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Electrons

Electrons are fundamental subatomic particles that carry a negative electric charge and are found in all atoms.
They play a crucial role in numerous chemical and physical processes, including the formation of bonds, the conduction of electricity, and the emission of light.
Electrons can be studied using various techniques, such as electron microscopy, electron spin resonance, and electron diffraction.
Understanding the behavior and properties of electrons is essential for a wide range of scientific disciplines, from materials science and nanotechnology to biophysics and medical imaging.
Reserchers can leverage AI-driven platforms like PubCompare.ai to easily locate protocols and products related to electron research, enhancing reproducibility and accuracy in their studies.

Most cited protocols related to «Electrons»

1
HRGC-HRMS Analysis of Environmental Samples
In this study, we used the chromatographic conditions stated in Santos et al.45 (link) Briefly describing, we utilized a high-resolution gas chromatograph-high-resolution mass spectrometer detector (HRGC-HRMS) from Shimadzu (GCMS-QP2010Plus, Shimadzu, Japan) with a Rtx-5MS gas capillary column (30 m × 0.250 mm × 0.25 µm, Restek Bellofonte, USA). Oven temperature programing initiated at 70 °C (2 min), then rising from 70–200 °C (30 °C min−1, 5 min), and 200–330 °C (5 °C min−1, 0.67 min). Injector temperature was set at 310 °C and transfer line was 280 °C. Analysis was done in GC-MS-SIM, at electron impact mode (EI) (70 eV). Sample preparation was done using a filter piece of 4.15 cm2 diameter added to a miniaturized micro-extraction device using 500 µL solvent extraction45 (link),61 (link). Sample preparation details are found in Supplementary Information.
Santos A.G., da Rocha G.O, & de Andrade J.B. (2019). Occurrence of the potent mutagens 2- nitrobenzanthrone and 3-nitrobenzanthrone in fine airborne particles. Scientific Reports, 9, 1.
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Publication 2019
Capillaries Chromatography Device Removal Electrons Gas Chromatography Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Solvents
2
CryoEM Movie-Frame Defocus Refinement
One of the biggest advances in cryoEM recently is the invention of direct electron detectors which allow movie recording. Beam induced movement correction using movies has greatly improved the resolution of the final reconstruction (Bai et al., 2013 (link), Li et al., 2013 (link)). The movement in the X or Y direction of a micrograph is usually around several Ångstroms (e.g. 1–10 Å), while the Z-direction movement can be over a hundred Ångstroms (Russo and Passmore, 2014 (link)). Although the movement is dominantly in the Z-direction, the small movement in the XY plane severely affects the quality of cryoEM micrographs. Motion correction programs normally consider only the drift in the XY plane because the eucentric height of the object does not affect its ideal 2D projection. However, EM micrographs are modulated by CTF, which is sensitive to Z-height changes. Beam induced movement might change the CTF from frame to frame. A hundred Ångstrom movement is not a significant change even up to a 3 Å reconstruction, but Fig. 1 suggests it might help to improve a reconstruction close to 2 Å.
