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Neon

Neon is a colorless, odorless, inert gas that is the second-lightest member of the noble gas group.
It is commonly used in electric signs and displays due to its bright, reddish-orange glow when excited by an electric current.
Neon has a wide range of applications in scientific and industrial settings, including as a tracer gas, in laser technology, and in cryogenic refrigeration.
Neon is also an important component of the Earth's atmosphere, making up approximately 18.2 parts per million by volume.
Despite its inertness, neon can form some compounds under specific conditions, though these are rare and typically unstable.
Reserchers should consider neon's unique properties and potential applications when designing experiments or developing new technologies.

Most cited protocols related to «Neon»

Molecular Frame Photoelectron Distributions

The photoelectron momentum distributions with respect to the molecular axis shown in Fig. 2 were generated in the following way. Initially, the ions were assigned to the one of the two breakup channels, direct and indirect, by requiring the magnitude of the ion momentum to be within 3.5–17 a.u. and 37–46 a.u., respectively. This gating ensure that the ion comes from the breakup of the dimer along II(1/2)_g state (Fig. 1a). The ionization of atomic neon as well as dissociation over the other potential curves^{43 (link)} would result in the ion momentum smaller than 3 a.u. Subsequently, only ionization events have been considered, where ion and electron momentum vectors lie within slices along the polarization plane, defined by the conditions |p_x| < 0.55 a.u. for electrons as well as |p_x| < 3.5 a.u. and |p_x| < 12.0 a.u. for ions from the direct and indirect dissociation channels, respectively (the x-direction is the light propagation direction). These conditions ensure that the angle between a momentum vector and the polarization plane does not exceed 45° in the worst case. For the majority of events this angle is, however, smaller than 30°. Both, electron and ion momentum vectors were projected onto the polarization plane. The projection of the ion momentum defines the k_|| direction, whereas the two components, k_|| and k_⊥, of the electron projection are plotted in Fig. 2. This type of molecular frame transformation avoids nodes along the dimer axis. It does not conserve the product k·R, but the loss of contrast in the interference patterns is negligible. Another type of transformation, a natural one, where the ion momentum vector, not its projection, defines the k_|| direction is presented in the Supplementary Note 3 and Supplementary Fig. 4.

Kunitski M., Eicke N., Huber P., Köhler J., Zeller S., Voigtsberger J., Schlott N., Henrichs K., Sann H., Trinter F., Schmidt L.P., Kalinin A., Schöffler M.S., Jahnke T., Lein M, & Dörner R. (2019). Double-slit photoelectron interference in strong-field ionization of the neon dimer. Nature Communications, 10, 1.

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Publication 2019

Cloning Vectors Electrons Epistropheus Light Neon Product R Reading Frames

Neon Dimer Ionization and Momentum Analysis

The neon dimers were prepared in a molecular beam under supersonic expansion of gaseous neon at a temperature of 60 K through a 5 µm nozzle (see Supplementary Figure 1). The nozzle temperature was stabilized within ±0.1 K by a continuous flow cryogenic cryostat (Model RC110 UHV, Cryo Industries of America, Inc.). The optimum dimer yield was found at a nozzle back pressure of 3 bar. Neon dimers were selected from the molecular beam by means of matter wave diffraction using a transmission grating with a period of 100 nm. The selection allowed increasing the relative yield of Ne₂ from typically 2%^{12 (link)} to 20% with respect to the monomer.
The neon dimers were singly ionized by a strong ultra-short laser field (40 fs -FWHM in intensity -, 780 nm, 8 kHz, Dragon KMLabs). The field intensities were 7.3×10¹⁴ W cm⁻² (Keldysh parameter γ = 0.72) in case of circular polarization and 1.2×10¹⁵ W cm⁻² (γ = 0.4) in the experiment with linearly polarized light. The 3D-momenta of the ion and the electron after ionization were measured by cold target recoil ion momentum spectroscopy (COLTRIMS). In the COLTRIMS spectrometer a homogeneous electric field of 16 V cm⁻¹ for circularly polarized light, or 23 V cm⁻¹ in case of linearly polarized laser field, guided the ions onto a time- and position-sensitive micro-channel plate detector with hexagonal delay-line position readout^{42 (link)} and an active area of 80 mm. In order to achieve 4π solid angle detection of electrons with momenta up to 2.5 a.u., a magnetic field of 12.5 G was applied within the COLTRIMS spectrometer in the experiment with the circularly polarized laser field. In the case of linearly polarized light a magnetic field of 9 G was utilized. The ion and electron detectors were placed at 450 mm and 250 mm, respectively, away from the ionization region.

