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Polyvinyl Chloride
Polyvinyl Chloride
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a widely used thermoplastic polymer, known for its durability, versatility, and cost-effectiveness.
It is commonly employed in a variety of applications, including construction, packaging, and medical devices.
PVC is characterized by its high resistance to chemicals, weathering, and mechanical stress, making it an attractive material for numerous industrial and consumer products.
Researchers investigating PVC often focus on enhancing its properties, such as improving thermal stability, flame retardancy, and impact resistance, to broaden its utilization across different sectors.
This MeSH term provides a concise overview of the key characteristics and applications of polyvinyl chloride, a widely studied and commercially important plastic material.
It is commonly employed in a variety of applications, including construction, packaging, and medical devices.
PVC is characterized by its high resistance to chemicals, weathering, and mechanical stress, making it an attractive material for numerous industrial and consumer products.
Researchers investigating PVC often focus on enhancing its properties, such as improving thermal stability, flame retardancy, and impact resistance, to broaden its utilization across different sectors.
This MeSH term provides a concise overview of the key characteristics and applications of polyvinyl chloride, a widely studied and commercially important plastic material.
Most cited protocols related to «Polyvinyl Chloride»
1H NMR
2-norbornene
Acetone
Anabolism
Atmosphere
bis(tert-butoxycarbonyl)oxide
Carboxylic Acids
Cold Temperature
Dialysis
Dowex
Endometriosis
Freezing
Isomerism
Molar
Norbornenes
PER1 protein, human
Polyvinyl Chloride
Protons
pyridine
Resins, Plant
Sodium Chloride
Spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Suby's G solution
Sulfoxide, Dimethyl
Syringes
tetrabutylammonium
For the novel object recognition test41 (link)42 (link), mice were acclimatized to a 25-cm3 cubic box for 10 min, and then exposed at three-time-point trials to two objects affixed to the floor, equidistant to the two nearest walls. Mice were placed in a corner equidistant to both objects, minimizing spatial memory confounds. Starting position for mice was rotated, and objects counterbalanced throughout the test. All trials were videotaped for 5 min. Baseline trial was performed 24 h after acclimatization with two identical objects. A choice trial was performed 90 min after baseline, replacing one familiar object with a novel object and keeping one baseline object constant. Total duration of exploratory approaches to familiar or novel objects was measured and was defined as sniffing or touching an object with the snout at a critical distance of <1 cm from object. The novelty exploration index was calculated as time spent exploring the novel object over total time exploring both objects.
To assess burrowing behaviour, mice were individually placed in rat cages equipped with a burrow made from a 200-mm long and 70-mm-diameter tube of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic43 (link). One end of the tube was closed by a PVC cap. The open end of the tube was raised ~30 mm by drilling in two supporting screws44 (link). The burrow was filled with 200 g of mouse food pellets, and the mice were allowed to burrow for 3 h. The weight of the remaining food pellets inside the burrow was determined to obtain a measurement of the amount burrowed. For the younger age group (1-month old), a PVC tube of 50 mm in diameter and 250 g of mouse food were used instead. All other procedures were performed identically to the older mouse groups.
To assess nest construction behaviour, mice were individually placed in their home cages with a preweighed nestlet ~1 h before the dark phase. The nests were assessed the next morning and given a score of 1–5 based on the nest construction score41 (link). Any unused nestlet was weighed to determine the percentage of nestlet used.
To assess burrowing behaviour, mice were individually placed in rat cages equipped with a burrow made from a 200-mm long and 70-mm-diameter tube of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic43 (link). One end of the tube was closed by a PVC cap. The open end of the tube was raised ~30 mm by drilling in two supporting screws44 (link). The burrow was filled with 200 g of mouse food pellets, and the mice were allowed to burrow for 3 h. The weight of the remaining food pellets inside the burrow was determined to obtain a measurement of the amount burrowed. For the younger age group (1-month old), a PVC tube of 50 mm in diameter and 250 g of mouse food were used instead. All other procedures were performed identically to the older mouse groups.
To assess nest construction behaviour, mice were individually placed in their home cages with a preweighed nestlet ~1 h before the dark phase. The nests were assessed the next morning and given a score of 1–5 based on the nest construction score41 (link). Any unused nestlet was weighed to determine the percentage of nestlet used.
