Model compounds were prepared and their NMR spectra were acquired in DMSO to enable the assignments made in a previous paper.2 Coniferyl alcohol and sinapyl alcohol were prepared from commercially available coniferaldehyde and sinapaldehyde using borohydride exchange resin.105 (link)p-Coumaryl alcohol was synthesized from p-coumaric acid.106 Coniferyl alcohol dimers were synthesized from in vitro radical coupling reactions using MnO2 in dioxane :H2O (1 : 1, v/v).107 Sinapyl alcohol dimers were prepared using FeCl3·6H2O in dioxane :H2O (5 : 2, v/v).108 p-Coumaryl alcohol dimers were synthesized with horseradish peroxidase with hydrogen peroxide in acetone :water (1 : 10, v/v) or with FeCl3·6H2O in acetone: H2O (5 : 1, v/v). Each metallic oxidative radical reaction was stirred for 1 to 4 h, and the metal salts were filtered off through a silica gel bed in fine sintered glass filters. The peroxidase reactions were conducted for about 15 h. Reaction solutions were poured into EtOAc, and washed with satd. aqueous NH4Cl. EtOAc extracts were dried over anhydrous MgSO4, and concentrated under reduced pressure. Model dimers were separated on preparative TLC plates with CHCl3–MeOH (10 : 1, v/v). The fully authenticated NMR data for model compounds will be deposited in the “NMR Database of lignin and cell wall model compounds” available via the internet.48
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Borohydrides
Borohydrides
Borohydrides are a class of chemical compounds containing the borohydride ion (BH4-), which is a powerful reducing agent used extensively in organic synthesis and other applications.
These compounds exhibit unique properties and versatile reactivity, making them valuable tools for researchers in fields like organic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, and materials science.
PubCompare.ai can help optimize your borohydride research by locating the best protocols from literature, preprints, and patents using AI-driven comparisons to enhance reproducibility and accuracy.
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These compounds exhibit unique properties and versatile reactivity, making them valuable tools for researchers in fields like organic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, and materials science.
PubCompare.ai can help optimize your borohydride research by locating the best protocols from literature, preprints, and patents using AI-driven comparisons to enhance reproducibility and accuracy.
Identify the most effective borohydride products and procedures with PubCompare.ai's powerul toos.
Most cited protocols related to «Borohydrides»
Acetone
Borohydrides
Cell Wall
Chloroform
coniferaldehyde
coniferyl alcohol
Coumaric Acids
dioxane
Ethanol
Horseradish Peroxidase
Lignin
Metals
p-coumaryl alcohol
Peroxidase
Peroxide, Hydrogen
Pressure
Resins, Plant
Salts
Silica Gel
sinapaldehyde
sinapyl alcohol
Sulfate, Magnesium
Sulfoxide, Dimethyl
The tissue microarray block was sliced into 5-μm sections that were affixed to slides and dried. Slides were dewaxed four times in xylene, twice in isopropanol, and rehydrated using graded ethanol. The slides were washed and permabilized using Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS, Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) containing 0.1% Triton X-100. Epitope retrieval was performed by heating the slides in Na-citrate buffer (100 mM, pH 6.0) at < 100°C in a domestic vegetable steamer for 30 minutes, followed by cooling slowly to bench temperature. After washing in PBS, endogenous peroxidase activity was eliminated using mild conditions: 1.8% H2O2 for 5 minutes, 1% Periodate for 5 minutes, 0.02% NaBH4 for 2 minutes [71]. The slides were blocked using Serum-Free Protein Block (Dako North America, Inc., Carpinteria, CA, USA) and incubated with primary antibodies overnight at room temperature, at 1:100 dilution. After washing in PBS, the HiDefTM HRP-polymer system (Cell Marque, Rocklin, CA, USA) was used to functionalize with peroxidase, and visualization was performed using the Dako DAB chromogen kit according to manufacturer's guidelines. Slides used for quantification were treated with DAPI and visualized using fluorescence microscopy to identify non-necrotic areas of the tumors. Additional slides were also incubated with hematoxylin/100 mM LiOH to render the nuclei blue for visualization of cells using transmission microscopy.