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Publication 2019

Cold Temperature Electricity Electrons Gases Light Magnetic Fields Neon Pressure Spectrum Analysis Transmission, Communicable Disease

Photoelectron Momentum Distribution of Neon Dimer

Starting from a 2p atomic orbital aligned along the molecular axis, we solve the three-dimensional TDSE in single-active-electron approximation with the split-operator method on a Cartesian grid with 512 points in each dimension, a grid spacing of 0.25 a.u. and a time step of 0.02 a.u. While propagating up to a final time T = 1500 a.u., outgoing parts of the wave function are projected onto Volkov states^{44 (link)}. The potential for a single neon atom is chosen as in ref. ^{45 (link)} but with the singularity removed using a pseudopotential^{46 (link)} for angular momentum l = 1. The clockwise circularly polarized pulse has a 12-cycle sin² envelope and a peak field strength of 0.096 a.u. To obtain the momentum distribution for the dimer we multiply two copies of the atomic distribution by e^±ik·R/2, respectively (|R|/2 = 2.93 a.u.) and then add them coherently with an additional factor of ± 1 depending on the type of interference, gerade, or ungerade. To account for different possible orientations of the dimer with respect to the polarization plane, we vary the angle between them in 8 steps to cover a range from 0 to 45°, project the molecular photoelectron momentum distribution (PMD) onto the polarization plane and add these projections together with their geometrical weights. The PMDs are then averaged over the ATI peaks to obtain the final distributions shown in Fig. 2.

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Publication 2019

Electrons Epistropheus Mental Orientation Neon Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome Pulse Rate

Transfection of Cell Lines with Antisense Oligonucleotides

Cells (HeLa, A549, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 obtained from ATCC) were maintained in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 10 units ml⁻¹ penicillin and 10 μg ml⁻¹ streptomycin at 37 °C, and 5% CO₂. All cell lines were tested for mycoplasma contamination and were not authenticated. U1, U2 antisense, and control morpholino oligonucleotide sequences were 5ʹ-GGTATCTCCCCTGCCAGGTAAGTAT-3ʹ, 5ʹ-CCTCTTACCTCAGTTACAATTTATA-3ʹ and 5ʹ-TGATAAGAACAGATACTACACTTGA-3ʹ, respectively^{8 (link)}. Oligonucleotides were transfected into 1 × 10⁶ cells using a Neon transfection system (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer’s instruction to achieve the desired final doses indicated in the text and figures.

Oh J.M., Venters C.C., Di C., Pinto A.M., Wan L., Younis I., Cai Z., Arai C., So B.R., Duan J, & Dreyfuss G. (2020). U1 snRNP regulates cancer cell migration and invasion in vitro. Nature Communications, 11, 1.

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Publication 2020

Cell Lines Cells Eagle Fetal Bovine Serum HeLa Cells Morpholinos Mycoplasma Neon Oligonucleotides Penicillins Streptomycin Transfection

Derivation of Human iPSCs from Fibroblasts and Blood Cells

Human primary fibroblasts were derived from biopsied skin tissue samples. The fibroblasts were established and expanded with DMEM containing 10% autologous human serum. Using these fibroblasts, iPS cells were generated as described previously17 (link). Briefly, following electroporation of reprogramming factors with episomal vectors using the Neon system (Life Technologies), the cells were plated on a non-coated cell culture plate. iPS cells were induced by changing the medium to StemFit™. Twenty to thirty days after plating, iPS cell colonies were observed.
Blood cell-derived iPS cells were generated as described previously16 (link). Briefly, mononuclear cells were prepared from peripheral blood using the Ficoll-Paque PREMIUM (GE Healthcare) separation method. The cells were electroporated with episomal vectors using a Nucleofector 4D system (with P3 Primary Cell Kit, Lonza) and plated on rLN511E8-coated cell culture plates. The iPSCs were induced by changing the medium to StemFit™. Twenty to thirty days after plating, iPS cell colonies were observed. A similar method was used to generate Ff-hiPSCs from human cord blood (provided by the RIKEN Bioresource Center Cell Bank). We generated several clones of Ff-hiPSCs from each experiment.
The experimental protocols dealing with human subjects were approved by the institutional review board at our institute (Kyoto University Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Ethics Committee). Written informed consent was provided by each donor.

Nakagawa M., Taniguchi Y., Senda S., Takizawa N., Ichisaka T., Asano K., Morizane A., Doi D., Takahashi J., Nishizawa M., Yoshida Y., Toyoda T., Osafune K., Sekiguchi K, & Yamanaka S. (2014). A novel efficient feeder-free culture system for the derivation of human induced pluripotent stem cells. Scientific Reports, 4, 3594.

