We simulated four folded proteins for comparison of dynamic properties to NMR. First was the third Igg-binding domain of protein G (GB3). The native structure was defined as a liquid crystal NMR structure (PDB ID: 1P7E40 (link)). Second was the bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI). The native structure was defined as a joint neutron/X-ray diffraction structure (PDB ID: 5PTI41 (link)). Third was ubiquitin (Ubq), with the native structure defined as a crystal structure (PDB ID: 1UBQ42 (link)). Fourth was hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL), with the native structure defined as a crystal structure (PDB ID: 6LYT43 ). Owing to their larger size, the proteins were equilibrated as above, but with the unrestrained step extended to a full nanosecond, rather than 500 ps.
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Liquid Crystals
Liquid Crystals
Liquid Crystals are a unique state of matter that combines properties of both liquids and solids.
These fascinating materials exhibit long-range molecular order, enabling them to flow like liquids while maintaining a degree of structural organization.
Liquid crystals find widespread applications in display technologies, sensing, and other cutting-edge scientific fields.
Discover the latest advaances and optimie your Liquid Crystals projects with the innovative AI-driven tools from PubCompare.ai.
These fascinating materials exhibit long-range molecular order, enabling them to flow like liquids while maintaining a degree of structural organization.
Liquid crystals find widespread applications in display technologies, sensing, and other cutting-edge scientific fields.
Discover the latest advaances and optimie your Liquid Crystals projects with the innovative AI-driven tools from PubCompare.ai.
Most cited protocols related to «Liquid Crystals»
Aprotinin
Binding Proteins
hen egg lysozyme
Joints
Liquid Crystals
Protein Domain
Proteins
Ubiquitin
X-Ray Diffraction
Images from two commercially available SIM microscopes were analysed, obtained on a Delta-Vision|OMX v4 by GE Healthcare (Issaquah, WA, USA) and on an Elyra S1 by Zeiss (Jena, Germany). Also, raw images were acquired on a home-built, SLM-based two-beam interference illumination SR-SIM microscope. This system consists of a 60 × , 1.2 numerical aperture water immersion objective (Olympus, Hamburg, Germany), a 642 nm, 85 mW fiber-coupled diode laser for excitation, a charge-coupled device camera (Coolsnap HQ, Photometrics, Tuscon, AZ, USA) and a liquid crystal display-based SLM for light modulation (LC-R 1920, Holoeye Photonics, Berlin, Germany). A sketch of the set-up can be found in Fig. 2e . The TIRF SR-SIM set-up is documented by Kner et al.5 (link).
Fibrosis
Immersion
Lasers, Semiconductor
Light
Liquid Crystals
Medical Devices
Microscopy
Microscopy, Interference
Vision
During their first and second visits, infants were administered a battery of tasks containing stimuli that varied across different tasks and with short breaks in between. The stimuli and procedure for the gap task were adapted from those reported in our previous study (16). Infants were presented with the stimuli on a 46-inch liquid crystal display monitor, while seated on their parent’s lap at 60 cm distance. Looking behavior was monitored and recorded through video from an adjacent room. All trials in this task began with a centrally presented animation. The animations, subtending around 13.8°×18°, expanded and contracted to attract the infant to the center before the onset of the trial. The peripheral target was presented randomly either to the right or the left of the central fixation stimulus at the eccentricity of 15°. Peripheral targets were always the same (a dynamic green balloon) subtending 6.3°×6.3°. The purpose of freezing the motion of the central stimulus during the overlap period was to better match the relative attractiveness of the two competing stimuli. Without this feature, the central and peripheral stimuli would have been unbalanced, leading to artificially lengthened disengagement values. The peripheral target remained displayed until the infant looked at it or until 2.5 seconds elapsed. Once the infant looked to the target or if the maximum duration was reached, an attractive animation of an animal with sound replaced the peripheral target and the next trial was presented. The rate of trial presentation was controlled by the experimenter.