Acclimatization
Age Groups
Cuboid Bone
Food
Mice, House
Pellets, Drug
Polyvinyl Chloride
Spatial Memory
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acetonitrile
Carbonates
Cyclodextrins
diphenyl
Ethanol
ferric chloride
formic acid
Griseofulvin
Methanol
Poly A
Polyvinyl Chloride
Propranolol Hydrochloride
Solvents
Administration, Oral
Dry Ice
Feces
Freezing
Mice, House
Microbial Community
Pellets, Drug
Polyvinyl Chloride
Tissue Donors
Vaccination
2-pyrrolidone
Acetone
Bath
Centrifugation
Extinction, Psychological
Glycol, Ethylene
Ice
Plant Embryos
Poly A
Polyvinyl Chloride
Silver
sodium bisulfide
Trifluoroacetate
yellow-1
Most recents protocols related to «Polyvinyl Chloride»
Example 28
A typical protocol used for the synthesis of the PNAEP67-PnBA500 diblock copolymer was as follows: PNAEP67 macro-CTA (0.185 g, 14.6 μmol), deionised water (4.501 g, corresponding to a 20% w/w solution) and KPS (1.320 mg, 4.9 μmol; PNAEP67/KPS=3.0) were weighed into a 10 mL round-bottom flask charged with a magnetic flea. HCl (10 μL, 0.2 M) was added to reduce the pH to 3.0. This flask was then immersed in an ice bath, and the solution was degassed with nitrogen for 30 min. nBA (1.500 g) was weighed into a separate 14 mL vial and degassed with nitrogen in an ice bath for 30 min. An AsAc stock solution (0.01% w/w) was weighed into a second 14 mL vial and degassed with nitrogen in an ice bath for 30 min. After 30 min nBA (1.05 ml, 7.32 mmol; target DP=500) was added to the flask using a degassed syringe and needle under nitrogen. The flask contents were then stirred vigorously to ensure thorough mixing and degassed for 5 min before being immersed in an oil bath set at 30° C. After 1 min, AsAc (0.09 ml, 4.9 μmol; KPS/AscAc molar ratio=1.0) was added to the flask. The nBA polymerisation was allowed to proceed for 1 h before being quenched by exposing the reaction solution to air and immersing the reaction vial in an ice bath. 1H NMR spectroscopy analysis of the disappearance of vinyl signals indicated a final nBA conversion of 99%. Chloroform GPC analysis of this copolymer indicated a Mn of 86.6 kg mol−1 and an Mw/Mn of 1.56. Other diblock copolymer compositions were obtained by adjusting the nBA/PNAEP67 molar ratio.
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1H NMR
Anabolism
Bath
Chloroform
Fleas
Molar
Needles
Nitrogen
Polymerization
Polyvinyl Chloride
Spectrum Analysis
Syringes
Example 5
To a 100 L reactor was charged 7-bromo-2-(difluoromethyl)pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-ol (12a) (7 kg, 27.3 mol), ethanol (31.5 L), H2O (31.5 L), K2CO3, (11.3 kg, 81.9 mol), PdCl2(DPPF) (700 g, 1.0 mol) and 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-vinyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (5.5 kg, 35.5 mol). The mixture was heated to 80-85° C. for 35 hours until starting material was consumed according to HPLC analysis. The mixture was then cooled and filtered through celite. The celite was washed with a minimum amount of ethyl acetate and added to the filtrate. HCl (36%, 10 L) was added to the mixture to adjust the pH to 2-3. The organic layer was partitioned and the aqueous layer washed with ethyl acetate (3×30 L). The organic layers were combined and washed with brine (20 L). The organic layer was evaporated to dryness and petroleum ether (10 L) was added. The resulting solids were filtered and dried on the funnel to give 2-(difluoromethyl)-7-vinylpyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-ol (13) (2.8 kg, 50%, 97% LCAP) as a brown solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) 13.28 (1H, S), 8.99 (1H, d, J=2 Hz), 8.25 (1H, d, J=2 Hz), 6.83 (1H, t, J=53 Hz), 6.90-6.98 (1H, m), 6.30 (1H, d, J=17.6 Hz), 5.65 (1H, d, J=11.2 Hz) ppm.
