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Gases

Gases are substances that exist in the gaseous state at normal temperature and pressure.
They are typically composed of atoms or molecules that are free to move in space, resulting in no fixed shape or volume.
Gases play a crucial role in various scientific fields, including chemistry, physics, and biology.
Researchers often study the properties, behaviors, and applications of different gases to enhance their understanding and leverage their unique characteristics.
PubCompare.ai, an AI-driven platform, can help streamline the process of locating the optimal protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, as well as identifying the best protocols and products for gases experiments, thereby enhancing the reproducibility and accuracy of your gases research.

Most cited protocols related to «Gases»

1
Neon Dimer Ionization and Momentum Analysis
The neon dimers were prepared in a molecular beam under supersonic expansion of gaseous neon at a temperature of 60 K through a 5 µm nozzle (see Supplementary Figure 1). The nozzle temperature was stabilized within ±0.1 K by a continuous flow cryogenic cryostat (Model RC110 UHV, Cryo Industries of America, Inc.). The optimum dimer yield was found at a nozzle back pressure of 3 bar. Neon dimers were selected from the molecular beam by means of matter wave diffraction using a transmission grating with a period of 100 nm. The selection allowed increasing the relative yield of Ne2 from typically 2%12 (link) to 20% with respect to the monomer.
The neon dimers were singly ionized by a strong ultra-short laser field (40 fs -FWHM in intensity -, 780 nm, 8 kHz, Dragon KMLabs). The field intensities were 7.3×1014 W cm−2 (Keldysh parameter γ = 0.72) in case of circular polarization and 1.2×1015 W cm−2 (γ = 0.4) in the experiment with linearly polarized light. The 3D-momenta of the ion and the electron after ionization were measured by cold target recoil ion momentum spectroscopy (COLTRIMS). In the COLTRIMS spectrometer a homogeneous electric field of 16 V cm−1 for circularly polarized light, or 23 V cm−1 in case of linearly polarized laser field, guided the ions onto a time- and position-sensitive micro-channel plate detector with hexagonal delay-line position readout42 (link) and an active area of 80 mm. In order to achieve 4π solid angle detection of electrons with momenta up to 2.5 a.u., a magnetic field of 12.5 G was applied within the COLTRIMS spectrometer in the experiment with the circularly polarized laser field. In the case of linearly polarized light a magnetic field of 9 G was utilized. The ion and electron detectors were placed at 450 mm and 250 mm, respectively, away from the ionization region.
Kunitski M., Eicke N., Huber P., Köhler J., Zeller S., Voigtsberger J., Schlott N., Henrichs K., Sann H., Trinter F., Schmidt L.P., Kalinin A., Schöffler M.S., Jahnke T., Lein M, & Dörner R. (2019). Double-slit photoelectron interference in strong-field ionization of the neon dimer. Nature Communications, 10, 1.
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Publication 2019
Cold Temperature Electricity Electrons Gases Light Magnetic Fields Neon Pressure Spectrum Analysis Transmission, Communicable Disease
2
Cryogenic Specimen Freezing Techniques
A 50-50 mixture of Me and Et was purchased from Scott Specialty Gasses. This mixture is likely to be close to the eutectic, and if the mixture was not itself liquid at 77 K, the component in excess should freeze out, leaving a mixture whose freezing point was 77 K. Experiments were performed with a gravity-operated plunge freezer and with a Vitrobot. In each case, a few µL of a specimen of Caulobacter crescentus in culture medium were placed on a Quantifoil grid, the excess liquid was blotted off, leaving a layer of liquid that was a few hundred nanometers thick, and this was plunged into the cryogen. The frozen specimens were placed in LN, loaded into a Gatan 626 cryoholder, and examined on a FEI T12 electron microscope.
Pr was obtained from a local hardware store, and Et was purchased from Gilmore Liquid Air. The appropriate mixture of Pr and Et was prepared in either of two ways. The cryogen cup of the gravity-operated plunge freezer was filled to about 60% of capacity with Pr, which was allowed to solidify, then Et was added both to melt the Pr and fill the cup. Alternatively, the cryogen cup of the Vitrobot was filled to about 40% of capacity with Et, which was allowed to solidify, then Pr was added to melt the Et and fill the cup. The specimens and freezing steps were the same as for the Me-Et experiments.
Because both Me-Et and Pr-Et mixtures exist that are liquid at 77 K, a redesigned cryogen cup for the Vitrobot was constructed (see Fig. 1C,D). The main differences between this and previous designs are, first, the new design has much greater thermal contact between the LN and the cryogen, and, second, it incorporates the grid box storage and barrier features of newer Vitrobot cryogen cups with the outer insulating construction of the older Vitrobot cups. The redesigned cryogen cup was fabricated simply by milling the central hole and the outer annulus from an aluminum cylinder.
Tivol W.F., Briegel A, & Jensen G.J. (2008). An Improved Cryogen for Plunge Freezing. Microscopy and microanalysis : the official journal of Microscopy Society of America, Microbeam Analysis Society, Microscopical Society of Canada, 14(5), 375-379.
Publication 2008
Aluminum Caulobacter crescentus Culture Media Edema Electron Microscopy Gases Gravity
3
Satellite-Derived Global PM2.5 Estimation