In the baseline condition, the central fixation stimulus was extinguished and the peripheral target appeared simultaneously; in the overlap condition, the animated peripheral target appeared while the central fixation stimulus remained displayed (but not animated) so that the two stimuli overlapped. More overlap trials were presented because these trials are less likely to yield valid reaction times (infants may look away or become stuck on the central fixation), especially in atypical infants. The two conditions were presented pseudorandomly across two blocks that were identical except for the central fixation stimulus, to maintain the infant’s interest in the task. Trial presentation continued until the infant became fussy or until a maximum of 70 trials was reached. The session was repeated if infants were excessively fussy. Of the 104 infants, data from 4 (2 at-risk) were excluded at the 7-month visit and 6 (2 at-risk) at the 14-month visit due to loss to follow-up, technical problems, or excessive fussiness or fatigue.Table 1 presents the number of trials administered in the remaining group.
In the baseline condition, the central fixation stimulus was extinguished and the peripheral target appeared simultaneously; in the overlap condition, the animated peripheral target appeared while the central fixation stimulus remained displayed (but not animated) so that the two stimuli overlapped. More overlap trials were presented because these trials are less likely to yield valid reaction times (infants may look away or become stuck on the central fixation), especially in atypical infants. The two conditions were presented pseudorandomly across two blocks that were identical except for the central fixation stimulus, to maintain the infant’s interest in the task. Trial presentation continued until the infant became fussy or until a maximum of 70 trials was reached. The session was repeated if infants were excessively fussy. Of the 104 infants, data from 4 (2 at-risk) were excluded at the 7-month visit and 6 (2 at-risk) at the 14-month visit due to loss to follow-up, technical problems, or excessive fussiness or fatigue.
Animals
Fatigue
Infant
Liquid Crystals
Neoplasm Metastasis
Parent
Sound
Following practice, subjects attempted 124 compound remote associate problems during FMRI scanning. These problems (Bowden and Jung-Beeman 2003 b) can be solved quickly and evoke an “Aha!” experience, producing a distinct behavioral signature (Bowden and Jung-Beeman 2003 (link)a), roughly half the time they are solved. Figure 1 illustrates the sequence of events for each trial. Each trial began with the task label “Compound” presented on liquid crystal diode goggles for 0.5 to 2.5 s. A gating signal from the scanner triggered the central presentation of three problem words, which persisted until subjects solved the problem or 30 s elapsed. If subjects solved the problem, they made a bimanual button press, after which the word “Solution?” prompted them to verbalize their solution. After 2 s the word “Insight?” prompted subjects to press buttons indicating whether they solved the problem with insight.
Prior to the experiment subjects were told the following: “A feeling of insight is a kind of ‘Aha!' characterized by suddenness and obviousness. You may not be sure how you came up with the answer, but are relatively confident that it is correct without having to mentally check it. It is as though the answer came into mind all at once—when you first thought of the word, you simply knew it was the answer. This feeling does not have to be overwhelming, but should resemble what was just described.” The experimenter interacted with subjects until this description was clear. This subjective rating could be used differently across subjects (or even across trials), blurring condition boundaries; yet the distinct neural correlates of insight observed across the group demonstrate that there was some consistency.
If subjects failed to solve problems within 30 s, the “Solution?” prompt appeared, and subjects pressed the “no” buttons and verbalized “Don't Know.” Then the “Insight?” prompt appeared, and subjects pressed the “no” buttons again. After the insight rating, subjects performed three line-matching trials (3 s each) to distract them from thinking about the problems, allowing the critical BOLD signal to return to baseline (Binder et al. 1999 (link)). The total time from the end of one problem to the onset of the next was 14.5–16.5 s. The condition (e.g., insight or noninsight solution) and time of events was determined by subjects' responses.
Prior to the experiment subjects were told the following: “A feeling of insight is a kind of ‘Aha!' characterized by suddenness and obviousness. You may not be sure how you came up with the answer, but are relatively confident that it is correct without having to mentally check it. It is as though the answer came into mind all at once—when you first thought of the word, you simply knew it was the answer. This feeling does not have to be overwhelming, but should resemble what was just described.” The experimenter interacted with subjects until this description was clear. This subjective rating could be used differently across subjects (or even across trials), blurring condition boundaries; yet the distinct neural correlates of insight observed across the group demonstrate that there was some consistency.