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1H NMR
brine
Celite
Ethanol
ethyl acetate
High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies
naphtha
palladium chloride
Polyvinyl Chloride
potassium carbonate
Sulfoxide, Dimethyl
Example 4
The antibacterial efficacy of unaltered and experimental (doped) dental adhesive resins against non-disrupted cariogenic (caries producing) biofilms was further assessed in terms of relative luminescence units (RLUs) using a real-time luciferase-based bioluminescence assay. Toward this end, experimental dental adhesive resins containing either N—TiO2 NPs (5%-30%, v/v), N—F—TiO2 NPs (30%, v/v) and N—Ag—TiO2 NPs (30%, v/v) were synthesized by dispersing the nanoparticles in OBSP adhesive resin using a sonicator (4 cycles of 1 min, intervals of 15-sec between cycles; Q700, QSonica, USA). Two non-antibacterial (OBSP, and Scotchbond Multipurpose, 3M ESPE, USA) and one antibacterial (Clearfil SE Protect, Kuraray, Noritake Dental Inc., Japan) commercially available dental adhesive resins were also tested for antibacterial functionalities. Streptococcus mutans biofilms were grown (UA 159-ldh, JM 10; 37° C., microaerophilic) on the surfaces of disk-shaped specimens (n=18/group, d=6.0 mm, t=0.5 mm) for either 24 or 48 hours with or without continuous visible light irradiation (405±15 nm). One set of specimens was fabricated with OBSP and was treated with Chlorhexidine 2% (2 min) that served as our control group. Results for the antibacterial efficacies of both unaltered and experimental dental adhesive resins containing either doped or co-doped TiO2 NPs under continuous visible light irradiation for either 24 or 48 hours, demonstrated that all groups tested displayed similar antibacterial behaviors under continuous visible light irradiation. Such findings suggest that under the conditions investigated (wavelength and power intensity), visible light irradiation had a very strong antibacterial behavior that took place independently of the antibacterial activity of the substrate where biofilms were grown (either antibacterial or not). Such impact made impossible the determination of the materials' real antibacterial efficacies under such light irradiation conditions.
Experiments were then conducted under dark conditions; bacteria were grown in dark conditions for either 24 and 48 hours. The results indicated that the TiO2-containing adhesive resins were more antibacterial than commercially available non-antibacterial dental adhesive resins (such as OptiBond Solo Plus and Scotchbond Multipurpose). The experimental dental adhesive resins containing 30% (v/v) of nanoparticles (N—TiO2 NPs, N—F—TiO2 NPs and N—Ag—TiO2 NPs) displayed antibacterial efficacies in dark conditions that were similar to Clearfil SE Protect (Fluoride-releasing material, Kuraray, Noritake Dental Inc., Japan). S. mutans biofilms grown on specimens treated with chlorhexidine 2% (2 min) displayed the lowest RLU values amongst all groups investigated, thereby confirming the strong antibacterial behavior of non-immobilized chlorhexidine. In addition, the antibacterial effect was demonstrated to be concentration-dependent, wherein experimental adhesive resins containing higher concentrations of antibacterial nanoparticles (either doped or co-doped) displayed stronger antibacterial effects against non-disrupted S. mutans biofilms. Since long intra-oral irradiation periods (24-hour and 48-hour) are impractical and clinically not feasible, associated with the fact that these materials are intended to be used in the oral cavity's dark conditions, these results were considered of paramount importance and clinically relevant for the commercialization pathway of recently developed antibacterial and bioactive nano-filled dental adhesive resins.
Optical and mechanical properties of both unaltered and experimental dental adhesive resins containing 5%-30% (v/v, 5% increments) of N—TiO2 NPs were assessed in terms of color stability and biaxial flexure strength. Color stability (n=5) and biaxial flexure strength (n=8) specimens (d=6.0 mm, t=0.5 mm) were fabricated and tested using a color analysis software (ScanWhite, Darwin Syst., Brazil) and an Instron universal testing machine (cross-head rate=1.27 mm/min), respectively. Color stability measurements were performed immediately after specimen fabrication and after water storage (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 months; 37° C.). The color stability results demonstrated that specimens fabricated using either unaltered or experimental dental adhesive resins containing N—TiO2 NPs (5%-30%, v/v) were subjected to color changes induced by long-term water storage. The highest color variations were observed at two months of water storage (37° C.) for specimens pertaining to experimental groups containing either 5% or 10% of N—TiO2 NPs. Specimens fabricated with unaltered OptiBond Solo Plus have demonstrated color variations that were similar to the color variations observed for the experimental group containing 20% N—TiO2 NPs. Specimens fabricated with 30% N—TiO2 NP-containing dental adhesive resins have shown the least amount of color variation throughout the investigation time (6-mo), and therefore, were considered as the most color stable amongst all materials investigated. From the esthetic standpoint, the human eye can only detect differences in color above a certain threshold (ΔE≥3).
