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Flame Retardants

Flame retardants are chemicals added to materials to inhibit or delay the spread of fire.
They are used in a variety of products, including textiles, plastics, and electronics, to enhance fire safety.
This description provides a concise overview of flame retardants, their applications, and their role in improving fire safety.
Pubccompare.ai's AI-driven platform can help optimize flame retardant research protocols, enhance reproducibility, and accelerate scientific discoveries related to this importnat field.

Most cited protocols related to «Flame Retardants»

Biomonitoring of Flame Retardant Exposure

Urine samples were collected anonymously in Atlanta, GA, in 2015 from a diverse group of adult volunteers with no documented occupational exposure to the target flame retardants. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Human Subjects Institutional Review Board (IRB) reviewed and approved the study protocol. A waiver of informed consent was requested under 45 CFR 46.116(d). We did not have access to any personal or demographic data.
The individual urine samples with the overall lowest concentrations (N = 52) of endogenous target analytes were combined to form a blank pool. The blank pool was stored at or below −20 °C in glass vials. Quality control (QC) materials were prepared by spiking portions of blank urine with native target compounds. The approximate concentrations of the target analytes were 4 ng mL⁻¹ (low concentration QC (QCL)) and 15 ng mL⁻¹ (high concentration QC (QCH)). The spiked QC materials were refrigerated, mixed for over 24 h, then dispensed in 1 mL aliquots into polypropylene vials, and stored at or below −20 °C until use.
We also analyzed urine samples from firefighters collected in 2010–2011 for a US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) study to evaluate firefighters’ exposures to potential toxic chemicals during structural firefighting while wearing fireproof clothing and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) [30 (link), 31 (link)]. Samples were collected ~20 min after or 3 h after structural firefighting performed while wearing full protective clothing and SCBA respirators. All participants gave consent to have their residual urine stored without identifiers for future research purposes, and the study protocol was approved by the NIOSH IRB. The analysis of these de-identified specimens for urinary flame retardants biomarkers was determined not to constitute engagement in human subjects research.

Jayatilaka N.K., Restrepo P., Williams L., Ospina M., Valentin-Blasini L, & Calafat A.M. (2016). Quantification of three chlorinated dialkyl phosphates, diphenyl phosphate, 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoic acid, and four other organophosphates in human urine by solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, 409(5), 1323-1332.

Publication 2016

Adult Biological Markers Ethics Committees, Research Flame Retardants Homo sapiens Mechanical Ventilator Occupational Exposure Polypropylenes Safety Urine Voluntary Workers

Preparation and Validation of Urine QC Pools

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Publication 2019

Flame Retardants Homo sapiens Men Occupational Exposure Pesticides Polypropylenes Urine Voluntary Workers Woman

Flame Retardant Exposure Assessment in Preschool Children

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Publication 2016

2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether BDE-99 Brachydactyly, Type E Child Child, Preschool Flame Retardants hexabromodiphenyl ether 154 Households Parent Plant Roots Retention (Psychology) Silicones tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate

Analytical Method for Brominated and Organophosphate Flame Retardants

Our method for the analysis of the brominated flame retardants measured in this study is reported in Stapleton et al. (23 (link)). The analysis of the foam and dust samples for the organophosphate compounds is briefly outlined here. Approximately 0.3 to 0.5 grams of sieved dust was accurately weighed, spiked with 50 to 100 ng of two internal quantification standards (4’fluoro-2,3’,4,6-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (F-BDE 69) and ¹³C-labeled decabromodiphenyl ether (¹³C BDE 209)), and extracted in stainless steel cells using pressurized fluid extraction (ASE 300, Dionex Inc.). Cells were extracted three times with 50:50 dichloromethane:hexane at a temperature of 100°C and at 1500 psi. Foam samples of approximately 0.2–0.3 grams in weight were also extracted using the same solvents on the ASE system but no internal standards were spiked into the ASE cell. Final extracts were reduced in volume to approximately 1.0 mL using an automated nitrogen evaporation system (Turbo Vap II, Zymark Inc.). Foam sample extracts of approximately 3.5 mL in volume were then accurately weighed in a 4 mL amber vial and a 50 µL aliquot was transferred to an autosampler vial, spiked with 100 ng of a carbon-labeled chlorinated diphenyl ether (¹³C CDE 141), and prepared for gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. Dust extracts were purified by elution through a glass column containing 4.0 g of 6% deactivated alumina. All analytes were eluted with 50 mL of a 50:50 mixture of dichloromethane:hexane. The final extract was then reduced in volume to 0.5 mL and 50 ng of the recovery standard, ¹³C CDE 141, was added prior to GC/MS analysis. For the foam extracts, an aliquot of the extract was transferred to an autosampler vial and spiked with the recovery standard and analyzed by GC/MS.