If subjects failed to solve problems within 30 s, the “Solution?” prompt appeared, and subjects pressed the “no” buttons and verbalized “Don't Know.” Then the “Insight?” prompt appeared, and subjects pressed the “no” buttons again. After the insight rating, subjects performed three line-matching trials (3 s each) to distract them from thinking about the problems, allowing the critical BOLD signal to return to baseline (Binder et al. 1999 (link)). The total time from the end of one problem to the onset of the next was 14.5–16.5 s. The condition (e.g., insight or noninsight solution) and time of events was determined by subjects' responses.
fMRI
Liquid Crystals
Nervousness
Respiratory Diaphragm
Self Confidence
Cats (postnatal days 36–49) were anesthetized with isoflurane (1–2% in surgery, 0.5–1.0% during imaging)22 (link) and paralyzed with vecuronium bromide22 (link). A craniotomy was performed over area 18 of the visual cortex, the dura reflected, and the underlying cortex covered with agarose. Movement of the brain from respiratory and heart beat pulsations were negligible (Supplementary Fig. S8 ). The cell-permeant calcium indicator Oregon Green 488 Bapta-1 AM (1 mM) was prepared22 (link),30 (link) and co-loaded with 40 μM Alexa Fluor 594 into a glass patch pipette (2.5 μm diameter tip). Under continuous visual guidance, the pipette tip was advanced 200–250 μm below the cortical surface and the indicators were then pressure ejected (5–10 psi). This particular method of loading produces minimal staining of glial cells (see Ref 22 (link)) but it is possible that some of the stained cells in the present study were not neuronal. Fluorescence was monitored with a custom-built microscope (Prairie Technologies) coupled with a Mai Tai XF (Newport Spectra-Physics) mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser (850 or 920 nm). Drifting sine-wave gratings (2 Hz, 50% contrast) were presented on a CRT (100 Hz refresh rate) in a variety of configurations for orientation, direction of motion, spatial frequency, ocularity (left or right eye—for ocular dominance), and eight inter-ocular spatial phase disparities (0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, 180°, 225°, 270°, 315°). For ocular dominance and binocular disparity assays, animals viewed the monoptic and dichoptic visual stimuli through ultra-fast ferroelectric liquid crystal shutters (7 KHz switching time, 1,000:1 extinction contrast ratio, DisplayTech). Each stimulus period (8 s) was preceded by an equal blank period, repeated 3–8 times. Coarse retinotopic positions of monocular receptive fields were determined by using 5° wide flashing bars of light or strips of gratings at ten retinotopic positions. Two-photon images were analyzed inMatlab (Mathworks)—see Full Methods.
Full Methods and any associated references are available in the online version of the paper at www.nature.com/nature .
ADRB2 protein, human
Alexa594
Animals
Biological Assay
Brain
Calcium
Cells
Cortex, Cerebral
Craniotomy
Dominance, Ocular
Dura Mater
Extinction, Psychological
Felis catus
Fluorescence
Isoflurane
Light
Liquid Crystals
Microscopy
Movement
Neuroglia
Neurons
Operative Surgical Procedures
Oregon green 488 BAPTA-1
Pressure
Pulse Rate
Respiratory Rate
Sapphire
Sepharose
Short Interspersed Nucleotide Elements
Vecuronium
Visual Cortex
Most recents protocols related to «Liquid Crystals»
Example 2
The following mixture M2 is prepared in accordance with the following table:
The mixture M2 is divided into 4 parts and the parts are mixed with 0.25% w/w, 0.30% w/w and 0.40% w/w of UVI-a, respectively, whereas one portion remains unchanged.
Each mixture is dissolved, coated and cured as described above and the change in retardation and dispersion is determined before after the stress test. The results are summarized in the following table:
Exercise Tests
Irganox 1076
Liquid Crystals
maternal compound W
Example 1
The following mixture M1 RMM is prepared in accordance with the following table:
The mixture M1 is divided into 4 parts and the parts are mixed with 0.25% w/w, 0.30% w/w and 0.40% w/w of UVI-a, respectively, whereas one portion remains unchanged.