Accurate defocus refinement for movie frames is implemented in Gctf to deal with large movement in the Z-direction. Similar to local defocus refinement, movie defocus refinement is performed in two steps. First, global CTF parameters are determined for the averaged micrograph of motion-corrected movies. Then based on the global values, parameters for each frame are refined using an equally weighted average of adjacent frames (suggested 5–10) to reduce the noise. Two options are provided in Gctf: coherent averaging Eq. (8) or incoherent averaging Eq. (9). |Fica(s→)|=∑j=i-N/2i+N/2Fj(s→)N |Fiica(s→)|=∑j=i-N/2i+N/2|Fj(s→)|N where |Fica(s→)| represents the coherent averaging of ith frame and ith the incoherent averaging; N is the number of frames to be averaged.
, & Zhang K. (2016). Gctf: Real-time CTF determination and correction. Journal of Structural Biology, 193(1), 1-12.
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Publication 2016
Cryoelectron Microscopy Electrons Movement Reading Frames Reconstructive Surgical Procedures
3
Crystallographic Structure Refinement in PHENIX
Crystallographic structure refinement can be performed in PHENIX (Adams et al., 2002 ▶ , 2010 ▶ ) using X-ray data, neutron data or both types of data simultaneously. Highly customized refinement strategies are available for a broad range of experimental data resolutions from ultrahigh resolution, where an interatomic scatterer (IAS) model can be used to model bonding features (Afonine et al., 2004 ▶ , 2007 ▶ ), to low resolution, where the use of torsion-angle parameterization (Rice & Brünger, 1994 ▶ ; Grosse-Kunstleve et al., 2009 ▶ ) and specific restraints for coordinates [reference-model, secondary-structure, noncrystallographic symmetry (NCS) and Ramachandran plot restraints] may be essential (Headd et al., 2012 ▶ ). A highly optimized automatic rigid-body refinement protocol (Afonine et al., 2009 ▶ ) is available to facilitate initial stages of refinement when the starting model may contain large errors or as the only option at very low resolution. Most refinement strategies can be combined with each other and applied to any selected part of the structure. Specific tools are available for refinement using neutron data, such as automatic detection, building and refinement of exchangeable H/D sites and difference electron-density map-based building of D atoms for water molecules (Afonine, Mustyakimov et al., 2010 ▶ ). Most of the refinement strategies available for refinement against X-­ray data are also available for refinement using neutron data. Refinement of individual coordinates can be performed in real or reciprocal space or consecutively in both (dual-space refinement). Refinement against data collected from twinned crystals is also possible.
The high degree of flexibility and extensive functionality of phenix.refine has been made possible by modern software-development approaches. These approaches include the use of object-oriented languages, where the convenience of scripting and ease of use in Python are augmented by the speed of C++, and by a library-based development approach, where each of the major building blocks is implemented as a reusable set of modules. Most of the modules are available through the open-source CCTBX libraries (Grosse-Kunstleve & Adams, 2002 ▶ ; Grosse-Kunstleve et al., 2002 ▶ ). An overview of the underlying open-source libraries can be found in a series of recent IUCr Computing Commission Newsletter articles (issues 1–8; http://www.iucr.org/iucr-top/comm/ccom/newsletters/).
The refinement protocol implemented in phenix.refine (Afonine et al., 2005b ▶ ) consists of three main parts.