Stapleton H.M., Klosterhaus S., Eagle S., Fuh J., Meeker J.D., Blum A, & Webster T.F. (2009). Detection of Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Furniture Foam and US House Dust. Environmental science & technology, 43(19), 7490-7495.

Publication 2009

Amber BDE-209 Carbon Cells decabromobiphenyl ether Ethyl Ether Flame Retardants Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Hexanes Methylene Chloride Nitrogen Oxide, Aluminum phenyl ether Phosphoric Acid Esters Solvents Stainless Steel

Characterization of 1,408 Substances for qHTS

A collection of 1,408 substances (except where noted, the term “substance” is used interchangeably with “compound” here) was constructed for characterization in qHTS assays (Smith et al. 2007 ; Tice et al. 2007 ); 1,408 is the number of substances that can fit in a single 1,536-well plate exclusive of controls. To allow evaluation of assay reproducibility, 55 of the compounds were represented twice in the collection, giving a total of 1,353 unique compounds. Of these, 1,206 had been tested by the NTP in one or more in vitro and/or in vivo assays, including those for Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity (68%), chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity (23%), reproductive toxicity (3%), developmental toxicity (3%), and immunotoxicity (1%). Also included were 147 reference compounds identified by the ICCVAM for the development and/or validation of alternative in vitro test methods for dermal corrosivity, acute toxicity, and endocrine activity. Molecular weights of all compounds ranged from approximately 32 (methanol) to 1,300 (actinomycin D), with 95% of the compounds having a molecular weight that was < 400. Functionally, the NTP library of 1,408 compounds includes solvents, fire retardants, preservatives, flavoring agents, plasticizers, therapeutic agents, inorganic and organic pollutants, drinking-water disinfection by-products, pesticides, and natural products. Compounds excluded from this NTP collection were those considered excessively volatile and those not soluble in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), the solvent used for compound transfer. A complete list of the NTP 1,408 compounds and full chemical descriptions are publicly available (PubChem 2007a ).
All compounds were received from suppliers via the NTP chemistry support contract in 1-mL aliquots at 10 mM dissolved in DMSO and stored at −80°C in Matrix TrakMates 2D bar-coded storage tubes (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hudson, NH). Purity and identity information for the compounds was obtained from the suppliers and, in the case of compounds used in NTP studies, from the characterizations performed in support of those studies. With the exception of natural compounds and other known mixtures, most compounds were > 90% pure.
Sets of compounds prepared as 10-mM stock solutions and stored in 96-well plates were compressed into 384-well plates. From these plates, fifteen 384-well plates containing the 1,408 compounds at 2.236-fold dilutions were prepared using an Evolution P³ system (PerkinElmer, Inc., Wellesley, MA). The sets of 384-well plates composing the dilution series were then compressed into multiple 1,536-well plates by interleaved quadrant transfer. During screening, working copies of the 1,536-well compound plates were stored at room temperature for up to 6 months; back-up copies were heat sealed and stored at −80°C.

Xia M., Huang R., Witt K.L., Southall N., Fostel J., Cho M.H., Jadhav A., Smith C.S., Inglese J., Portier C.J., Tice R.R, & Austin C.P. (2007). Compound Cytotoxicity Profiling Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening. Environmental Health Perspectives, 116(3), 284-291.

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Publication 2007

Biological Assay Biological Evolution Carcinogens cDNA Library Corrosives Dactinomycin Disinfection Environmental Pollutants Flame Retardants Flavor Enhancers fluoromethyl 2,2-difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether Methanol Mutagens Natural Products Pesticides Pharmaceutical Preservatives Plasticizers Reproduction Salmonella typhimurium Solvents Sulfoxide, Dimethyl System, Endocrine Technique, Dilution Therapeutics

Most recents protocols related to «Flame Retardants»

Improved Optics with TiO2 in Fiberglass Laminates

Not available on PMC !