Each mixture is dissolved, coated and cured as described above and the change in retardation and dispersion is determined before after the stress test. The results are summarized in the following table:
Exercise Tests
Irganox 1076
Liquid Crystals
maternal compound W
Example 1
Fermentation/Concentration
In some embodiments, whey permeate, concentrated permeate, and/or ultrafiltration permeate is pasteurized and then fermented with Lactic acid bacteria for 20 to 30 hours at 10-130° F. with injection of NH4(OH) to maintain pH at 5.5 to 5.6 during fermentation. The resulting fermented liquid is concentrated by mechanical vapor recompression (MVR) to achieve a solids content of about 58%-64%. The concentrated fermented liquid is then sent to a pH balance tank where it is injected with NH4(OH) to achieve a pH of about 6.5 to 6.7.
Crystallization
The concentrated fermented liquid is then sent to a plate heat exchanger (PHE) to bring the temperature of the liquid to about 130° F. The concentrated fermented liquid is then sent to a crystallization tank where the concentrated fermented liquid is agitated and allowed to cool to about 110° F. to 115° F., during which crystal formation occurs. In some embodiments, once the temperature of the concentrated fermented liquid reaches about 90° F. to 115° F. the concentrated fermented liquid is sent to a decanter centrifuge to separate the solid crystals from the liquid. Across 12 fermentation batches from production, the average yield of solid crystals was 1,744 lb.
Across multiple processing trials the following crystal yields were achieved:
Example 2
Fermentation/Concentration
In some embodiments, whey permeate, concentrated permeate, and/or ultrafiltration permeate is pasteurized and then fermented with Lactic acid bacteria for 20 to 30 hours at 100-120° F. with injection of NH4(OH) to maintain pH at 5.5 to 5.6. The resulting fermented liquid is concentrated by mechanical vapor recompression (MVR) to achieve a solids content of about 61%-64%.
Crystallization
The concentrated fermented liquid is then sent directly to a crystallizer tank with continuous agitation. In this example, the liquid is not sent to pH balance tank or chiller plate heat exchanger. To achieve higher crystal yield, a 3000 (w/w) CaOH slurry is added to the concentrated fermented liquid in the crystallization tank to achieve a calcium concentration of 0.9-2.0% (w/w) in the combined mixture. The CaOH slurry is added to the concentrated fermented liquid in the crystallizer tank slowly to allow thorough mixing. The mixture is then allowed to stand in the crystallization tank for 6 to 18 hours, during which time the temperature is allowed to cool to about 90 to 115° F. and crystals are formed. Once the temperature of the concentrated fermented liquid reaches about 90 to 115° F. the concentrated fermented liquid is sent to a decanter to separate the solid crystals from the liquid.
Across multiple processing trials the following crystal yields were achieved with a calcium concentration of 3.33% (non-seeded data from Example 1 is included for comparison):
Calcium, Dietary
Crystallization
Fermentation
Hydroxide, Calcium
Lactobacillales
Liquid Crystals
TO 115
Ultrafiltration
Whey
Example 9
A polarization converting layer B was formed using, as a support, the linearly polarized light reflection layer on which the alignment film was formed.
One surface of the support was subjected to rubbing treatment (rayon cloth, pressure: 0.1 kgf (0.98 N), rotation speed: 1000 rpm (revolutions per minute), transport speed: 10 m/min, number of times: moved back and force once) in a long-side direction of the support.
The polarization converting layer B-forming coating liquid was applied onto the rubbed surface of the support using a wire bar and then dried. Subsequently, the resulting product was placed on a hotplate at 50° C. and irradiated with ultraviolet rays for 6 seconds using an electrodeless lamp “D-bulb” (60 mW/cm2) manufactured by Fusion UV Systems Co., Ltd. in an environment with an oxygen concentration of 1000 ppm or less to fix the liquid crystal phase. Thus, a polarization converting layer B whose film thickness was adjusted to a desired film thickness was formed. Thus, a reflection film having the linearly polarized light reflection layer and the polarization converting layer B was produced.
Light
Liquid Crystals
Neoplasm Metastasis
Oxygen
Plant Bulb
Pressure
Radiation
rayon
Reflex
We used a Dell Precision M4800 laptop and a SensoMotoric Instruments (Boston, MA) Remote Eye Tracking Device (RED; 250Hz, ≤ 0.5˚ gaze position accuracy) attached to a 22” color-calibrated Dell liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor (at 1920 × 1080 resolution). Images were displayed on a custom digital viewer software using the DeepZoom Silverlight application (Microsoft, Inc.) in the web browser. The viewer tool allowed participating pathologists to zoom (1× to 60×) and pan the digital whole slide images while maintaining high resolution, and make measurements and annotations. While a pathologist used the viewer tool, data were automatically logged (at approximately 10Hz) to a local SQL database, to include zoom, position, and annotation data.