Estimating ground-level concentrations of dry 24-hr PM2.5 (micrograms per cubic meter) from satellite observations of total-column AOD (unitless) requires a conversion factor that accounts for their spatially and temporally varying relationship:
η is a function of the factors that relates 24-hr dry aerosol mass to satellite observations of ambient AOD: aerosol size, aerosol type, diurnal variation, relative humidity, and the vertical structure of aerosol extinction (van Donkelaar et al. 2006 (link)). Following the methods of Liu et al. (2004 (link), 2007) and van Donkelaar et al. (2006) (link), we used a global 3-D CTM [GEOS-Chem; geos-chem.org; see Supplemental Material (doi:10.1289/ehp.0901623)] to calculate the daily global distribution of η.
The GEOS-Chem model solves for the temporal and spatial evolution of aerosol (sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, carbonaceous, mineral dust, and sea salt) and gaseous compounds using meteorological data sets, emission inventories, and equations that represent the physics and chemistry of atmospheric constituents. The model calculates the global 3-D distribution of aerosol mass and AOD with a transport time step of 15 min. We applied the modeled relationship between aerosol mass and relative humidity for each aerosol type to calculate PM2.5 for relative humidity values that correspond to surface measurement standards [European Committee for Standardization (CEN) 1998 ; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1997 ] (35% for theUnited States and Canada; 50% for Europe). We calculated daily values of η as the ratio of 24-hr ground-level PM2.5 for a relative humidity of 35% (U.S. and Canadian surface measurement gravimetric analysis standard)and of 50% (European surface measurement standard) to total-column AOD at ambient relative humidity. We averaged the AOD between 1000 hours and 1200 hours local solar time, which corresponded to the Terra overpass period. We interpolated values of η from 2° × 2.5°, the resolution of the GEOS-Chem simulation, to 0.1° × 0.1° for application to satellite AOD values.
We compared the original MODIS and MISR total-column AOD with coincident ground-based measurements of daily mean PM2.5. Canadian sites are part of the National Air Pollution Surveillance Network (NAPS) and are maintained by Environment Canada (http://www.etc.cte.ec.gc.ca/NAPS/index_e.html). The U.S. data were from the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network (http://vista.cira.colostate.edu/improve/Data/data.htm) and from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Air Quality System Federal Reference Method sites (http://www.epa.gov/air/data/index.html). Validation of global satellite-derived PM2.5 estimates was hindered by the lack of available surface-measurement networks in many parts of the world. To supplement this lack of available surface measurements, we collected 244 annually representative, ground-based PM2.5 data from both published and unpublished field measurements outside the United States and Canada[see Supplemental Material (doi:10.1289/ehp.0901623)].
van Donkelaar A., Martin R.V., Brauer M., Kahn R., Levy R., Verduzco C, & Villeneuve P.J. (2010). Global Estimates of Ambient Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations from Satellite-Based Aerosol Optical Depth: Development and Application. Environmental Health Perspectives, 118(6), 847-855.
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Publication 2010
A-factor (Streptomyces) Air Pollution Ammonium Biological Evolution Circadian Rhythms Cuboid Bone Dietary Supplements Europeans Extinction, Psychological factor A Gases Humidity Minerals N-(4-aminophenethyl)spiroperidol Nitrates Personality Inventories Sodium Chloride Sulfates, Inorganic
4
Global Analysis of PM Exposure and Mortality
The associations of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations with daily all-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality were assessed in separate analyses with the use of a standard time-series approach. We followed a two-stage analytic protocol, which had been developed and widely applied in previous multicity time-series studies.15 (link),16 (link)In the first stage, we estimated city-specific associations of PM concentration with mortality using quasi-Poisson generalized additive models. In accordance with the approaches used in previous studies,16 (link),17 (link) the following covariates were included in the main model: a natural cubic smooth function with 7 degrees of freedom (df) per year to control for underlying time trends in mortality, an indicator day-of-week variable to account for short-term weekly variations, and natural spline functions with 6 df for temperature and 3 df for relative humidity to control for potentially nonlinear confounding effects of weather conditions in areas where such data were available. To determine an appropriate lag time (i.e., the number of days between exposure and the estimated effect) for PM and temperature to be used in the main analyses, we compared a variety of lag days using generalized cross-validation scores.
In the second stage, we used random-effects models to pool the estimates of the city-specific associations of PM concentrations with mortality.18 (link) We then reported the pooled estimate and related 95% confidence intervals as the percentage change in daily mortality per 10-μg-per-cubic-meter increase in PM concentrations. Between-city heterogeneity was quantified with the use of the I2 (link) statistic.