Example 2

GFT-255M18-80 fiber glass veils having a basis weight of 80 gsm, obtained from Ahlstrom, were treated at both 0 and 34% TiO2 (% ATH replaced by TiO2), otherwise in identical fashion as that described in Examples 1a-1f. In terms of cross-sectional void space after pressing, we see a reduction from 22% to 13% with the addition of TiO2. This translates to an improvement of DOI from 55 to 91. The laminates prepared using the 80 gsm fiberglass and 0 and 34% titania were also compared with competitive products. The inclusion of titania results in superior DOI, haze, and Rspec compared to a fiberglass product with no titania, and both a CGS laminate product and MDF lacquer product. The results are summarized below in Table 5.

TABLE 5

60°

GlossDOIHazeRspec

0% TiO2115553.949

34% TiO2115915.660

MDF Lacquer9189544

CGS Laminate110471326

US11866561B2. Fiberglass veils containing fire-retardant minerals and refractive particles, and high gloss and/or fire-retardant and/or non-combustible laminates containing such veils (2024-01-09). THE DILLER CORPORATION [US]. Inventors: Frederic Taillan [US], Abbie L. Kramer [US], David R. Green [US].

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Patent 2024

Flame Retardants Indocyanine Green Minerals Ocular Refraction Titania Urination

Screening for Organic Chemicals in Plastics

A nonspecific extraction method was
implemented to process the plastic samples. This was based on methodology
used by the USEPA for screening neutral or semipolar organic chemicals
in consumer plastics.^{22 (link)} Briefly, 20 mL
of dichloromethane (DCM) was added to 5 g of plastic material in a
40 mL-amber glass bottle (6% diethyl ether/hexane was used for the
HIPS sample as the plastic dissolved in DCM). The extracts were evaporated
to near dryness and taken up in 1 mL of hexane for GC analysis and
in methanol for LC analysis. Labeled standards, phenanthrene-d10 and chrysene-d12, were added to the
extracts prior to extraction for GC×GC-ToFMS analysis. Labeled
standards tris(2-tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate-d18 (d18 TCPP), sodium perfluoro-1-[¹³C₈]octanesulfonate (M8PFOS), and perfluoro-n-[1,2-¹³C₂]tetradecanoic acid (M2PFTeDA) were
used as internal standards prior to LCMS analysis. Standards ¹³C-mirex and native BDE-71 and deuterated tris(2-chloroisopropyl)
phosphate (d18-TCIPP) were added to the extracts
prior to analysis for halogenated flame retardants and OPEs, respectively.
The extraction of PFAAs was carried out separately following previous
methodology with slight modifications.^{23 (link)} Briefly, 5 g of plastic material was shaken in acetonitrile for
30 min, centrifuged, and extracted using methanol on carbon solid
phase extraction columns. The extracts were then evaporated to near
dryness and reconstituted to 1 mL in a 50:50 solution of methanol:water.
Isotopically labeled (¹³C) internal standards of PFAAs
(C4–C14 perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs); C4–C12 perfluoroalkyl
sulfonates (PFSAs); Wellington Laboratories, Guelph ON) were added
prior to extraction. Detailed procedures for all methods are provided
in the Supporting Information.

Chibwe L., De Silva A.O., Spencer C., Teixera C.F., Williamson M., Wang X, & Muir D.C. (2023). Target and Nontarget Screening of Organic Chemicals and Metals in Recycled Plastic Materials. Environmental Science & Technology, 57(8), 3380-3390.