Glioma cells and NHA were fixed in ice-cold 4% PFA and were washed/permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS and treated with Dako protein blocking solution. Levels of ketones/aldehyde were measured using ARP/borohydride (Invitrogen/Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR, USA) and visualized using fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated with egg white avidin (FITC-avidin) as previously described [72].
Glioma cells and NHA were fixed in ice-cold 4% PFA and were washed/permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS and treated with Dako protein blocking solution. Levels of ketones/aldehyde were measured using ARP/borohydride (Invitrogen/Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR, USA) and visualized using fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated with egg white avidin (FITC-avidin) as previously described [72].
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Aldehydes
Antibodies
azo rubin S
Borohydrides
Buffers
Cells
Citrates
Cold Temperature
DAPI
Egg White
Epitopes
Ethanol
fluorescein isothiocyante avidin
Glioma
Hematoxylin
Isopropyl Alcohol
Ketones
Locus Coeruleus
metaperiodate
Microarray Analysis
Microscopy
Microscopy, Fluorescence
Molecular Probes
Necrosis
Neoplasms
Peroxidase
Peroxide, Hydrogen
Phosphates
Polymers
Proteins
Saline Solution
Serum Proteins
Technique, Dilution
Tissues
Transmission, Communicable Disease
Triton X-100
Vegetables
Xylene
Argon
Borohydrides
Cells
Coomassie brilliant blue R
Forsythia
polyacrylamide gels
Polysaccharides
Proteins
S-layer glycoproteins
Sodium Chloride
Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Vertebral Column
Borohydrides
Ethanol
Ion Exchange
Iron
Palladium
polyvinylidene fluoride
potassium palladium chloride
Sodium Chloride
Tissue, Membrane
Plasma was isolated from samples by centrifugation for 20 minutes at 300 ×g before CTC enrichment with anti-EpCAM coated magnetic beads (Appendix 1 ). The CTC capture process was carried out using anti-EpCAM beads in a modified protocol developed in our laboratory (31 (link)). Captured cells were immunostained with antibody cocktail containing three mixed pan-cytokeratin antibodies to ensure broad cytokeratin coverage, CD45, CD16, and CD66b antibodies to exclude hematopoietic cells and anti-PD-L1 antibody (28.8) to detect PD-L1 expression as detailed in Appendix 1 .
In parallel, another blood sample was processed using the Parsortix system at 99-mbar through a 6.5-µm cassette (Figure 1 ). Enriched cells were harvested according to the manufacturer’s instructions and fixed for 10 minutes at room temperature with 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA). A total of 8–9 mL of blood was processed through each method. To increase the numbers of markers to be interrogated, such as EpCAM expression separate from cytokeratins, vimentin, and PD-L1 expression (29 (link)), we adapted the quenching and re-staining protocol described by Adams et al. (32 (link)). This protocol utilises borohydride to quench fluorescent signals after an initial round of immunostaining followed by a second round of staining for additional markers, allowing for multi-phenotype analysis of CTCs. The PD-L1 detection, quenching, and restaining methods were standardised using MCF7, MCF7 induced with IFN-γ, MDA-MB-231 cell lines spiked into white blood cells (WBCs) from healthy control donors as detailed in Appendix 1 .
In parallel, another blood sample was processed using the Parsortix system at 99-mbar through a 6.5-µm cassette (
Antibodies
Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic
BLOOD
Borohydrides
CD274 protein, human
CEACAM8 protein, human
Cells
Centrifugation
Combined Antibody Therapeutics
Cytokeratin
Donors
Hematopoietic System
Interferon Type II
Leukocytes
MCF-7 Cells
MDA-MB-231 Cells
paraform
Phenotype
Plasma
TACSTD1 protein, human
Vimentin
Most recents protocols related to «Borohydrides»
Isolated RV myocytes from each heart were divided into aliquots for the different measurements carried out. For cytosolic Ca2+, cells were loaded with 10 µM Fura-2/AM (Invitrogen, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) dissolved in 20 µL dimethyl sulphoxide anhydrous (DMSO, ThermoFisher) with 20% pluronic Invitrogen (Scientific, Life Technologies NZ, Auckland, New Zealand) for 20 min at room temperature. Cells were then washed with 1 mM Ca2+ Tyrode’s solution for at least 10 min prior to imaging. Mitochondrial Ca2+ measurements were taken in cells loaded with di-hydroRhod-2 (dhRhod-2), as previously described [17 (link)]. Briefly, a single 50 µg vial of Rhod-2 indicator (Invitrogen, Scientific, Life Technologies NZ) was dissolved in DMSO and 20% pluronic in DMSO was added. The smallest possible amount of Na+ borohydride (reducing agent) was dissolved in 20 µL methanol, and 10 µL was added to the Rhod-2 vial. After 5–10 min, 1 mL of cell suspension was added to 5 µM dhRhod-2 and left for 1 h at 37 °C. Cells were then washed for at least 30 min prior to imaging.
