko et al., 2011 (link)). The overpressure wave produced by the WRAIR shock tube exhibits waveform resembling a Friedlander wave form but with characteristics unique to its construction that do not reflect a strict Friedlander function. Shock tube characteristics differ in important ways that may affect the physiological and functional outcome resulting from exposure. Table 1 provides the defining characteristics of the WRAIR shock tube using the Mylar membranes that approximate the overpressure conditions referred to in this study. The reference “static” pressure inside the shock tube was measured using a piezoelectric sensor (PCB Piezotronics, Buffalo, NY, USA) placed between the rat head and the shock tube walls, approximately 3 cm from the head and 5 cm from the wall in a manner described by Chavko et al. (2011 (link)). The signal was recorded by the NI data acquisition system (National Instrument, Austin, TX, USA) at 500 kHz sampling rate. Other important variables in determining the outcome are also provided in the table. These are measures of overpressure duration and the integral function reflecting the area under the overpressure wave. In general, duration and integral parameters increase as the peak pressure increases.
Ahlers S.T., Vasserman-Stokes E., Shaughness M.C., Hall A.A., Shear D.A., Chavko M., McCarron R.M, & Stone J.R. (2012). Assessment of the Effects of Acute and Repeated Exposure to Blast Overpressure in Rodents: Toward a Greater Understanding of Blast and the Potential Ramifications for Injury in Humans Exposed to Blast. Frontiers in Neurology, 3, 32.
Publication 2012
Adult Animals austin Buffaloes elder flower Head Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees Males mylar Polyethylene Pressure Rats, Long-Evans Rivers Shock Steel Tissue, Membrane
4
Determining Critical Sonication Energy for ENMs

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Publication 2017
Cell Culture Techniques Cells Culture Media DNA Replication Fetal Bovine Serum Horns Hydrodynamics Neoplasm Metastasis Polyethylene Retinal Cone Ultrasonics
5
Population-based Survey of Tube Wells and Users in Bangladesh
We conducted a population-based survey between March and June 2000, in three unions of Araihazar Upazila, Bangladesh—an area 25 km east of the capital city, Dhaka. The goal of this survey was to completely enumerate and characterize the tube wells and their users in the study area to create a sampling frame for recruiting participants into the HEALS cohort. From a 25-km2 area in Araihazar, water samples were collected from 5,967 contiguous tube wells, and their owners/caretakers were interviewed to obtain demographic characteristics on the 65,876 users of these wells. We selected this study area because of the wide variation in well-water As concentrations. A detailed description of the HEALS methodologies, including selection of the study area and population, is reported elsewhere (Ahsan et al. 2005 ).
For this population-based survey, six teams of trained male and female interviewers and well-water samplers went to every bari in the defined study area. A bari refers to a cluster of households that reside closely. Many individual households do not possess a tube well, but at least one well was present in each bari in this study area. After the identification of each well and its owner/caretaker within a bari, the field team performed the two major components of the survey. The first component was to collect water samples and geographic positioning system data for each well. Water samples were collected in acid-washed polyethylene bottles and were transported to Columbia University, where total As was measured by graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with a detection limit of 5 μg/L. A detailed description of the water sampling, processing, quality control, chemicals used, and analyses has been published elsewhere (Van Geen et al. 2002 (link)).
The second component was an in-person interview with the well owner/caretaker (or a close relative, if the owner/caretaker was not available) using a structured questionnaire. Sociodemographic characteristics, occupation of the head of the household, and respondent’s awareness of and possible solutions for the As problem were ascertained from one respondent (well owner/caretaker or close relative) for each well. Eighty-eight percent of respondents were the well owner/caretaker, and 12% were other close relatives living in the same household with the well owner/caretaker. Occupation of the head of the household was defined as the job where the person spent the most time working in the past year, indicative of the main source of household income for the past year. Although 57% of the interviewees were female, the head of the household was usually male.
Knowledge regarding the health risks of As was assessed by asking whether the respondent was aware of any adverse health effects from As in drinking water. Specifically, the respondents were asked the following question: “Are you aware that drinking As-contaminated water may cause adverse health effects?” The answers were recorded as “yes,” “no,” or “don’t know.” Answers of “no” and “don’t know” were combined into a single category for the purposes of this analysis. Those who answered “yes” were asked to further specify As-related diseases or adverse health effects. This was an open-ended question for which responses were subsequently categorized by the study physicians to simplify the analysis.
Study participants were also asked about options they were willing to take if As was found in their well. There were 11 mutually exclusive choices listed in the questionnaire: a) will not do anything, b) use dug-well water, c) use pond water, d) boil well/pond water, e) use rain water, f ) boil tube-well water, g) settle tube-well water, h) increase the depth of the well, i) use filter, j) switch well, and k) unknown. Five categories were created based on these 11 choices: do nothing, use surface water with or without treatments (combined b–e ), use existing well after treatment or increasing the depth (combined f–i), switch to safe well, and unknown.
In addition, the well owners/caretakers or their close relatives were asked for information on the number of regular users of the tube well, as well as demographic and family characteristics of the users, in order to assess the As exposure distribution among the overall population in the study area.
Parvez F., Chen Y., Argos M., Hussain A.Z., Momotaj H., Dhar R., van Geen A., Graziano J.H, & Ahsan H. (2005). Prevalence of Arsenic Exposure from Drinking Water and Awareness of Its Health Risks in a Bangladeshi Population: Results from a Large Population-Based Study. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114(3), 355-359.
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Publication 2005
Acids Females Furuncles Graphite Head of Household Households Interviewers Males Physicians Polyethylene Rain Reading Frames Spectrophotometry, Atomic Absorption Wound Healing