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Publication 2023

acetonitrile Amber Carbon Chrysenes Desiccation Ethyl Ether Flame Retardants Hexanes Lincomycin Methanol Methylene Chloride Mirex Myristic Acid phenanthrene Phosphates Sodium Solid Phase Extraction tetracarboxyphenylporphine Tromethamine

Characterization of Aerogel Properties

The bulk density (ρ_b) of aerogels was determined by the ratio of mass to volume. The density of aerogels can be calculated using the following formula:

ρ_{b} = \frac{m}{{(\frac{D}{2})}^{2} π H}

where m is the dry weight of the aerogels, and D and H are the diameter and height of the aerogel samples.
The porosity of the aerogels was measured by the ethanol liquid immersion method [64 (link)]. The initial mass of the sample was m₀, then it was completely immersed in ethanol and measured as m₁. After a period of vacuum, the sample was taken out and weighed, and the total mass of ethanol and the beaker was recorded as m₂. The porosity of the sample can be calculated as follow:

P (%) = \frac{m_{2} - m_{1} - m_{0}}{m_{2} - m_{1}} \times 100 %

The specific surface area (S_BET) was obtained through nitrogen adsorption–desorption and the Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET) model (BET, AUTOSORB-1MP, Quantachrom, Boynton Beach, FL, US). The pore size and distribution of the aerogels were determined using nitrogen adsorption–desorption curves, BET models, and high-performance fully automated injection mercury instruments (Micromeritics AutoPore IV 9500). The samples were first dried in an oven at 80 °C for 24 h. The test pressure was first gradually increased from low pressure to 60,000 psi and then slowly decreased to 14.7 psi.
The microstructure of the aerogels was observed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (JSM6390LV, JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) at a magnification of ×50 and ×200. The samples were cut into 5 mm × 5 mm × 1 mm circular pieces using a sharp razor blade.
A high-resolution X-ray diffractometer (Empyrean, Dordrecht, The Netherlands) was used for the diffraction analysis of the aerogels with a scan rate of 5°/min and a 2θ range of 5–50°.
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to analyze the information of functional groups using a NEXUS (England) in the wavenumber range 600 to 4000 cm⁻¹.
The surface elements were validated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, PHI5000 VersaprobeI, Japan). CasaXPS software was used to process the data.
The mechanical properties of the prepared aerogels were tested by a TMS-PRO texture analyzer (TA. XT Plus, Stable Micro Systems, Surrey, UK), and samples were equilibrated for 48 h at 40 °C drying. The compression rate of the probe was 0.5 mm/s, and the compression ratio was 30%. The compressive strength and elasticity were obtained by secondary compression. Stress (σ) was calculated using the following standard equations:

σ = \frac{F}{S}

where F is the force (in N) applied on the sample surface, and S (in mm²) is the contact area between the probe and the sample.
The thermal conductivity of the aerogel samples was recorded at room temperature by a thermal conductivity tester (DRPL-2A, Xiangtan Instrument Co., Ltd., Xiangtan, China).
The aerogel samples were fixed between the heat source (150 °C heating table) and the thermal imager at the same distance for the heat resistance test. The thermographic images were recorded by an infrared thermal camera (323Pro, FOTRIC Ltd., Shanghai, China). The analysis software was used to process the data.
Thermal stability was conducted by using thermogravimetric (TG) and derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) analysis. With the nitrogen flow rate of 30 cm³/min, the aerogels were heated from room temperature to 800 °C at a heating rate of 5 °C/min in an N₂ atmosphere, and the weight loss curve was recorded.
The fire-retardant property of the aerogel samples was determined by a microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC, FTT0001, FTT Ltd., West Sussex, UK).
The limiting oxygen index (LOI) was measured by a CH-2CZ oxygen index tester (Nanjing Shangyuan Analysis Instrument Company, Nanjing, China). The samples were cut into strips of 80 mm × 4 mm × 10 mm for testing. Then, the residual components that were completely burned were taken to observe their microstructures under scanning electron microscopy. The LOI was calculated using the following standard equations:

L O I = \frac{C_{0}}{C_{0} + C_{N}}

Kuang Y., Liu P., Yang Y., Wang X., Liu M., Wang W., Guo T., Xiao M., Chen K., Jiang F, & Li C. (2023). Study on the Influence of the Preparation Method of Konjac Glucomannan-Silica Aerogels on the Microstructure, Thermal Insulation, and Flame-Retardant Properties. Molecules, 28(4), 1691.