Initialization: includes processing of input data and the job-control parameters, analysis and refinement-strategy selection and a number of consistency checks.

Macro-cycle: the main body of refinement, a repeatable block where the actual model refinement occurs.

Output: the concluding step where the refined model, electron-density maps and many statistics are reported.

The following sections outline the key steps of structure refinement in phenix.refine.
Afonine P.V., Grosse-Kunstleve R.W., Echols N., Headd J.J., Moriarty N.W., Mustyakimov M., Terwilliger T.C., Urzhumtsev A., Zwart P.H, & Adams P.D. (2012). Towards automated crystallographic structure refinement with phenix.refine. Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography, 68(Pt 4), 352-367.
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Publication 2012
Crystallography DNA Library Electrons Human Body Microtubule-Associated Proteins Muscle Rigidity Oryza sativa Python Radiography
4
Molecular Frame Photoelectron Distributions
The photoelectron momentum distributions with respect to the molecular axis shown in Fig. 2 were generated in the following way. Initially, the ions were assigned to the one of the two breakup channels, direct and indirect, by requiring the magnitude of the ion momentum to be within 3.5–17 a.u. and 37–46 a.u., respectively. This gating ensure that the ion comes from the breakup of the dimer along II(1/2)g state (Fig. 1a). The ionization of atomic neon as well as dissociation over the other potential curves43 (link) would result in the ion momentum smaller than 3 a.u. Subsequently, only ionization events have been considered, where ion and electron momentum vectors lie within slices along the polarization plane, defined by the conditions |px| < 0.55 a.u. for electrons as well as |px| < 3.5 a.u. and |px| < 12.0 a.u. for ions from the direct and indirect dissociation channels, respectively (the x-direction is the light propagation direction). These conditions ensure that the angle between a momentum vector and the polarization plane does not exceed 45° in the worst case. For the majority of events this angle is, however, smaller than 30°. Both, electron and ion momentum vectors were projected onto the polarization plane. The projection of the ion momentum defines the k|| direction, whereas the two components, k|| and k⊥, of the electron projection are plotted in Fig. 2. This type of molecular frame transformation avoids nodes along the dimer axis. It does not conserve the product k·R, but the loss of contrast in the interference patterns is negligible. Another type of transformation, a natural one, where the ion momentum vector, not its projection, defines the k|| direction is presented in the Supplementary Note 3 and Supplementary Fig. 4.
Kunitski M., Eicke N., Huber P., Köhler J., Zeller S., Voigtsberger J., Schlott N., Henrichs K., Sann H., Trinter F., Schmidt L.P., Kalinin A., Schöffler M.S., Jahnke T., Lein M, & Dörner R. (2019). Double-slit photoelectron interference in strong-field ionization of the neon dimer. Nature Communications, 10, 1.
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Publication 2019
Cloning Vectors Electrons Epistropheus Light Neon Product R Reading Frames
5
Neon Dimer Ionization and Momentum Analysis
The neon dimers were prepared in a molecular beam under supersonic expansion of gaseous neon at a temperature of 60 K through a 5 µm nozzle (see Supplementary Figure 1). The nozzle temperature was stabilized within ±0.1 K by a continuous flow cryogenic cryostat (Model RC110 UHV, Cryo Industries of America, Inc.). The optimum dimer yield was found at a nozzle back pressure of 3 bar. Neon dimers were selected from the molecular beam by means of matter wave diffraction using a transmission grating with a period of 100 nm. The selection allowed increasing the relative yield of Ne2 from typically 2%12 (link) to 20% with respect to the monomer.
The neon dimers were singly ionized by a strong ultra-short laser field (40 fs -FWHM in intensity -, 780 nm, 8 kHz, Dragon KMLabs). The field intensities were 7.3×1014 W cm−2 (Keldysh parameter γ = 0.72) in case of circular polarization and 1.2×1015 W cm−2 (γ = 0.4) in the experiment with linearly polarized light. The 3D-momenta of the ion and the electron after ionization were measured by cold target recoil ion momentum spectroscopy (COLTRIMS). In the COLTRIMS spectrometer a homogeneous electric field of 16 V cm−1 for circularly polarized light, or 23 V cm−1 in case of linearly polarized laser field, guided the ions onto a time- and position-sensitive micro-channel plate detector with hexagonal delay-line position readout42 (link) and an active area of 80 mm. In order to achieve 4π solid angle detection of electrons with momenta up to 2.5 a.u., a magnetic field of 12.5 G was applied within the COLTRIMS spectrometer in the experiment with the circularly polarized laser field. In the case of linearly polarized light a magnetic field of 9 G was utilized. The ion and electron detectors were placed at 450 mm and 250 mm, respectively, away from the ionization region.
Kunitski M., Eicke N., Huber P., Köhler J., Zeller S., Voigtsberger J., Schlott N., Henrichs K., Sann H., Trinter F., Schmidt L.P., Kalinin A., Schöffler M.S., Jahnke T., Lein M, & Dörner R. (2019). Double-slit photoelectron interference in strong-field ionization of the neon dimer. Nature Communications, 10, 1.
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Publication 2019
Cold Temperature Electricity Electrons Gases Light Magnetic Fields Neon Pressure Spectrum Analysis Transmission, Communicable Disease

Most recents protocols related to «Electrons»

1
Chitosan Nanofiber Membranes for Tissue Regeneration
Not available on PMC !

Example 12

There has been a growing interest in the fabrication of nanofibers derived from natural polymers due to their ability to mimic the structure and function of extracellular matrix. Electrospinning is a simple technique to obtain nano-micro fibers with customized fiber topology and composition (FIGS. 33A and 33B). The chitosan electrospun nanofibers have recently been extensively studied due to the favorable properties of chitosan such as controllable biodegradation, good biocompatibility and high mechanical strength. Currently, chitosan can be electrospun from a solution of chitosan dissolved in either trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) or acetic acid (HAc). However, processes to remove residual acid and acid salts from the electrospun material generally resulted in a swelling of fibers and deterioration of the nano-fibrous structure. Crosslinking in combination with neutralization methods also had not been effective at preventing loss of nano-fibrous structure.