Most recents protocols related to «Polyethylene»

1
Stemless Shoulder Arthroplasty Surgical Protocol

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Publication 2023
Blood Pressure Bones Congenital Abnormality Feelings Indwelling Catheter Management, Pain Operative Surgical Procedures Osteopenia Patients Polyethylene Radionuclide Imaging Subscapularis Surgeons Surgical Blood Losses Tenotomy Tranexamic Acid Urination Wounds X-Ray Computed Tomography
2
Comprehensive Analysis of Water and Soil Quality
Sampling
locations were determined with the help of GPS coordinates (GARMIN
GPS eTrex 30x) surrounding Kirazlı village. Water and soil samples
were collected during the dry season (on September 6–7, 2019).
Water samples, including surface water (n = 3, nos.:
W11 (dam water), W2, and W32 (stream water)) and groundwater (n = 42, nos. 1–45, apart from W11, W2, and W32),
were collected in polyethylene bottles (500 mL), with the following
sampling and analytical procedure carried out using the Standard Methods
for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.45 Electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solid (TDS), dissolved
oxygen (DO), and pH were measured on-site. Additionally, total alkalinity,
sulfate ion (SO42–), and metal analysis
were conducted at the laboratory of the Environmental Engineering
Department of Gebze Technical University. The metals investigated
within the scope of this study were selected by taking into account
the metals and metalloids in the soil and water samples as a result
of the preliminary analysis by an inductively coupled plasma-optical
emission spectrophotometer (ICP-OES, Optima 7000 DV, PerkinElmer).
As a result of the preanalysis, metals such as As, Cr, Hg, and V were
not detected in the samples; therefore, these metals were not considered
in the study. Consequently, total concentrations of 15 metals (Al,
B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Si, and Zn) were analyzed
by ICP-OES.
Each of the surface soil samples (∼500 g)
was collected from close to the springs at 0–10 cm (upper soil
layer) soil samples (n = 12 S1–S12) and collected
into polyethylene bags. All samples were transferred to the laboratory
and stored at 4 °C. Before being ground to <100 μm with
a mortar, the soil samples were dried at 105 ± 2 °C for
48 h. Then, 0.25 g of sample was exposed to 2 mL of HNO3, 2 mL of HF, 1 mL of HCl, and 1 mL of H2O2 in Teflon vessels for 24 min and digested in a model Milestone Ethos
1600 advanced microwave digestion apparatus. Then, each digestate
was diluted to 50 mL with ultrapure water, and the resulting solution
was analyzed for the 15 metals with the water samples by ICP-OES.
All reagents used were of analytical grade. X-ray diffraction (XRD,
Bruker D-8 Advance) was applied for mineralogical identifications
on randomly collected soil samples. The identification was also supported
by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Philips XL 30S-FEG, The Netherlands)
equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS, AMETEK Inc.).
Hızlı S., Karaoğlu A.G., Gören A.Y, & Kobya M. (2023). Identifying Geogenic and Anthropogenic Aluminum Pollution on Different Spatial Distributions and Removal of Natural Waters and Soil in Çanakkale, Turkey. ACS Omega, 8(9), 8557-8568.
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Publication 2023
Alkalies Blood Vessel Digestion Electric Conductivity Energy Dispersive X Ray Spectroscopy Metalloids Metals Microwaves Natural Springs Peroxide, Hydrogen Plasma Polyethylene Scanning Electron Microscopy Sulfate Teflon X-Ray Diffraction
3
Extraction and Purification of Dietary Fiber