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Publication 2023

Adsorption Atmosphere Dietary Fiber Elasticity Ethanol Flame Retardants Mercury Nexus Nitrogen Oxygen Pressure Radiography Radionuclide Imaging Scanning Electron Microscopy Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Submersion Thermography Vacuum

Analyzing Cable Fire Performance

For the concept of cable parameter, six cables were taken for experiments. The cables with a low number of conductors were used as halogen-free flame-retardant power cables, and cables with more than seven conductors were control cables. Those cables were constructed with the same materials, with the same type of conductor, sheath, and insulation (Table 1).
The cable samples (Table 1) were tested experimentally by means of a standard method [20 ] (Figure 2). This large geometrical test method was chosen to establish the cables’ real-scale configurations (cable trays). Cable samples are tested as a whole product, identical to the ones installed in buildings.
The test apparatus consisted of the following main elements:—regular cuboid chamber with a ventilation system supplemented with the oxygen consumption calorimetry method for determining heat and smoke release rates [11 (link),18 ,21 ],—vertical cable specimen tray (ladder) of 3.6 ± 0.1 m (height) × 300 mm (width),—ignition gas burner at the bottom of the tray. A paramagnetic analyzer measured oxygen depletion in combustion effluent in the ventilation duct. Carbon dioxide concentration was measured by means of non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) spectrometers [22 ]. The test method, therefore, allowed the use of the carbon dioxide generation (CDG) and oxygen consumption (OC) calorimetric methods to obtain a proper assessment of the HRR for materials of unknown composition [23 (link)].
Cable tray specimens were mounted on a 4 m long ladder (Figure 3a,b) inside the chamber, in order to be tested in their end-use application; depending on the cable parameter, several pieces of each cable were studied during a single test. A nominal HRR level of 20.5 kW, an air flow rate through the chamber of 8000 ± 800 L/min, and a white light detector were used in the burner [20 ].
For the TGA analysis, the weight of the load material was up to 90 mg, and a heating rate of 50 °C/min up to 1000 °C was used, to simulate the heating rate of real fire [24 ]. A chemically and thermally neutral alumina-and-platinum pan was used for the transportation of the specimen into a furnace.

Kaczorek-Chrobak K, & Fangrat J. (2023). Electric Cable Construction Parameter and Its Potential to Foresee the Cable Fire Properties. Materials, 16(4), 1689.

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Publication 2023

Calorimetry Carbon dioxide Cuboid Bone Flame Retardants Halogens Light Oxide, Aluminum Oxygen Oxygen Consumption Platinum Smoke

Flame-Retardant PP/SF Composites Synthesis

The two-step melt blending method was used for the preparation of PP/SF flame-retardant composites. SF and IFR were mixed with a PP matrix in a different order, as shown in Figure 1. After each melt blending step, the extruded strips were cut into pellets and dried for subsequent processing. In order to better distinguish each sample, the abbreviations of the composite materials prepared under different mixing processes were simply named as (PP/IFR)/SF, (PP/SF)/IFR, and PP/IFR/SF, where (PP/IFR)/SF indicates that the matrix and flame retardant were firstly melt blended, and then remixed with SF (as shown in Figure 1a). (PP/SF)/IFR indicates that the matrix and SF were firstly melt blended, and then remixed with IFR (as shown in Figure 1b). PP/IFR/SF indicates that PP, IFR, and SF were firstly melt blended, followed by a second blend (as shown in Figure 1c).

Wang Z., Feng W., Ban J., Yang Z., Fang X., Ding T., Liu B, & Zhao J. (2023). Sisal-Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene Flame-Retardant Composites: Preparation and Properties. Polymers, 15(4), 893.

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Publication 2023

Flame Retardants Pellets, Drug

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Aluminum weighing dish by Corning

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Pc 420d by Corning

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The PC-420D is a laboratory centrifuge designed for general purpose applications. It features a fixed speed of 4,200 RPM and a maximum RCF of 2,000 x g. The centrifuge can accommodate swing-out rotors with a maximum capacity of 4 x 50 mL conical tubes or 4 x 15 mL centrifuge tubes.

Hms 082 by Thermo Fisher Scientific

The HMS-082 is a laboratory equipment product manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific. It is a multi-purpose device designed for general laboratory applications. The core function of the HMS-082 is to provide a controlled environment for conducting various experiments and research activities. Detailed technical specifications and intended use are not included in this response.