Publication 2014

BLOOD Blood Cells Cell Culture Techniques Cells Clone Cells Cloning Vectors Electroporation Episomes Ethics Committees Ethics Committees, Research Faculty, Medical Fibroblasts Ficoll Homo sapiens Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Neon Serum Skin Tissue Donors Umbilical Cord Blood

Most recents protocols related to «Neon»

Plasmid Transfection and HPRT1 Correction

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Publication 2023

Cells Dietary Supplements Fibroblasts lipofectamine 2000 Mutation Neon Patients Plasmids Transfection

Genetic Engineering of C. albicans Transcription Factor Mutants

Strains not associated with the library are summarized in Supplementary file 8. C. albicans transformations were performed using the standard lithium acetate transformation method (Noble and Johnson, 2005 (link)). The single and double homozygous mutant strains of C. albicans were constructed from an SN152 background using the transient CRISPR/Cas9 method (Min et al., 2016 (link)). Oligonucleotides and plasmids used to generate the mutant strains in this study are listed in Supplementary file 9. Briefly, the ume6∆∆ mutant strain was generated by deleting one copy of UME6 with HIS1 cassette which was amplified from pFA-LHL plasmid (Dueñas-Santero et al., 2019 (link)) with primer pairs UME6.P1 and UME6.2. The second allele of UME6 was replaced with the ARG4 marker amplified from pFA-LAL (Min et al., 2016 (link)) plasmid with primer pairs UME6.P1 and UME6.P2 and by using sgRNA targeting individual alleles of UME6 gene.
The brg1∆∆ mutant strain was generated by amplifying ARG4 cassette from pSN69 plasmid (Noble and Johnson, 2005 (link)) with primer pairs BRG1.P1 and BRG1.P2 and by using sgRNA targeting two alleles of BRG1 gene. The rob1∆∆ homozygous strain was generated by amplifying HIS1 cassette from the pSN52 plasmid (Noble and Johnson, 2005 (link)) with primer pairs ROB1.P1 and ROB1.P2 by using sgRNA targeting two alleles of ROB1 gene. The resulting brg1∆∆ and rob1∆∆ mutants were further used to generate double homozygous brg1∆∆ nrg1∆∆ and rob1∆∆ nrg1∆∆. To do this, both copies of NRG1 knocked out by amplifying HIS1 or ARG4 cassette from the plasmid pFA-LHL or pFA-LAL, respectively, with primer pairs NRG1.P1 and NRG1.P2 and using sgRNA targeting two alleles of NRG1 gene. The efg1∆∆ mutant strain from Homann collection (Homann et al., 2009 (link)) was used to generate the double homozygous efg1∆∆ nrg1∆∆ mutant. To do this, pFA-LAL plasmid was used to amplify the ARG4 cassette using NRG1.P1 and NRG1.P2 primer pairs and using sgRNA targeting two alleles of NRG1 gene. The resultant transformants were selected on the SD plates lacking either histidine or arginine. The single or double homozygous integration of the deletion cassette was confirmed by standard PCR methods.
Fluorescently labeled strains were generated by using pENO1-NEON-NAT1 and pENO1-iRFP-NAT1 plasmids as previously described (Bergeron et al., 2017 (link); Seman et al., 2018 (link)) and the resultant transformants were selected on YPD containing 200 µg/ml nourseothricin (Werner Bioagents, Jena, Germany). The reference strain was tagged with green fluorescent protein (NEON) whereas all the TF mutants were tagged with iRFP.

Wakade R.S., Ristow L.C., Wellington M, & Krysan D.J. (2023). Intravital imaging-based genetic screen reveals the transcriptional network governing Candida albicans filamentation during mammalian infection. eLife, 12, e85114.

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Publication 2023

Alleles Arginine Candida albicans Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats Deletion Mutation DNA Library Genes Green Fluorescent Proteins Histidine Homozygote lithium acetate NAT1 protein, human Neon Nourseothricin NRG1 protein, human Oligonucleotide Primers Oligonucleotides Plasmids SMARCA4 protein, human Strains Transients