In addition to the main model described above, we fitted two-pollutant models, each of which included adjustment for one of four gaseous pollutants. The association of PM concentration with mortality was considered robust if the effect estimates in the single-pollutant and two-pollutant models were not significantly different, as determined with a paired z-test.
Using the aforementioned two-stage approach, we also performed regional analyses, with the regions grouped according to WHO region and according to the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita (Table S2 in the Supplementary Appendix), and likelihood-ratio tests were used to determine whether the differences between regions in associations of PM with mortality were significant. To further explore potential effect modifications, we fit meta-regression models with annual mean concentrations of PM and copollutants, annual mean temperature, latitude of locations, WHO region and region classified according to the GDP per capita, rates of missing data on daily mortality and PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations, and GDP per capita.
To estimate the overall shape of the associations between PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations and mortality at the global or country level, we plotted concentration–response curves using the same approach that was used in previous studies.16 (link),19 (link) In brief, we replaced the linear term of PM in the main model with a B-spline function with two knots at the 25th and 75th percentiles of the mean PM concentrations across all cities.
We performed several sensitivity analyses. First, in fitting the concentration–response curves, we placed knots at different PM values. Second, we tested the potential confounding effect of humidity in cities that had available data on this variable by comparing the results of models that adjusted for humidity with the results of models that did not in a paired z-test. Third, we restricted the analyses to data available after the year 2000.
We conducted all statistical analyses with R software, version 3.3.1 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing), using the mgcv package for fitting main models and the rmeta package for performing random-effect models. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. More details are presented in the Methods section in the Supplementary Appendix.
Liu C., Chen R., Sera F., Vicedo-Cabrera A.M., Guo Y., Tong S., Coelho M.S., Saldiva P.H., Lavigne E., Matus P., Ortega N.V., Garcia S.O., Pascal M., Stafoggia M., Scortichini M., Hashizume M., Honda Y., Hurtado-Díaz M., Cruz J., Nunes B., Teixeira J.P., Kim H., Tobias A., Íñiguez C., Forsberg B., Åström C., Ragettli M.S., Guo Y.L., Chen B.Y., Bell M.L., Wright C.Y., Scovronick N., Garland R.M., Milojevic A., Kyselý J., Urban A., Orru H., Indermitte E., Jaakkola J.J., Ryti N.R., Katsouyanni K., Analitis A., Zanobetti A., Schwartz J., Chen J., Wu T., Cohen A., Gasparrini A, & Kan H. (2019). Ambient Particulate Air Pollution and Daily Mortality in 652 Cities. The New England journal of medicine, 381(8), 705-715.
Publication 2019
Cardiovascular System Cuboid Bone Environmental Pollutants Gases Genetic Heterogeneity Head Humidity Hypersensitivity Respiratory Rate
5
In Vivo and Ex Vivo Bioluminescence Imaging
Mice were injected with 150 mg kg−1 d-luciferin i.p., then anaesthetized using 2.5% (vol/vol) gaseous isofluorane in oxygen. To measure bioluminescence, mice were placed in an IVIS Lumina II system (Caliper Life Science) and images were acquired 10–20 min after d-luciferin administration using LivingImage 4.3. Exposure times varied between 1 s and 5 min, depending on signal intensity. After imaging, mice were revived and returned to cages. For ex vivo imaging, mice were injected with 150 mg kg−1 d-luciferin i.p., then sacrificed by ex-sanguination under terminal anaesthesia 7 min later. Mice were perfused with 10 ml 0.3 mg ml−1 d-luciferin in PBS via the heart. Organs and tissues were excised, transferred to a Petri dish or culture dish, soaked in 0.3 mg ml−1 d-luciferin in PBS, and then imaged as per live mice. To estimate parasite burden in live mice, regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn using LivingImage v.4.3 to quantify bioluminescence expressed as total flux (photons/second). The detection threshold for in vivo imaging was estimated using whole animal ROI data (n = 25) for control uninfected mice obtained on 11 different days. To estimate parasite load in ex vivo tissues, individual ROIs were drawn to quantify bioluminescence expressed as radiance (photons second−1 cm−2 sr−1). Because different tissue types from uninfected control mice were found to have slightly different background radiances, we normalized the data from infected mice using matching tissues from uninfected controls and used the fold-change in radiance compared to these tissue-specific controls as the final measure of ex vivo bioluminescence. The detection threshold for ex vivo imaging was estimated using the fold-change in radiance for empty ROIs in images obtained for infected mice compared with matching empty ROIs in images for uninfected control mice.
Lewis M.D., Fortes Francisco A., Taylor M.C., Burrell-Saward H., McLatchie A.P., Miles M.A, & Kelly J.M. (2014). Bioluminescence imaging of chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infections reveals tissue-specific parasite dynamics and heart disease in the absence of locally persistent infection. Cellular Microbiology, 16(9), 1285-1300.
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Publication 2014
Anesthesia Animals Gases Heart Histocompatibility Testing Hyperostosis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Luciferins Mus Oxygen Parasites Tissues Tissue Specificity