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Borohydrides
Cells
Cytosol
fura-2-am
Methanol
Mitochondrial Inheritance
Myocytes, Cardiac
Pluronics
Reducing Agents
rhod-2
Sulfoxide, Dimethyl
An amount of 5.0 g BR-900 rubber was dissolved in 100 mL THF, and 3-chloroperoxybenzoic tetrahydrofuran solution was added dropwise to carry out epoxidation for 1.5 h at 30 °C. Then, periodic acid–tetrahydrofuran was added for an oxidative cracking reaction for 2 h. Then, certain amounts of sodium bicarbonate and 2,6-ditertbutyl-4-methylphenol antioxidant were added, and the mixture was kept overnight. Then, sodium borohydride in 50 mL THF was added and reacted at 30 °C for 2 h. The excess sodium borohydride was quenched by adding deionized water at room temperature. Then, 10 g Na2CO3 was added under stirring for 1 h. The mixture solution was spin evaporated to obtain HTPB with a yield of 88.5%. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm): 1.94 (s, 2 H), 2.02 (t, 2 H), 3.72 (s, 2 H), 5.38 (t, 2 H); 13C-NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm): 27.2 (CH2), 32.5 (CH2), 62.6 (CH2OH), 129.4 (CH), 142.3 (CHCH2).
Before adding Na2CO3, 8 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid was added dropwise to the mixture solution and reacted for 30 min. Then, 10 g Na2CO3 and a certain amount of functionalized acetylferrocene, which was prepared by refluxing acetylferrocene and p-phenylenediamine in methanol solution, were added and stirred for 1 h. The mixture solution was evaporated by spinning to obtain m-HTPB with a yield of 82.4%. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm): 1.43 (s, 3 H), 1.94 (s, 6 H), 2.02 (m, 2H), 3.72 (t, 2 H), 5.38 (t, 2 H); 13C-NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm): 20.00 (CH3), 27.2 (CH2), 32.5 (CH2), 62.6 (CH2OH), 69.67 (Cp), 129.4 (CH), 139.7 (C6H4N2H4), 142.3 (CHCH2), 201.7 (CO).
Before adding Na2CO3, 8 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid was added dropwise to the mixture solution and reacted for 30 min. Then, 10 g Na2CO3 and a certain amount of functionalized acetylferrocene, which was prepared by refluxing acetylferrocene and p-phenylenediamine in methanol solution, were added and stirred for 1 h. The mixture solution was evaporated by spinning to obtain m-HTPB with a yield of 82.4%. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm): 1.43 (s, 3 H), 1.94 (s, 6 H), 2.02 (m, 2H), 3.72 (t, 2 H), 5.38 (t, 2 H); 13C-NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm): 20.00 (CH3), 27.2 (CH2), 32.5 (CH2), 62.6 (CH2OH), 69.67 (Cp), 129.4 (CH), 139.7 (C6H4N2H4), 142.3 (CHCH2), 201.7 (CO).
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1-acetylferrocene
1H NMR
4-phenylenediamine
Antioxidants
Bicarbonate, Sodium
Borohydrides
Carbon-13 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
cresol
Hydrochloric acid
Hypernatremia
Methanol
Periodic Acid
Rubber
sodium borohydride
tetrahydrofuran
Chestnut shells were crushed with a pulverizer and the obtained powder was collected after passing through a 45 mesh sieve. A total of 5 g chestnut shell powder was placed into a round-bottom flask, and 100 mL 40% ethanol was added. The flask was then transferred into an ultrasonic microwave reactor. The extraction was maintained for 10 min under the condition of 360 W power, and then the extract was collected. The supernatant (~65 mL) of the extract was collected after centrifugation at 5000 r/min for 10 min. Following this, 20 mL of the supernatant was diluted to 40 mL with ultra-pure water and used for the following synthesis.