Spv 100 by Thermo Fisher Scientific

The SPV-100 is a laboratory instrument designed for the measurement of parameters related to physical vapor deposition (PVD) processes. It provides real-time monitoring and control of critical parameters such as deposition rate, film thickness, and chamber pressure during PVD operations. The SPV-100 utilizes advanced sensor technology to accurately capture and display relevant data, enabling users to optimize their PVD processes.

Jem 2100 by JEOL

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CellTiter 96 Aqueous One Solution is a colorimetric assay for determining the number of viable cells in proliferation or cytotoxicity assays. It contains a tetrazolium compound and an electron coupling reagent, which produce a colored formazan product upon bioreduction by living cells.

What are the different types of flame retardants and how do they work?

Flame retardants come in a variety of chemical formulations, each with their own mechanisms of action. Common types include halogenated, phosphorus-based, nitrogen-based, and mineral-based compounds. Halogenated retardants work by interfering with the combustion process, while phosphorus-based additives form a protective char layer. Nitrogen-based retardants release inert gases to dilute oxygen, and mineral-based options act as heat sinks to limit fire spread. Understanding the unique properties of these flame retardant types is important for selecting the right solution for your specific application and safety requirements.

What are some common applications for flame retardants?

Flame retardants are used in a wide range of products to enhance fire safety. They are commonly found in textiles, plastics, foams, and electronics, including upholstered furniture, clothing, insulation, and wire casings. Thay play a crucial role in improving the fire resistance of these materials and helping to slow the spread of fires. Selecting the appropriate flame retardant for each application is important to balance safety, performance, and environmental considerations.

How can I ensure the most effective and reproducible use of flame retardants in my research?

PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform can help optimize your flame retardant research protocols and enhance reproducibility. The tool allows you to efficiently screen a large volume of literature to identify the most effective protocols for your specific needs. Its machine learning algorithms can pinpoint critical insights that may be missed during manual review, enabling you to choose the best protocols for accuracy and consistent results. By leveraging PubCompare.ai, you can improve your research workflow and accelerate scientific discoveries related to flame retardants.

What are some common challenges in using flame retardants and how can they be addressed?

One key challenge with flame retardants is ensuring they do not compromise the performance or aesthetics of the final product. Some retardants can impact flexibility, coloring, or other material properties. Another issue is the potential for toxic or environmentaly persistent compounds. Carefully evaluating the tradeoffs and selecting the most appropriate flame retardant formulation is crucial. PubCompare.ai can assist by helping researchers quickly identify protocols that balance efficacy, safety, and material compatibility based on the latest scientific evidence.

More about "Flame Retardants"

Flame retardants are a class of specialized chemicals that are added to a variety of materials, such as textiles, plastics, and electronics, to inhibit or delay the spread of fire.
These compounds play a crucial role in enhancing fire safety and protecting people and property from the devastating effects of uncontrolled fires.
Flame retardants work by interfering with the chemical reactions that fuel the spread of flames, often by releasing inert gases or forming a protective char layer on the surface of the material.
Some common types of flame retardants include halogenated compounds, phosphorus-based chemicals, and mineral-based additives.
These can be found in a wide range of products, from furniture and building materials to consumer electronics and children's toys.
The use of flame retardants is regulated in many countries to ensure safety and minimize potential health and environmental impacts.
Researchesr often utilize specialized equipment and techniques to study the performance and behavior of flame retardants.
This can include the use of Aluminum Weighing Dishes for sample preparation, PC-420D and HMS-082 equipment for thermal analysis, SPV-100 instruments for smoke density measurements, and JEM-2100 electron microscopes for material characterization.
Additionally, Raman spectrometry is a valuable tool for identifying and quantifying the chemical composition of flame retardant formulations.
To optimize research protocols and enhance reproducibility, scientists may turn to AI-driven platforms like PubCompare.ai.
These tools can help researchers quickly locate the best protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, ultimately streamlining the research process and accelerating scientific discoveries related to flame retardants.
By incorporating insights from complementary fields, such as the use of Tegostab 8870 surfactants in polymer processing or the CellTiter 96 Aqueous One Solution for cell viability assessments, researchers can develop a more holistic understanding of flame retardant performance and safety.