In at least one embodiment, dental composition specimens fabricated with at 30% N—TiO2 NPs displayed color variations that were either lower than or close to the human eye detection capability, thereby corroborating the long-term use of these highly esthetic experimental dental adhesive resins. In at least certain embodiments, the dental compositions contain at least 5% to 80% (v/v) of doped-TiO2 NPs as disclosed herein, such as at least 5% (v/v), at least 6% (v/v), at least 7% (v/v), at least 8% (v/v), at least 9% (v/v), at least 10% (v/v), at least 11% (v/v), at least 12% (v/v), at least 13% (v/v), at least 14% (v/v), at least 15% (v/v), at least 16% (v/v), at least 17% (v/v), at least 18% (v/v), at least 19% (v/v), at least 20% (v/v), at least 21% (v/v), at least 22% (v/v), at least 23% (v/v), at least 24% (v/v), at least 25% (v/v), at least 26% (v/v), at least 27% (v/v), at least 28% (v/v), at least 29% (v/v), at least 30% (v/v), at least 31% (v/v), at least 32% (v/v), at least 33% (v/v), at least 34% (v/v), at least 35% (v/v), at least 36% (v/v), at least 37% (v/v), at least 38% (v/v), at least 39% (v/v), at least 40% (v/v), at least 41% (v/v), at least 42% (v/v), at least 43% (v/v), at least 44% (v/v), at least 45% (v/v), at least 46% (v/v), at least 47% (v/v), at least 48% (v/v), at least 49% (v/v), at least 50% (v/v), at least 51% (v/v), at least 52% (v/v), at least 53% (v/v), at least 54% (v/v), at least 55% (v/v), at least 56% (v/v), at least 57% (v/v), at least 58% (v/v), at least 59% (v/v), at least 60% (v/v), at least 61% (v/v), at least 62% (v/v), at least 63% (v/v), at least 64% (v/v), at least 65% (v/v), at least 66% (v/v), at least 67% (v/v), at least 68% (v/v), at least 69% (v/v), at least 70% (v/v), at least 71% (v/v), at least 72% (v/v), at least 73% (v/v), at least 74% (v/v), at least 75% (v/v), at least 76% (v/v), at least 77% (v/v), at least 78% (v/v), at least 79% (v/v), or at least 80% (v/v), with the balance comprising the curable adhesive resin material, and optionally other components as described elsewhere herein.
The present results demonstrate that experimental dental adhesive resins containing varying concentrations of N—TiO2 NPs display biaxial flexure strengths that are either similar or better than the strength observed for specimens fabricated with the unaltered OBSP. No differences were observed among the flexure strengths of experimental groups, thereby indicating that the presently disclosed materials can behave very similar to commercially available materials when subjected to masticatory forces.
Specimens (d=6.0 mm, t=0.5 mm) of the unaltered resins and experimental dental adhesive resins containing 30% N—TiO2 NPs, 30% N—F—TiO2 NPs and 30% N—Ag—TiO2 NPs were fabricated and characterized using the state of the art scanning electron microscope. This dual focused ion-beam microscope (Dual-FIB SEM/EDS) is capable, through a destructive process, to characterize and map the chemical composition and distribution of elements in three dimensions. The 3-D characterization and localization of components clearly demonstrated that experimental materials containing co-doped nanoparticles (e.g., 30% v/v, N—F—TiO2 NPs) displayed an optimized dispersion of filler particles (part of the original composition) when compared to the filler particle distribution observed on specimens fabricated with the unaltered dental adhesive resin. The 3-D images demonstrated that the experimental adhesive resins had more filler particles per unit volume with a more homogeneous size distribution than the filler fraction and size distribution observed on OptiBond Solo Plus samples. In addition, results showed that larger and more agglomerated filler particles tend to result in a polymer matrix containing more pores per unit volume. This finding was corroborated by the pore-size distribution calculated for the unaltered samples and experimental dental adhesive resin samples, where it is possible to observe that the quantity and sizes of pores formed in experimental materials were smaller when compared to the unaltered OptiBond Solo Plus samples.
In at least one embodiment, the present disclosure includes a dental composition, comprising doped and/or coated TiO2 NPs, and a curable resin material, wherein the curable resin material comprises a polymer precursor component. The TiO2 NPs may comprise at least one dopant or coating selected from the group consisting of N (nitrogen), Ag (silver), F (fluorine), P (phosphorus), and PO4 (phosphate). As noted above, in non-limiting embodiments, the dental composition may comprise a volume to volume ratio of doped TiO2 NPs to curable resin material in a range of 1% to 80% (v/v), 5% to 50% (v/v), or 10% to 40% (v/v), for example. The polymer precursor component may be photocurable. The polymer precursor may be selected from the group consisting of acrylates, methacrylates, dimethacrylates, epoxies, vinyls and thiols. The polymer precursor may be selected from the group consisting of ethylenedimethacrylate (“EDMA”), bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylate (“BisGMA”), triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (“TEGDMA”), 1,6-bis(methacryloxy-2-ethoxycarbonylamino)-2,4,4-trimethylhexane (UDMA), pyromellitic glycerol dimethacrylate (PMGDM), and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). The dental composition may comprise at least one solvent. The at least one solvent may be selected from the group consisting of water, ethanol, methanol, toluene, ethyl ether, cyclohexane, isopropanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, hexane, and heptanes. The dental composition may comprise a polymerization initiator. The dental composition may comprise a filler. The dental composition may be selected from the group consisting of dental resins, dental bonding agents, dental adhesives, dental cements, dental restoratives, dentals coatings, dental sealants, acrylic resins, and denture teeth. The dental composition may comprise bioactive and/or antibacterial activity in the absence of visible or ultraviolet light. The dental composition may be used to form a hardened dental article after a photocuring step. In at least one embodiment, the disclosure includes an in vivo dental process, comprising applying the dental composition to at least one of a dental restorative and a dental substrate, and causing the dental restorative to be bonded to the dental substrate via the dental composition after a step of photocuring the dental composition.