Most recents protocols related to «Gases»

1
Novel Fluoropolymer Synthesis and Characterization
Not available on PMC !

EXAMPLE 1

In an AISI 316 steel vertical autoclave, equipped with baffles and a stirrer working at 570 rpm, 3.5 liter of demineralized water were introduced. The temperature was then brought to reaction temperature of 80° C. and the selected amount of 34% w/w aqueous solution of cyclic surfactant of formula (VI) as defined above, with Xa=NH4, was added. VDF and ethane were introduced to the selected pressure variation reported in Table 1. A gaseous mixture of TFE-VDF in the molar nominal ratio reported in Table 1 was subsequently added via a compressor until reaching a pressure of 20 bar. Then, the selected amount of a 3% by weight water solution of sodium persulfate (NaPS) as initiator was fed. The polymerization pressure was maintained constant by feeding the above mentioned TFE-VDF while adding the PPVE monomer at regular intervals until reaching the total amount indicated in the table 1.

When 1000 g of the mixture were fed, the reactor was cooled at room temperature, the latex was discharged, frozen for 48 hours and, once unfrozen, the coagulated polymer was washed with demineralized water and dried at 160° C. for 24 hours.

The composition of the obtained polymer F-1, as measured by NMR, was Polymer (F-1)(693/99): TFE (69.6% mol)—VDF (27.3% mol)—PPVE (2.1% mol), having melting point Tm=218° C. and MFI=5 g/10′.

The procedure of example 1 was repeated, by introducing the amount of ingredients indicated in the third column of Table 1.

The composition of the obtained polymer P-1, as measured by NMR, was Polymer (C-1)(693/67): TFE (71% mol)—VDF (28.5% mol)—PPVE (0.5% mol), having melting point Tm=249° C. and MFI=5 g/10′.

EXAMPLE 2

The procedure of example 1 was repeated, by introducing the amount of ingredients indicated in the second column of Table 1.

The composition of the obtained polymer F-2, as measured by NMR, was Polymer (F-1)(693/100): TFE (68% mol)—VDF (29.8% mol)—PPVE (2.2% mol), having melting point Tm=219° C. and MFI=1.5 g/10′.

In an AISI 316 steel horizontal reactor, equipped with a stirrer working at 42 rpm, 56 liter of demineralized water were introduced. The temperature was then brought to reaction temperature of 65° C. and the selected amount of 40% w/w aqueous solution of cyclic surfactant of formula (VI) as defined above, with X1=NH4, was added. VDF and ethane were introduced to the selected pressure variation reported in Table 1.

A gaseous mixture of TFE-VDF in the molar nominal ratio reported in Table 1 was subsequently added via a compressor until reaching a pressure of 20 bar.