The chaff and soybean hull materials were cleaned from impurities and placed in a blast dryer (210 mm, Huawei Chemical Instruments, Wuhan, Hubei, China) and dry overnight. The two raw materials were crushed by a crusher (FSJ302-5, Taist, Tianjing, China) and sieved by a 60-mesh sieve to obtain raw material powder. Each treated raw material powder was individually vacuum packed in polyethylene bags and stored in a −20°C refrigerator (BCD-251WP3CX, Changhong Meiling, Hefei, Anhui, China) for use. A certain amount of raw material powder was accurately weighed, added with 20 g/L NaOH solution in the solid to liquid ratio of 1:15 (g:mL), and placed in a water bath (HH-4, Shengwei, Shanghai, China) at 60°C for extraction for 40 min. The mixed system was filtered and the filtrate was washed with water to neutral; the supernatant was precipitated by adding 4 times the volume of anhydrous ethanol for 6 h. The filter residues were obtained by centrifugation (HC-3018, Zhongke Zhongjia, Anhui, China) at 1,274 × g, and the pH was adjusted to neutral. The two filter residues were mixed and freeze-dried to produce dietary fiber.
Zhang S.S., Duan J.Y., Zhang T.T., Lv M, & Gao X.G. (2023). Effect of compound dietary fiber of soybean hulls on the gel properties of myofibrillar protein and its mechanism in recombinant meat products. Frontiers in Nutrition, 10, 1129514.
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Publication 2023
Absolute Alcohol Bath Centrifugation Dietary Fiber Freezing Polyethylene Powder Soybeans Suby's G solution Vacuum
4
Acid Pretreatment of Atriplex crassifolia
Acid pre-treatment of Atriplex crassifolia was carried out using different concentrations of HCl (1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5%) as the pre-treatment reagents. Oven dried substrates were taken in an amount of 5 g and mixed in 50 mL of HCl solution with varying concentrations, using 100 mL airtight reagent bottles. The screw capped reagent bottles were subjected to a temperature of 121°C for 60 min in an autoclave. Following pre-treatment, the substrates were filtered and washed twice using distilled water to remove any acidic content or other byproducts formed during pre-treatment. The substrates were allowed to air dry. The dried substrates were stored in sterilized polythene zipper bags for further use (Binod et al., 2011 (link)).
Nawaz A., Qadoos K., Haq I.U., Feng Y., Mukhtar H., Huang R, & Jiang K. (2023). Effect of pretreatment strategies on halophyte Atriplex crassifolia to improve saccharification using thermostable cellulases. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 11, 1135424.
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Publication 2023
Acids Atriplex Polyethylene
5
Alkali Pre-treatment of Atriplex crassifolia
Alkali pre-treatment of Atriplex crassifolia was out using different concentrations of NaOH (1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5%) as the pre-treatment reagents. Oven dried substrates were taken in an amount of 5 g and mixed in 50 mL of NaOH solution with varying concentrations, using 100 mL air tight reagent bottles. The screw capped reagent bottles were subjected to a temperature of 121°C for a time period of 60 min in an autoclave. Pre-treated substrates were filtered and washed by distilled water twice to eliminate attached alkali and other components produced during the pre-treatment. The substrates were air-dried. The dried substrates were put in sterilized polythene zipper bags for further use (Binod et al., 2011 (link)).
Nawaz A., Qadoos K., Haq I.U., Feng Y., Mukhtar H., Huang R, & Jiang K. (2023). Effect of pretreatment strategies on halophyte Atriplex crassifolia to improve saccharification using thermostable cellulases. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 11, 1135424.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
Alkalies Atriplex Polyethylene