Accordingly, the present disclosure is directed to at least the following non-limiting embodiments:
Clause 1. In at least one embodiment the present disclosure includes a dental composition, comprising doped TiO2 nanoparticles, and a curable resin material, wherein the curable resin material comprises a polymer precursor component.
Clause 2. The dental composition of clause 1, wherein the doped TiO2 nanoparticles comprise at least one dopant selected from the group consisting of N (nitrogen), Ag (silver), F (fluorine), P (phosphorus), and PO4 (phosphate).
Clause 3. The dental composition of clause 1 or 2, wherein the doped TiO2 nanoparticles further comprise at least one second dopant selected from the group consisting of N, Ag, F, P, and PO4.
Clause 4. The dental composition of any one of clauses 1-3, comprising a volume to volume ratio of doped TiO2 nanoparticles to curable resin material in a range of 1% to 80% (v/v).
Clause 5. The dental composition of any one of clauses 1-4, comprising a volume to volume ratio of doped TiO2 nanoparticles to curable resin material in a range of 5% to 50% (v/v).
Clause 6. The dental composition of any one of clauses 1-5, comprising a volume to volume ratio of doped TiO2 nanoparticles to curable resin material in a range of 10% to 40% (v/v).
Clause 7. The dental composition of any one of clauses 1-6, wherein the polymer precursor component is photocurable.
Clause 8. The dental composition of any one of clauses 1-7, wherein the polymer precursor is selected from the group consisting of acrylates, methacrylates, dimethacrylates, epoxies, vinyls and thiols.
Clause 9. The dental composition of any one of clauses 1-8, wherein the polymer precursor is at least one selected from the group consisting of ethylenedimethacrylate (EDMA), bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylate (BisGMA), triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), 1,6-bis(methacryloxy-2-ethoxycarbonylamino)-2,4,4-trimethylhexane (UDMA), pyromellitic glycerol dimethacrylate (PMGDM), and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA).
Clause 10. The dental composition of any one of clauses 1-9, further comprising at least one solvent.
Clause 11. The dental composition of any one of clauses 1-10, further comprising a solvent selected from the group consisting of water, ethanol, methanol, acetone, toluene, ethyl ether, cyclohexane, isopropanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate, hexane, and heptanes.
Clause 12. The dental composition of any one of clauses 1-11, further comprising a polymerization initiator.
Clause 13. The dental composition of any one of clauses 1-12, further comprising a filler.
Clause 14. The dental composition of any one of clauses 1-13, wherein the curable resin material is selected from the group consisting of dental resins, dental bonding agents, dental adhesives, dental cements, dental restoratives, dentals coatings, dental sealants, acrylic resins, and denture teeth.
Clause 15. The dental composition of any one of clauses 1-14, comprising bioactive and/or antibacterial activity in the absence of visible or ultraviolet light.
Clause 16. A kit for forming a dental composition, the kit comprising doped TiO2 nanoparticles, and a curable resin material, wherein the curable resin material comprises a polymer precursor component.
Clause 17. The kit of clause 16, wherein the doped TiO2 nanoparticles comprise at least one dopant selected from the group consisting of N (nitrogen), Ag (silver), F (fluorine), P (phosphorus), and PO4 (phosphate).
Clause 18. The kit of clause 16 or 17, wherein the doped TiO2 nanoparticles further comprise at least one second dopant selected from the group consisting of N, Ag, F, P, and PO4.
Clause 19. The kit of any one of clauses 16-18, comprising sufficient doped TiO2 nanoparticles and curable resin material such that the dental composition comprises a volume to volume ratio of doped TiO2 nanoparticles to curable resin material in a range of 1% to 80% (v/v).
Clause 20. The kit of any one of clauses 16-19, comprising sufficient doped TiO2 nanoparticles and curable resin material such that the dental composition comprises a volume to volume ratio of doped TiO2 nanoparticles to curable resin material in a range of 5% to 50% (v/v).
Clause 21. The kit of any one of clauses 16-20, comprising sufficient doped TiO2 nanoparticles and curable resin material such that the dental composition comprises a volume to volume ratio of doped TiO2 nanoparticles to curable resin material in a range of 10% to 40% (v/v).