Then, the selected amount of a 0.25% by weight water solution of sodium persulfate (NaPS) as initiator was fed. The polymerization pressure was maintained constant by feeding the above mentioned TFE-VDF while adding the PPVE monomer at regular intervals until reaching the total amount indicated in the table 1.

When 16000 g of the mixture were fed, the reactor was cooled at room temperature, the latex was discharged, frozen for 48 hours and, once unfrozen, the coagulated polymer was washed with demineralized water and dried at 160° C. for 24 hours. The composition of the obtained polymer C-2, as measured by NMR, was Polymer (C-2)(SA1100): TFE (70.4% mol)—VDF (29.2% mol)—PPVE (0.4% mol), having melting point Tm=232° C. and MFI=8 g/10′.

EXAMPLE 3

The procedure of Comparative Example 2 was repeated, by introducing the following changes:

    • demineralized water introduced into the reactor: 66 litres;
    • polymerization temperature of 80° C.
    • polymerization pressure: 12 abs bar
    • Initiator solution concentration of 6% by weight
    • MVE introduced in the amount indicated in table 1
    • Overall amount of monomers mixture fed in the reactor: 10 000 g, with molar ratio TFE/VDF as indicated in Table 1.

All the amount of ingredients are indicated in the fifth column of Table 1.

The composition of the obtained polymer (C-3), as measured by NMR, was Polymer (C-3)(693/22): TFE (72.1% mol)—VDF (26% mol)—PMVE (1.9% mol), having melting point Tm=226° C. and MFI=8 g/10′.

TABLE 1
(F-1)(F-2)(C-1)(C-2)(C-3)
Surfactant solution [g]505050740800
Surfactant [g/l]4.854.854.855.284.12
Initiator solution [ml]1001001002500600
Initiator [g/kg]3.03.03.00.396.0
VDF [bar]1.81.801.81.8
TFE/VDF mixture 70/3070/3070/3070/3069/301
[molar ratio]
FPVE [g]1221223166002
Ethane [bar]0.60.30.2520.1
1gaseous mixture containing 1% moles of perfluoromethylvinylether (FMVE);
2initial partial pressure of FMVE 0.35 bar.

The results regarding polymers (F-1), (F-2) of the invention, and comparative (C-1), (C-2) and (C-3) are set forth in Table 2 here below

TABLE 2
693/99693/100693/67SA1100693/14
(F-1)(F-2)(C-1)(C-2)(C-3)
Elongation at5777392904035
break [%, 200° C.]
Tensile modulus425374484594500
[MPa, 23° C.]
Tensile yield stress11.611.414.015.512.5
[MPa, 23° C.]
Tensile modulus29385676—
[MPa, 170° C.]
Tensile modulus1210484723
[MPa, 200° C.]
SHI [MPa, 23° C.]3.65.11.91.61.7
ESR as yieldingNoNoYieldingYieldingYielding
[time, 23° C.]YieldingYieldingafter 1after 1after 1
minminmin

In particular, the polymer (F) of the present invention as notably represented by the polymers (F-1), (F-2), surprisingly exhibits a higher elongation at break at 200° C. as compared to the polymers (C-1) and (C-2) of the prior art.

Also, the polymer (F) of the present invention as notably represented by the polymers (F-1), (F-2), despite its lower tensile modulus, which remains nevertheless in a range perfectly acceptable for various fields of use, surprisingly exhibits a higher strain hardening rate by plastic deformation as compared to the polymers (C-1) and (C-2) of the prior art.

Finally, the polymer (F) of the present invention as notably represented by the polymers (F-1) and (F-2) surprisingly exhibits higher environmental stress resistance when immersed in fuels as compared to the polymers (C-1) and (C-2) of the prior art.

Yet, comparison of polymer (F) according to the present invention with performances of polymer (C-3) comprising perfluoromethylvinylether (FMVE) as modifying monomer shows the criticality of selecting perfluoropropylvinylether: indeed, FMVE is shown producing at similar monomer amounts, copolymer possessing too high stiffness, and hence low elongation at break, unsuitable for being used e.g. in O&G applications.