In a typical synthesis experiment, 40 mL of the diluted chestnut-shell-extract solution was mixed with 0.4 mL 5% AgNO3 solution. The solution’s pH was adjusted to 9.0 with the concentrated ammonia. After further stirring, 40 mL of solution was put into a Teflon-lined autoclave (50 mL), then the reactor placed into the oven and maintained at 140 °C for 4 h [14 (link),17 (link)]. The produced solution was collected after the reaction for the following characterization. In this study, different synthesis conditions (pH ranging from 5.0 to 11.0 and ratio of the reactants ranging from 1:4 to 4:1 of the typical experimental conditions) have been investigated.
In order to compare with the results of functionalized chestnut-shell-extract Ag nanoparticles, Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) were also synthesized by a sodium borohydride (NaBH4) reduction method [19 (link)], and can be regarded as nonfunctionalized AgNPs. The excess sodium borohydride can efficiently reduce silver nitrate to produce AgNPs. In a typical reaction, 10 mL of silver nitrate (1.0 mM) was gradually dropped into 30 mL of sodium borohydride solution (2.0 mM, chilled in an ice bath) over 3 min under rigorous stirring.
In a typical synthesis experiment, 40 mL of the diluted chestnut-shell-extract solution was mixed with 0.4 mL 5% AgNO3 solution. The solution’s pH was adjusted to 9.0 with the concentrated ammonia. After further stirring, 40 mL of solution was put into a Teflon-lined autoclave (50 mL), then the reactor placed into the oven and maintained at 140 °C for 4 h [14 (link),17 (link)]. The produced solution was collected after the reaction for the following characterization. In this study, different synthesis conditions (pH ranging from 5.0 to 11.0 and ratio of the reactants ranging from 1:4 to 4:1 of the typical experimental conditions) have been investigated.
In order to compare with the results of functionalized chestnut-shell-extract Ag nanoparticles, Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) were also synthesized by a sodium borohydride (NaBH4) reduction method [19 (link)], and can be regarded as nonfunctionalized AgNPs. The excess sodium borohydride can efficiently reduce silver nitrate to produce AgNPs. In a typical reaction, 10 mL of silver nitrate (1.0 mM) was gradually dropped into 30 mL of sodium borohydride solution (2.0 mM, chilled in an ice bath) over 3 min under rigorous stirring.
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Ammonia
Anabolism
Bath
Borohydrides
Centrifugation
Ethanol
Hypernatremia
Microwaves
Muscle Rigidity
Powder
Silver Nitrate
sodium borohydride
Teflon
Training Programs
Ultrasonics
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Borohydrides
Catalysis
Glucose
High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies
Hydrogenation
Hypernatremia
sodium borohydride
Sorbitol
The 4-NP to 4-AP reduction procedures on the surface of NPs and NCs were adapted from a recent study.18 (link) To give a rich yellow color, 1.10 mL of 0.01 M (1.1 × 10−4 M) 4-NP was mixed with 0.38 g/100 mL (0.1 M) of excess sodium borohydride (NaBH4). In this case, NaBH4 was used to reduce 4-NP to the 4-nitrophenolate ion. After adding 10 mg of the catalyst to the mixture, a UV-vis spectrophotometer (P9 UV/Visible double-beam spectrophotometer) was used to track the conversion of 4-NP to 4-AP.
Borohydrides
Hypernatremia
sodium borohydride
Top products related to «Borohydrides»
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NaBH4 is a reducing agent commonly used in organic synthesis. It is a white crystalline solid that reacts with various functional groups to facilitate reduction reactions. The core function of NaBH4 is to serve as a source of hydride ions for the selective reduction of carbonyl compounds, such as aldehydes and ketones, to alcohols.
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Konjac glucomannan is a water-soluble dietary fiber derived from the roots of the konjac plant. It is a neutral polysaccharide composed of glucose and mannose units. Konjac glucomannan is commonly used as a thickening and gelling agent in food and pharmaceutical applications.