Clause 22. The kit of any one of clauses 16-21, wherein the polymer precursor component is photocurable.
Clause 23. The kit of any one of clauses 16-22, wherein the polymer precursor is selected from the group consisting of acrylates, methacrylates, dimethacrylates, epoxies, vinyls and thiols.
Clause 24. The kit of any one of clauses 16-23, wherein the polymer precursor is at least one selected from the group consisting of ethylenedimethacrylate (EDMA), bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylate (BisGMA), triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), 1,6-bis(methacryloxy-2-ethoxycarbonylamino)-2,4,4-trimethylhexane (UDMA), pyromellitic glycerol dimethacrylate (PMGDM), and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA).
Clause 25. The kit of any one of clauses 16-24, further comprising at least one solvent.
Clause 26. The kit of any one of clauses 16-25, further comprising a solvent selected from the group consisting of water, ethanol, methanol, acetone, toluene, ethyl ether, cyclohexane, isopropanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate, hexane, and heptanes.
Clause 27. The kit of any one of clauses 16-26, further comprising a polymerization initiator for combining with the doped TiO2 nanoparticles, and curable resin material.
Clause 28. The kit of any one of clauses 16-27, further comprising a filler for combining with the doped TiO2 nanoparticles, and curable resin material.
Clause 29. The kit of any one of clauses 16-28, wherein the curable resin material is selected from the group consisting of dental resins, dental bonding agents, dental adhesives, dental cements, dental restoratives, dentals coatings, dental sealants, acrylic resins, and denture teeth.
Clause 30. The kit of any one of clauses 16-29, wherein the dental composition has bioactive and/or antibacterial activity in the absence of visible or ultraviolet light.
Clause 31. A hardened dental article formed from the dental composition of any one of clauses 1-15, after the dental composition has been photocured.
Clause 32. An in vivo dental process, comprising: applying a dental composition to a dental surface, the dental composition comprising doped TiO2 nanoparticles, and a curable resin material, wherein the curable resin material comprises a polymer precursor component; and causing the dental composition to be bonded to the dental surface by photocuring the dental composition.
Clause 33. The dental process of clause 32, wherein the dental surface is at least one of a dental restorative and a dental substrate.
Clause 34. The dental process of clause 32 or 33, wherein the doped TiO2 nanoparticles comprise at least one dopant selected from the group consisting of N (nitrogen), Ag (silver), F (fluorine), P (phosphorus), and PO4 (phosphate).
Clause 35. The dental process of any one of clauses 32-34, wherein the doped TiO2 nanoparticles further comprise at least one second dopant selected from the group consisting of N, Ag, F, P, and PO4.
Clause 36. The dental process of any one of clauses 32-35, wherein the dental composition comprises a volume to volume ratio of doped TiO2 nanoparticles to curable resin material in a range of 1% to 80% (v/v).
Clause 37. The dental process of any one of clauses 32-36, wherein the dental composition comprises a volume to volume ratio of doped TiO2 nanoparticles to curable resin material in a range of 5% to 50% (v/v).
Clause 38. The dental process of any one of clauses 32-37, wherein the dental composition comprises a volume to volume ratio of doped TiO2 nanoparticles to curable resin material in a range of 10% to 40% (v/v).
Clause 39. The dental process of any one of clauses 32-38, wherein the polymer precursor component is photocurable.
Clause 40. The dental process of any one of clauses 32-39, wherein the polymer precursor is selected from the group consisting of acrylates, methacrylates, dimethacrylates, epoxies, vinyls and thiols.
Clause 41. The dental process of any one of clauses 32-40, wherein the polymer precursor is at least one selected from the group consisting of ethylenedimethacrylate (EDMA), bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylate (BisGMA), triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), 1,6-bis(methacryloxy-2-ethoxycarbonylamino)-2,4,4-trimethylhexane (UDMA), pyromellitic glycerol dimethacrylate (PMGDM), and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA).
Clause 42. The dental process of any one of clauses 32-41, wherein the dental composition further comprises at least one solvent.
Clause 43. The dental process of any one of clauses 32-42, further comprising a solvent selected from the group consisting of water, ethanol, methanol, acetone, toluene, ethyl ether, cyclohexane, isopropanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate, hexane, and heptanes.
Clause 44. The dental process of any one of clauses 32-43, wherein the dental composition further comprises a polymerization initiator.
Clause 45. The dental process of any one of clauses 32-44, wherein the dental composition further comprises a filler.
Clause 46. The dental process of any one of clauses 32-45, wherein the curable resin material is selected from the group consisting of dental resins, dental bonding agents, dental adhesives, dental cements, dental restoratives, dentals coatings, dental sealants, acrylic resins, and denture teeth.