US11859033B2. Melt-processible fluoropolymer (2024-01-02). SOLVAY SPECIALTY POLYMERS ITALY S.P.A. [IT]. Inventors: Mattia Bassi [IT], Alessio Marrani [IT], Valeriy Kapelyushko [IT].
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Patent 2024
Ethane Fluorocarbon Polymers Freezing G-800 Gases Latex Molar N-(4-aminophenethyl)spiroperidol Nevus Partial Pressure Polymerization Polymers Pressure Sclerosis sodium persulfate Steel Surface-Active Agents
2
Fluorescence-based Dichloromethane Detection
Not available on PMC !

Example 5

To test the cycle performance of the compound in the fluorescence detection of dichloromethane vapor, the related investigations were performed. The air and air with dichloromethane vapor were manually controlled to enter the cuvette by using the instrument shown in FIG. 6 to test the cycle performance, and the time interval between the two gases was 50 seconds. The test results are shown in FIG. 8. The compound shows an excellent cycle performance in response to dichloromethane vapor. After 20 rounds of cycle test, it still retains a high sensitivity, and the fluorescence intensity has no significant change before and after the response to dichloromethane vapor.

US11873449B2. Fluorescent chromic material, preparation method and use thereof (2024-01-16). SOOCHOW UNIVERSITY [CN]. Inventors: Jianping Lang [CN], Chunyu Liu [CN], Liang Chen [CN], Chunyan Ni [CN].
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Patent 2024
Fluorescence Gases Hypersensitivity Methylene Chloride Neoplasm Metastasis
3
Optimizing GaN Film Deposition
Not available on PMC !

Example 2

The substrate was heated to increase its temperature from 500° C. to 1,050° C. and the raw material was heated to increase its temperature from 500° C. to 900° C. as the conditions for the resolution protective temperature increase step. The flow amount of the N2 gas supplied into the raw material chamber was set to be smaller than 0.01 L/min, the flow amount of the NH3 gas supplied thereinto was set to be 15 L/min, and the flow amounts of the other N2 gases were each set to be 75 L/min. As the result of evaluation of the substrate after the temperature had been increases to the desired temperature and had been decreased, no generation of poly-crystals and pits to be the starting points of Ga droplets on the crystal surface was observed. Generation of GaN on the metallic Ga in the raw material boat was recognized.

US11859311B2. Manufacturing method for a group-III nitride crystal that requires a flow amount of a carrier gas supplied into a raw material chamber at a temperature increase step satisfies two relational equations (I) and (II) (2024-01-02). Panasonic Holdings Corporation [JP]. Inventors: Yusuke Mori [JP], Masashi Yoshimura [JP], Masayuki Imanishi [JP], Shigeyoshi Usami [JP], Junichi Takino [JP], Shunichi Matsuno [JP].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Fever Gases Metals Poly A Van der Woude syndrome
4
Thermal Stability of Crystalline Forms
Not available on PMC !

Example 9

The TGA thermograms for the crystalline forms 1, 3, 5 and 8 were collected on TGA equipment (TA Instruments). The gases recovered during each run were analyzed by head space mass spectroscopy (Agilent GS system). The measurement allowed to register the temperature at which rapid evaporation of Cl ion (disproportionation) started.

The onset temperature of disproportionation for crystalline forms 1, 3, 5 and 8 was determined based on TGA measurements. The results are shown in Table 3. Crystalline form 8 showed highest thermal stability against disproportionation.

TABLE 3
Onset temperature of disproportionation of the crystalline forms
CrystallineOnset temperature of
formdisproportionation (° C.)
1148
3171
5145
8187

US11866420B2. Hydrochloride salt forms of a sulfonamide structured kinase inhibitor (2024-01-09). Aurigene Oncology Limited [IN]. Inventors: David Jonaitis [US], Oskari Karjalainen [FI].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
crystal-8 Gases Head Mass Spectrometry Thermography
5
Influence of Oxygen on Biogenic Reagent Yield
Not available on PMC !

Example 11

This example demonstrates the effect of oxygen levels on the mass yield of biogenic reagent.

Two samples of hardwood sawdust (4.0 g) were each placed in a quartz tube. The quartz tube was then placed into a tube furnace (Lindberg Model 55035). The gas flow was set to 2,000 ccm. One sample was exposed to 100% nitrogen atmosphere, while the other sample was subjected to a gas flow comprising 96% nitrogen and 4% oxygen. The furnace temperature was set to 290° C. Upon reaching 290° C. (approximately 20 minutes), the temperature was held at 290° C. for 10 minutes, at which time the heat source was shut off, and the tube and furnace allowed to cool for 10 minutes. The tubes were removed from the furnace (gas still flowing at 2,000 ccm). Once the tubes and samples were cool enough to process, the gases were shut off, and the pyrolyzed material removed and weighed (Table 12).