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Ethanol is a clear, colorless liquid chemical compound commonly used in laboratory settings. It is a key component in various scientific applications, serving as a solvent, disinfectant, and fuel source. Ethanol has a molecular formula of C2H6O and a range of industrial and research uses.
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Carob galactomannan is a polysaccharide extracted from the endosperm of the carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua). It is a water-soluble gum with a high molecular weight and a ratio of galactose to mannose typically between 1:3 and 1:4. Carob galactomannan is commonly used as a thickening, stabilizing, and gelling agent in various food, pharmaceutical, and industrial applications.
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Sodium borohydride is a reducing agent commonly used in organic synthesis and analytical chemistry. It is a white, crystalline solid that reacts with water to produce hydrogen gas. Sodium borohydride is frequently employed in the reduction of carbonyl compounds, such as aldehydes and ketones, to alcohols. Its primary function is to facilitate chemical transformations in a laboratory setting.
More about "Borohydrides"
Borohydrides are a versatile class of chemical compounds that contain the borohydride ion (BH4-), a powerful reducing agent widely used in organic synthesis and various applications.
These compounds exhibit unique properties and diverse reactivity, making them invaluable tools for researchers in fields like organic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, and materials science.
Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) is a commonly used borohydride compound, known for its ability to reduce a variety of functional groups, such as aldehydes, ketones, and esters.
It is often employed in the synthesis of alcohols, ethers, and other organic intermediates.
Beyond its reducing capabilities, borohydrides can also be used as reducing agents in the preparation of nanoparticles, metal hydrides, and other functional materials.
The applications of borohydrides extend beyond synthetic chemistry.
They have been explored in the development of fuel cells, hydrogen storage, and as additives in the production of wheat arabinoxylan, konjac glucomannan, and other polysaccharide-based materials.
Borohydrides can also be used in the crosslinking of biopolymers, such as larch arabinogalactan and carob galactomannan, for the creation of hydrogels and other biomaterials.
Optimizing borohydride research can be a complex undertaking, as the selection of the appropriate borohydride product and experimental protocol is crucial for achieving desired outcomes.
PubCompare.ai, a powerful AI-driven platform, can assist researchers in this endeavor by locating the best protocols from the literature, preprints, and patents, thereby enhancing the reproducibility and accuracy of their borohydride-related experiments.
With PubCompare.ai's tools, researchers can identify the most effective borohydride products and procedures, streamlining their research and unlocking new possibilities in organic synthesis, materials science, and beyond.
Whether you're working with sodium borohydride, exploring the versatility of borohydrides in organic reactions, or developing novel borohydride-based materials, PubCompare.ai can be a valuable resource to optimize your research and drive scientific progress.
These compounds exhibit unique properties and diverse reactivity, making them invaluable tools for researchers in fields like organic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, and materials science.
Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) is a commonly used borohydride compound, known for its ability to reduce a variety of functional groups, such as aldehydes, ketones, and esters.
It is often employed in the synthesis of alcohols, ethers, and other organic intermediates.
Beyond its reducing capabilities, borohydrides can also be used as reducing agents in the preparation of nanoparticles, metal hydrides, and other functional materials.
The applications of borohydrides extend beyond synthetic chemistry.
They have been explored in the development of fuel cells, hydrogen storage, and as additives in the production of wheat arabinoxylan, konjac glucomannan, and other polysaccharide-based materials.
Borohydrides can also be used in the crosslinking of biopolymers, such as larch arabinogalactan and carob galactomannan, for the creation of hydrogels and other biomaterials.
Optimizing borohydride research can be a complex undertaking, as the selection of the appropriate borohydride product and experimental protocol is crucial for achieving desired outcomes.
PubCompare.ai, a powerful AI-driven platform, can assist researchers in this endeavor by locating the best protocols from the literature, preprints, and patents, thereby enhancing the reproducibility and accuracy of their borohydride-related experiments.
With PubCompare.ai's tools, researchers can identify the most effective borohydride products and procedures, streamlining their research and unlocking new possibilities in organic synthesis, materials science, and beyond.
Whether you're working with sodium borohydride, exploring the versatility of borohydrides in organic reactions, or developing novel borohydride-based materials, PubCompare.ai can be a valuable resource to optimize your research and drive scientific progress.