Clause 47. The dental process of any one of clauses 32-46, wherein after curing, the dental composition has bioactive and/or antibacterial activity in the absence of visible or ultraviolet light.
Clause 48. The dental process of any one of clauses 32-47, wherein the dental surface has been acid-etched prior to the application of the dental composition thereon.
While the present disclosure has been described herein in connection with certain embodiments so that aspects thereof may be more fully understood and appreciated, it is not intended that the present disclosure be limited to these particular embodiments. On the contrary, it is intended that all alternatives, modifications and equivalents are included within the scope of the present disclosure as defined herein. Thus the examples described above, which include particular embodiments, will serve to illustrate the practice of the inventive concepts of the present disclosure, it being understood that the particulars shown are by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of particular embodiments only and are presented in the cause of providing what is believed to be the most useful and readily understood description of procedures as well as of the principles and conceptual aspects of the present disclosure. Changes may be made in the formulation of the various compositions described herein, the methods described herein or in the steps or the sequence of steps of the methods described herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. Further, while various embodiments of the present disclosure have been described in claims herein below, it is not intended that the present disclosure be limited to these particular claims.
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2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate
Acetone
Acids
Acrylates
Acrylic Resins
Anti-Bacterial Agents
Bacteria
Biofilms
Bioluminescent Measurements
Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate
chemical composition
Chlorhexidine
Chloroform
Cyclohexane
Dental Caries
Dental Cements
Dental Resins
Dentures
Epoxy Resins
Ethanol
ethyl acetate
Ethyl Ether
Fluorides
Fluorine
Focused Ion Beam Scanning Electron Microscopy
Glycerin
Head
Heptanes
Hexanes
Homo sapiens
Isopropyl Alcohol
JM 10
Light
Light, Visible
Luciferases
Luminescence
Methacrylates
Methanol
Microscopy
Mouth Diseases
Nitrogen
OptiBond SOLO
Phosphates
Phosphorus
Pit and Fissure Sealants
Polymerization
Polymers
Polyvinyl Chloride
Radiotherapy
Resins, Plant
Scanning Electron Microscopy
Sclerosis
Scotchbond
Silver
Solvents
Streptococcus mutans
Sulfhydryl Compounds
T.E.R.M. composite resin
titanium dioxide
Toluene
Tooth
triethylene glycoldimethacrylate
Ultraviolet Rays
Vision
Example 5
Both end dimethylvinylsiloxy-capped dimethylpolysiloxane having an average DOP of 1,800, 65 parts, was mixed with 40 parts of fumed silica having a BET specific surface area of 300 m2/g (Aerosil 300 by Nippon Aerosil Co.), 8 parts of hexamethyldisilazane, 0.1 part of 1,3-divinyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisilazane (vinyl content 0.0116 mol/g), and 2.0 parts of water at 25° C. for 30 minutes. The mixture was heated at 150° C., continuously stirred for 3 hours, and cooled, obtaining a silicone rubber base. This silicone rubber base had a very high viscosity and was difficult to handle, with any further study interrupted.
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1,3-butadiene
A 300
Aerosil
dimethicone
Feelings
Fingers
hexamethyldisilazane
n-hexane
Polyvinyl Chloride
Silicon Dioxide
Silicone Elastomers
Tears
Touch
Viscosity
Example 4
An example of a liquid photoresponsive material optimized for volumetric additive manufacturing to produce soft silicone surgical models of 5 cm in 15 s is given below:
The different components were mixed in a planetary mixer for 15 minutes at 2000 rpm and degassed 20 min at 12 psi prior to the fabrication process.
Example 6
The silicone articles produced through volumetric additive manufacturing and using the liquid photoresponsive material described in Example 4 might be very tacky even after developing them.
An improved post-processing step to reduce the surface tackiness of these articles is to immerse them in, for instance but not limited to, 1 w/v % of Ethyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phenylphosphinate (TPO-L) in a thiol siloxane-crosslinker such as, but not limited to, Gelest, SMS-022.
The article immersed in the aforementioned solution is then irradiated with 100 mW/cm2 of photocuring light at 405 nm for 5 min.
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Dimethylpolysiloxanes
Dimethylsiloxanes
Light
Polyvinyl Chloride
Silicon Dioxide
Silicones
Siloxanes
Sulfhydryl Compounds
Top products related to «Polyvinyl Chloride»
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DMSO is a versatile organic solvent commonly used in laboratory settings. It has a high boiling point, low viscosity, and the ability to dissolve a wide range of polar and non-polar compounds. DMSO's core function is as a solvent, allowing for the effective dissolution and handling of various chemical substances during research and experimentation.