TABLE 12
Effect of Oxygen Levels During Pyrolysis on Mass Yield.
SampleAtmosphereMass Yield
Atmosphere-1(a)100% Nitrogen87.5%
Atmosphere-2(a)96% Nitrogen, 4% Oxygen50.0%

US11879107B2. High-carbon biogenic reagents and uses thereof (2024-01-23). Carbon Technology Holdings, LLC [US]. Inventors: Daniel J. Despen [US], James A. Mennell [US], Steve Filips [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Anabolism ARID1A protein, human Atmosphere Gases Nitrogen Oxygen Oxygen-12 Pyrolysis Quartz

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8
Fetal bovine serum (fbs) by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, China, United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, Japan, Canada, Italy, France, Switzerland, New Zealand, Brazil, Belgium, India, Spain, Israel, Austria, Poland, Ireland, Sweden, Macao, Netherlands, Denmark, Cameroon, Singapore, Portugal, Argentina, Holy See (Vatican City State), Morocco, Uruguay, Mexico, Thailand, Sao Tome and Principe, Hungary, Panama, Hong Kong, Norway, United Arab Emirates, Czechia, Russian Federation, Chile, Moldova, Republic of, Gabon, Palestine, State of, Saudi Arabia, Senegal
Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.
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Sodium hydroxide (naoh) by Merck Group
Sourced in Germany, United States, India, United Kingdom, Italy, China, Spain, France, Australia, Canada, Poland, Switzerland, Singapore, Belgium, Sao Tome and Principe, Ireland, Sweden, Brazil, Israel, Mexico, Macao, Chile, Japan, Hungary, Malaysia, Denmark, Portugal, Indonesia, Netherlands, Czechia, Finland, Austria, Romania, Pakistan, Cameroon, Egypt, Greece, Bulgaria, Norway, Colombia, New Zealand, Lithuania
Sodium hydroxide is a chemical compound with the formula NaOH. It is a white, odorless, crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water and is a strong base. It is commonly used in various laboratory applications as a reagent.
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Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso) by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, China, Italy, Sao Tome and Principe, France, Macao, India, Canada, Switzerland, Japan, Australia, Spain, Poland, Belgium, Brazil, Czechia, Portugal, Austria, Denmark, Israel, Sweden, Ireland, Hungary, Mexico, Netherlands, Singapore, Indonesia, Slovakia, Cameroon, Norway, Thailand, Chile, Finland, Malaysia, Latvia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Pakistan, Uruguay, Bangladesh
DMSO is a versatile organic solvent commonly used in laboratory settings. It has a high boiling point, low viscosity, and the ability to dissolve a wide range of polar and non-polar compounds. DMSO's core function is as a solvent, allowing for the effective dissolution and handling of various chemical substances during research and experimentation.

More about "Gases"

Gases are essential substances that exist in the gaseous state under normal temperature and pressure conditions.
These vaporous materials are typically composed of free-moving atoms or molecules, resulting in their lack of fixed shape or volume.
Gases play a pivotal role across various scientific disciplines, including chemistry, physics, and biology, with researchers extensively studying their properties, behaviors, and applications to enhance understanding and leverage their unique characteristics.
PubCompare.ai, an innovative AI-driven platform, can streamline the process of locating optimal protocols from literature, preprints, and patents for gases research.
This intelligent tool can also help identify the best protocols and products for gases experiments, thereby enhancing the reproducibility and accuracy of your research endeavors.
Delving deeper into the topic, gases can be found in a wide range of scientific applications.
For instance, methanol, a common solvent and fuel source, is often utilized in gas chromatography (GC) and related techniques, such as GC-2014.
Similarly, acetonitrile and formic acid are frequently employed as mobile phases in liquid chromatography, while DMSO is a versatile solvent used in various biochemical and cell culture applications, including the use of fetal bovine serum (FBS) and sodium hydroxide.
Quark CPET, a specialized instrument, is designed to analyze the composition and properties of gases, further highlighting the importance of gases in scientific research and the need for efficient tools like PubCompare.ai to support these investigations.
By leveraging the power of AI, researchers can access the most relevant and reliable information, optimizing their gases experiments and advancing scientific knowledge in this critical field.