To collect diagnostic information from participants after reviewing each image, we developed a histology form on the Qualtrics web-based platform; histology forms are commonly used by pathologists to record their observations and interpretations of images [31 (link), 41 (link)]. The histology form asked participating pathologists to provide the single most advanced diagnosis by selecting among the five diagnostic categories detailed above (ranging from benign to invasive carcinoma). They also rated the difficulty of interpreting the image and their confidence with their determination (both on scales from 1–7). Of less relevance to this paper, information was also gathered about histopathological features (e.g., nuclear grading, presence and nature of necrosis, mitotic activity), whether they believed the features indicated a borderline diagnosis (between two diagnostic categories), and whether the pathologist would seek a consultative second opinion if they encountered the image during ordinary clinical practice.
To collect diagnostic information from participants after reviewing each image, we developed a histology form on the Qualtrics web-based platform; histology forms are commonly used by pathologists to record their observations and interpretations of images [31 (link), 41 (link)]. The histology form asked participating pathologists to provide the single most advanced diagnosis by selecting among the five diagnostic categories detailed above (ranging from benign to invasive carcinoma). They also rated the difficulty of interpreting the image and their confidence with their determination (both on scales from 1–7). Of less relevance to this paper, information was also gathered about histopathological features (e.g., nuclear grading, presence and nature of necrosis, mitotic activity), whether they believed the features indicated a borderline diagnosis (between two diagnostic categories), and whether the pathologist would seek a consultative second opinion if they encountered the image during ordinary clinical practice.
Carcinoma
Diagnosis
Liquid Crystals
Medical Devices
Necrosis
Pathologists
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More about "Liquid Crystals"
Liquid crystals (LCs) are a fascinating class of materials that exhibit properties of both liquids and solids.
These unique phase-changing compounds combine long-range molecular order with the ability to flow like liquids.
Liquid crystalline materials are widely utilized in display technologies, sensing applications, and cutting-edge scientific research.
Synonyms and related terms for liquid crystals include mesophases, anisotropic fluids, and liquid crystalline polymers.
Commonly used abbreviations are LC and LCP.
Key subtopics in the field of liquid crystals include thermotropic and lyotropic classifications, nematic and smectic phases, and the application of liquid crystals in LCD (liquid crystal display) devices, OLED (organic light-emitting diode) panels, and optical sensors.
Researchers leveraging tools like MATLAB, Presentation software, E-Prime, and the EyeLink 1000 eye tracker can explore the unique properties and behaviors of liquid crystalline materials.
Cutting-edge liquid crystal projects may also utilize specialized equipment such as the RM257 rheometer, Dc7900 thermal analysis system, CP-SX12000 projector, and LVP-HC6800 liquid crystal valve.
By optimizing experimental protocols and drawing insights from the latest advancements, scientists can drive progress in the dynamic field of liquid crystal research and development.
These unique phase-changing compounds combine long-range molecular order with the ability to flow like liquids.
Liquid crystalline materials are widely utilized in display technologies, sensing applications, and cutting-edge scientific research.
Synonyms and related terms for liquid crystals include mesophases, anisotropic fluids, and liquid crystalline polymers.
Commonly used abbreviations are LC and LCP.
Key subtopics in the field of liquid crystals include thermotropic and lyotropic classifications, nematic and smectic phases, and the application of liquid crystals in LCD (liquid crystal display) devices, OLED (organic light-emitting diode) panels, and optical sensors.
Researchers leveraging tools like MATLAB, Presentation software, E-Prime, and the EyeLink 1000 eye tracker can explore the unique properties and behaviors of liquid crystalline materials.
Cutting-edge liquid crystal projects may also utilize specialized equipment such as the RM257 rheometer, Dc7900 thermal analysis system, CP-SX12000 projector, and LVP-HC6800 liquid crystal valve.
By optimizing experimental protocols and drawing insights from the latest advancements, scientists can drive progress in the dynamic field of liquid crystal research and development.