The current study aimed to improve and maintain nano-fibrous and porous structure of the electrospun membranes by introducing a new post electrospinning chemical treatment. Membrane thickness was tripled in this research in order to increase the general tearing strength. Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) examination (FIG. 33C) and transmission electron micrograph (TEM) examination (FIG. 33D) showed Fiber diameters of the triethanolamine/N-tert-butoxycarbonyl (TEA/t-BoC) treated membranes ranged from 40 nm to 130 nm while fiber diameters were not able to be determined for the Na2CO3 group. Membranes treated by TEA/tboc (FIG. 34A) exhibited more nano-scale fibrous structure than membranes treated by saturated Na2CO3 (FIGS. 35B-35D, as seen demonstrated in scanning electron micrographs. After immersion in PBS for 24 hours, membranes treated by TEA/tboc exhibited less than 30% swelling (FIG. 34B) and retained their nanofibrous structure, compared with membranes treated by Na2CO3 (FIGS. 35B-35D) or compared with the non-treated chitosan membrane (FIG. 35A). After soaking the TEA/tBoc treated membranes in water overnight, membranes still kept the porous structure. In both, the before and after water status, fibers kept diameters in the nanometer range (FIG. 35C). TEA/tBoC modified nanofiber membranes also well preserved their fibrous structure over 4 weeks in physiological solution compared with Na2CO3 treated membranes (FIG. 35D).

Chitosan membranes treated by TEA/tboc showed better nano-fiber morphology characteristics than membranes neutralized by saturated Na2CO3 solution before and after being soaked in PBS. Retention of the nanofibrous structure for guided tissue regeneration applications may be of benefit for enabling nutrient exchange between soft gingival tissue and bone compartments and for mimicking the natural nanofibrillar components of the extracellular matrix during regeneration.

US11878088B2. Chitosan nanofiber compositions, compositions comprising modified chitosan, and methods of use (2024-01-23). The University of Memphis Research Foundation [US]. Inventors: Joel D. Bumgardner [US], Hengjie Su [US], Tomoko Fujiwara [US], Daniel G. Abebe [US], Kwei-Yu Liu [US].
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Patent 2024
Acetic Acid Acids Bones Chitosan Electrons Environmental Biodegradation Extracellular Matrix Fibrosis Gingiva Guided Tissue Regeneration Hydrochloric acid Nutrients physiology Polymers Regeneration Retention (Psychology) Submersion TERT protein, human Tissue, Membrane Tissues Transmission, Communicable Disease triethanolamine Trifluoroacetic Acid Vision
2
Bioactive Aerogel Bone Graft Substitutes
Not available on PMC !

Example 4

FIG. 1 shows the N2 adsorption isotherm of sample 2.

Bioactivity testing (ability to precipitate hydroxyapatite) was carried out on sample 2 using a simulated body fluid test.

FIG. 2 shows the absorbance spectra after 3 hours of immersion in simulated body fluid. The precipitation of hydroxyapatite is confirmed by the presence of two bands at 560 and 600 cm−1.

This is an industry standard test to demonstrate that a material is bioactive. This test is widely accepted to demonstrate that a material which is bioactive in simulated body fluid would, once in the body, be able to form bone on its surface. This is an essential property for bone substitute materials.

FIGS. 3 and 4 show a scanning electron micrograph of sample 2 after calcination.

The structure of the unreacted sample 2 shows silica spheres forming a bioactive aerogel structure.

This data demonstrates that the bone graft substitutes of the present invention are bioactive and exhibit low densities and high surface areas, compared to typically used bones graft substitutes.