Top products related to «Polyethylene»

1
Whatman no 1 filter paper by Cytiva
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Whatman No. 1 filter paper is a general-purpose cellulose-based filter paper used for a variety of laboratory filtration applications. It is designed to provide reliable and consistent filtration performance.
2
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Acetic acid is a colorless, vinegar-like liquid chemical compound. It is a commonly used laboratory reagent with the molecular formula CH3COOH. Acetic acid serves as a solvent, a pH adjuster, and a reactant in various chemical processes.
3
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An infusion pump is a medical device used to deliver fluids, such as medications, nutrients, or blood, into a patient's body in a controlled and precise manner. It is designed to accurately and consistently administer a predetermined flow rate or volume of fluid over a specified period of time.
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Urethane is a synthetic material used in the manufacture of various laboratory equipment. It is known for its durability, chemical resistance, and versatility. The core function of urethane is to provide a reliable and durable material for the construction of various lab instruments and equipment.
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Noa 148 by Norland Products
The NOA 148 is a contact angle measurement instrument designed for determining the wettability and surface energy of solid samples. It utilizes a high-resolution camera and precise liquid dispensing system to capture and analyze the contact angle formed between a liquid and the surface of a solid material.
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Sodium hydroxide is a chemical compound with the formula NaOH. It is a white, odorless, crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water and is a strong base. It is commonly used in various laboratory applications as a reagent.
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The Blood Pressure XDCR is a transducer device used to measure blood pressure. It converts physical pressure signals into electrical signals that can be processed and displayed.
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Gallic acid by Merck Group
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Gallic acid is a naturally occurring organic compound that can be used as a laboratory reagent. It is a white to light tan crystalline solid with the chemical formula C6H2(OH)3COOH. Gallic acid is commonly used in various analytical and research applications.

More about "Polyethylene"

Polyethylene (PE) is a widely used thermoplastic polymer composed of long chains of ethylene monomers.
It is known for its durability, chemical resistance, and versatility, making it a popular material in a variety of applications, including packaging, construction, and medical devices.
PE can be further classified into different grades based on its molecular weight and density, each with unique properties and uses.
Researching and optimizing PE production and applications is an important area of study, requiring access to accurate and reproducible protocols from published literature, preprints, and patents.
PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform can help streamline this process, providing data-driven insights to identify the best products and methodologies for your PE research needs.
PE is commonly used in conjuction with other materials, such as Whatman No. 1 filter paper, acetic acid, and urethane.
Infusion pumps, Intramedic syringes, and other medical devices often incorporate PE components.
Analyzing the interactions between PE and these related substances can lead to important discoveries.
Optimizing PE formulations and processing methods is crucial for enhancing its performance in various applications.
Techniques like using NOA 148 adhesive or sodium hydroxide treatments can improve PE's physical and chemical properties.
Understanding the relationships between PE and related compounds like gallic acid can also yield valuable insights.
Leveraging PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform can help researchers quickly identify the most reproducible and accurate protocols for PE studies, streamlining the research process and leading to more efficient and effective discoveries.
Experience the future of PE research with PubCompare.ai.