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Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is a versatile synthetic polymer commonly used in various laboratory applications. It is a water-soluble, non-toxic, and chemically stable compound. PVP's primary function is as a binder, stabilizer, and dispersing agent, helping to maintain the integrity and homogeneity of laboratory samples and solutions.
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Tetrahydrofuran is a colorless, volatile, and flammable organic compound. It is commonly used as a polar aprotic solvent in various industrial and laboratory applications. Tetrahydrofuran's core function is to serve as a versatile solvent for a wide range of organic compounds, including polymers, resins, and other materials.
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Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a synthetic polymer material used in the production of various laboratory equipment. It is a thermoplastic resin known for its durability, chemical resistance, and versatility. PVC is commonly used in the manufacture of tubing, containers, and other lab-related components due to its functional properties.
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Polyvinyl alcohol is a synthetic, water-soluble polymer. It is commonly used as a raw material in the production of various laboratory equipment and supplies.
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Methanol is a clear, colorless, and flammable liquid that is widely used in various industrial and laboratory applications. It serves as a solvent, fuel, and chemical intermediate. Methanol has a simple chemical formula of CH3OH and a boiling point of 64.7°C. It is a versatile compound that is widely used in the production of other chemicals, as well as in the fuel industry.
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Ethanol is a clear, colorless liquid chemical compound commonly used in laboratory settings. It is a key component in various scientific applications, serving as a solvent, disinfectant, and fuel source. Ethanol has a molecular formula of C2H6O and a range of industrial and research uses.
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1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone is a versatile organic compound used as a monomer in the synthesis of various polymers. It serves as a key building block for the production of a wide range of laboratory and industrial materials. The compound's core function is to provide a reactive vinyl group that can be utilized in polymerization processes, enabling the creation of diverse polymer-based products.
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More about "Polyvinyl Chloride"
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a widely used thermoplastic polymer, known for its durability, versatility, and cost-effectiveness.
This ubiquitous material, also referred to as vinyl or poly(vinyl chloride), is commonly employed in a variety of applications, including construction, packaging, and medical devices.
PVC is characterized by its high resistance to chemicals, weathering, and mechanical stress, making it an attractive material for numerous industrial and consumer products.
Researchers investigating PVC often focus on enhancing its properties, such as improving thermal stability, flame retardancy, and impact resistance, to broaden its utilization across different sectors.
This includes exploring additives and modifications to the polymer, such as the use of plasticizers (e.g., DMSO, tetrahydrofuran), stabilizers (e.g., sodium hydroxide), and copolymers (e.g., polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone).
The versatility of PVC is evidenced by its widespread use in construction materials (e.g., pipes, window frames, flooring), packaging solutions (e.g., bottles, films, bags), medical equipment (e.g., tubing, IV bags, blood bags), and a wide range of other applications.
Researchers and scientists continue to explore new ways to optimize PVC's performance, sustainability, and environmental impact to meet the evolving needs of various industries.
By understanding the key characteristics and applications of polyvinyl chloride, as well as the ongoing research and development in this field, researchers can streamline their workflows, enhance the reproducibility and accuracy of their studies, and ultimately drive innovation in PVC-related technologies.
With the help of tools like PubCompare.ai, researchers can easily locate relevant protocols, compare and identify the best approaches, and improve the overall efficiency and impact of their PVC-focused investigations.
This ubiquitous material, also referred to as vinyl or poly(vinyl chloride), is commonly employed in a variety of applications, including construction, packaging, and medical devices.
PVC is characterized by its high resistance to chemicals, weathering, and mechanical stress, making it an attractive material for numerous industrial and consumer products.
Researchers investigating PVC often focus on enhancing its properties, such as improving thermal stability, flame retardancy, and impact resistance, to broaden its utilization across different sectors.
This includes exploring additives and modifications to the polymer, such as the use of plasticizers (e.g., DMSO, tetrahydrofuran), stabilizers (e.g., sodium hydroxide), and copolymers (e.g., polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone).
The versatility of PVC is evidenced by its widespread use in construction materials (e.g., pipes, window frames, flooring), packaging solutions (e.g., bottles, films, bags), medical equipment (e.g., tubing, IV bags, blood bags), and a wide range of other applications.
Researchers and scientists continue to explore new ways to optimize PVC's performance, sustainability, and environmental impact to meet the evolving needs of various industries.
By understanding the key characteristics and applications of polyvinyl chloride, as well as the ongoing research and development in this field, researchers can streamline their workflows, enhance the reproducibility and accuracy of their studies, and ultimately drive innovation in PVC-related technologies.
With the help of tools like PubCompare.ai, researchers can easily locate relevant protocols, compare and identify the best approaches, and improve the overall efficiency and impact of their PVC-focused investigations.