US11857698B2. Bone graft system (2024-01-02). UCL BUSINESS LTD [GB]. Inventors: Niall Kent [GB], Marc-Olivier Coppens [GB].
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Patent 2024
Adsorption Body Fluids Bones Bone Substitutes Bone Transplantation Durapatite Electrons Figs Grafts Human Body Silicon Dioxide Submersion
3
Enhancing Aromatic Compound Solubility
Not available on PMC !

Example 7

Water solubility of aromatic compounds can be improved by introducing charged groups or atoms with lone pair electrons that can participate in hydrogen bonding. Such groups are, for example, —OH, —CH2OH, —OCH3, —COOH, —SO3H, —NH2, —NH3Cl, —ONa. Sugars, amino acids, and peptides can also improve water solubility of quinones. Synthetic macromolecules such as polyethyleneglycoles can be used as substituents as well.

US11867660B2. Electronic control of the pH of a solution close to an electrode surface (2024-01-09). Robert Bosch GmbH [DE]. Inventors: Christopher Johnson [US], Sam Kavusi [US], Nadezda Fomina [US], Habib Ahmad [US], Autumn Maruniak [US], Christoph Lang [US], Ashwin Raghunathan [US], Young Shik Shin [US], Armin Darvish [US], Efthymios Papageorgiou [US].
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Patent 2024
Amino Acids Electrons Peptides Quinones Sugars
4
Characterization of DHE Powder Formulations
Not available on PMC !

Example 4

SEM samples were prepared by dispersing powder onto an adhesive carbon-coated sample stub a coating with a thin conductive layer of gold/palladium using a Polaron Autocoater E5200. Samples were analyzed using a FEI Quanta 200 SEM fitted with an Everhart-Thornley (secondary electron) detector, operating in high vacuum mode. FIG. 4 is a group of scanning electron microscope (SEM) scans of several DHE preparations that comprise DHE alone or with MCC, MCC/HPMC, or PVP.

US11872314B2. Pharmaceutical compositions (2024-01-16). Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd. [JP]. Inventors: Shunji Haruta [JP].
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Patent 2024
Carbon Electric Conductivity Electrons Gold Palladium Polaron Powder Radionuclide Imaging Scanning Electron Microscopy Vacuum
5
Ambipolar Behavior in Monolayer MoSe2
Not available on PMC !

Example 3

The carrier type and density in a single monolayer films MoSe2 was controlled by a voltage applied to the electrostatic gate.

A cross section of a monolayer MoSe2 was grown directly on an SiO2/Si(001) substrate. A cross-section of the structure is shown in FIG. 7A. The current between the source and drain contacts is determined by the external voltage applied to the gate, where the highly doped Si substrate serves as a gate contact, and the SiO2 serves as the gate dielectric. As shown in FIG. 7B, when the gate voltage is negative, the MoSe2 becomes p-type and the current is dominated by hole motion. When the gate voltage is positive, the MoSe2 becomes n-type and the current is dominated by electron flow. This characteristic is known as “ambipolar.”

For intermediate voltages, the MoSe2 is depleted of carriers and becomes nearly insulating, with very little current flow. The ratio between the current in the “on” state for electron flow, and the “off” state where current flow is minimum, is greater than 104. The gate voltages required in this example are large because the SiO2 is thick (about 300 nm), and the electric field due to an external voltage applied to the Si substrate decreases as t−1, where t is the thickness of the gate dielectric (SiO2).

US11862716B2. Light-emitting devices having lateral heterojunctions in two-dimensional materials integrated with multiferroic layers (2024-01-02). The Government of the United States of America, as represented by the Secretary of the Navy [US]. Inventors: Berend T. Jonker [US], Connie H. Li [US], Kathleen M. McCreary [US], Olaf M. J. van 't Erve [US].
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Patent 2024
Electricity Electrons Electrostatics Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique Medical Devices

Top products related to «Electrons»

1
Vitrobot mark 4 by Thermo Fisher Scientific
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The Vitrobot Mark IV is a cryo-electron microscopy sample preparation instrument designed to produce high-quality vitrified specimens for analysis. It automates the process of blotting and plunge-freezing samples in liquid ethane, ensuring consistent and reproducible sample preparation.
2
Titan krios by Thermo Fisher Scientific
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The Titan Krios is a high-performance transmission electron microscope (TEM) designed for cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) applications. It provides high-resolution imaging and data acquisition capabilities for the study of biological macromolecular structures.
3
S 4800 by Hitachi
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The S-4800 is a high-resolution scanning electron microscope (SEM) manufactured by Hitachi. It provides a range of imaging and analytical capabilities for various applications. The S-4800 utilizes a field emission electron gun to generate high-quality, high-resolution images of samples.
4
K2 summit by Ametek
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The K2 Summit is a high-performance laboratory equipment designed for precise analysis and measurement. It features advanced capabilities for accurate data collection and analysis, enabling researchers and scientists to conduct their work efficiently and effectively.
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Titan krios microscope by Thermo Fisher Scientific
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The Titan Krios microscope is a high-performance cryo-electron microscope (cryo-EM) designed for advanced structural biology research. It features a stable, high-resolution electron beam and sophisticated imaging capabilities to enable the visualization and analysis of biological samples at the atomic level.
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Jem 2100f by JEOL
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The JEM-2100F is a transmission electron microscope (TEM) designed and manufactured by JEOL. It is capable of high-resolution imaging and analytical capabilities. The JEM-2100F is used for a variety of research and industrial applications that require advanced electron microscopy techniques.
7
Titan krios electron microscope by Thermo Fisher Scientific
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The Titan Krios electron microscope is a high-resolution transmission electron microscope designed for advanced structural biology research. It features a stable and powerful electron beam, advanced optics, and a state-of-the-art detector system, enabling the visualization and analysis of biological samples at the atomic level.
8
Epu software by Thermo Fisher Scientific
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EPU software is a platform developed by Thermo Fisher Scientific for the acquisition and processing of cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) data. The software provides a user-friendly interface to control the microscope and automate the image acquisition process, ensuring consistent and reliable data collection.
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D8 advance by Bruker
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The D8 Advance is a versatile X-ray diffractometer (XRD) designed for phase identification, quantitative analysis, and structural characterization of a wide range of materials. It features advanced optics and a high-performance detector to provide accurate and reliable results.
10
K2 summit direct electron detector by Ametek
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The K2 Summit is a direct electron detector designed for high-resolution electron microscopy. It captures detailed images by directly recording the path of individual electrons, without the need for an intermediate scintillator or optical coupling. The K2 Summit provides fast frame rates and high detective quantum efficiency, enabling advanced imaging techniques in various scientific and industrial applications.

More about "Electrons"

Electrons are fundamental subatomic particles that carry a negative electric charge and are found in all atoms.
They play a crucial role in numerous chemical and physical processes, including the formation of chemical bonds, the conduction of electricity, and the emission of light.
Electrons can be studied using various techniques, such as electron microscopy (e.g., Vitrobot Mark IV, Titan Krios, S-4800, K2 Summit, Titan Krios electron microscope, JEM-2100F), electron spin resonance, and electron diffraction.
Understanding the behavior and properties of electrons is essential for a wide range of scientific disciplines, from materials science and nanotechnology to biophysics and medical imaging.
Researchers can leverage AI-driven platforms like PubCompare.ai to easily locate protocols and products related to electron research, enhancing reproducibility and accuracy in their studies.
The EPU software, for example, can be used to control and optimize the operation of electron microscopes like the Titan Krios.
Electron research is also closely tied to the development of advanced materials and devices, such as those used in the D8 Advance product line.
The K2 Summit direct electron detector is another key tool that can be used to capture high-resolution images of electron behavior and interactions.
By delving deeper into the fascinating world of electrons, scientists can unlock new discoveries and drive innovation across a variety of fields.
Whether you're studying the fundamental properties of electrons or exploring their applications in cutting-edge technologies, the insights gained can have far-reaching implications for our understanding of the physical universe.