Rotational Spectroscopy of Glycolaldehyde Dimer

We used the CP-FTMW COMPACT spectrometer in Hamburg (13 , 40 ) to collect the rotational spectra of a mixture of commercially available Gly (2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-dioxane) sample and water. Glycolaldehyde dimer was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich as a crystalline powder (98% purity) and used without further purification. The sample was placed in an internal reservoir located close to the valve orifice and heated to 80^°C to sufficiently vaporize the sample. For obtaining the spectra of the clusters, pure neon gas was flowed over an external reservoir of deionized water at a total pressure of 3 bar. This water-enriched gas was then passed through the internal reservoir where it picked up the Gly vapor. The carrier gas mixture seeded with Gly and water was then supersonically expanded into vacuum (ca. 10⁻⁶ mbar) through a 1-mm pinhole with gas pulses of 800 μs. At this point, the collisional formation of clusters takes place. The supersonically cooled clusters were probed by a series of microwave chirped pulses. In our experiment, a train of eight excitation pulses is broadcast per gas pulse at a repetition rate of 8 Hz, yielding an effective repetition rate of 64 Hz. After each excitation, the molecular emission is collected as a free-induction-decay (FID) in the time-domain, for 40 μs, on a fast oscilloscope after amplification by a low-noise amplifier. The final dataset represents a time-domain average of 5 Million FIDs, which was subsequently Fourier transformed into the frequency domain after applying a Kaiser–Bessel window function to improve the baseline resolution. For the second measurement, a 6:1 (H₂¹⁶O:H₂¹⁸O) mixture prepared from a commercially available 97% H₂¹⁸O sample was used. The H₂¹⁸O-enriched rotational spectrum was then recorded under the same experimental conditions, and 5 Million FIDs were once again collected. In order to obtain the rotational spectra presented here (2 to 12 GHz), we expanded the bandwidth of our 2- to 8-GHz spectrometer to allow for the collection of the entire 2- to 12-GHz frequency range in a single acquisition. In short, two dual-polarization horn antennae were used for both the excitation and detection. A 2-μs chirped-pulse spanning 2- to 8-GHz was broadcast horizontally, while the vertical polarization was used to excite the molecules in the 8- to 12-GHz range with another 2-μs chirped-pulse. The molecular emission was then collected by the second dual-polarization horn and combined into a single channel using a power combiner, amplified and collected on a fast oscilloscope. This setup reduces the acquisition time by half without large signal loss, see SI Appendix for additional details. The structural analysis as well as the theoretical methodologies are also explained in detail in SI Appendix.

Steber A.L., Temelso B., Kisiel Z., Schnell M, & Pérez C. (2023). Rotational dive into the water clusters on a simple sugar substrate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 120(9), e2214970120.

Publication 2023

dioxane glycolaldehyde Horns Microwaves Neon Powder Pressure Pulse Rate Pulses Vacuum

Transient Knockdown of SOX11 in Cells

Cells were seeded in 6-well tissue culture plates 24 h prior to transfection. 100 nM of siRNA non-targeting control (siRNA NTC, D-001810-10-05) or siRNA SOX11 (L-017377-01-0005, Dharmacon) were transiently transfected using DharmaFect 2 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) according to the manufacturer’s guidelines. For nucleofection, cells were nucleofected with 100 nM of the above described siRNA NTC and siRNA SOX11 using the Neon Transfection System (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and subsequently seeded in 6-well or T25 tissue culture plates.

Decaesteker B., Louwagie A., Loontiens S., De Vloed F., Bekaert S.L., Roels J., Vanhauwaert S., De Brouwer S., Sanders E., Berezovskaya A., Denecker G., D’haene E., Van Haver S., Van Loocke W., Van Dorpe J., Creytens D., Van Roy N., Pieters T., Van Neste C., Fischer M., Van Vlierberghe P., Roberts S.S., Schulte J., Ek S., Versteeg R., Koster J., van Nes J., Zimmerman M., De Preter K, & Speleman F. (2023). SOX11 regulates SWI/SNF complex components as member of the adrenergic neuroblastoma core regulatory circuitry. Nature Communications, 14, 1267.

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Publication 2023

Cells Neon RNA, Small Interfering SOX11 protein, human Tissues Transfection

Immunofluorescent Analysis of Innate Immune Receptors

Deparaffinized sections were treated with a 5% solution of sodium borohydride to eliminate autofluorescence, then a 2.5% solution of bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used, and then slices were incubated overnight with primary antibodies against TLR2, CD14, and α-Tubulin [40 (link)]. After that, the incubation of secondary antibodies was performed. To avoid bleaching, the slices were mounted using Fluoromount™ Aqueous Mounting Medium (Sigma-Aldrich, Taufkirchen Germany, Europe). Experiments were run without the primary antibodies as a negative control (data not shown). In order to confirm that the primary antibodies were immunopositive, rat skin tissues were employed as a positive control (data not shown) [5 (link), 47 (link), 74 (link)].
The sections were analyzed under a Zeiss LSM DUO confocal laser scanning microscope with a META module (Carl Zeiss MicroImaging GmbH, Jena, Germany, Europe) with a helium–neon (543 nm) and argon (458 nm) lasers of different wavelengths [7 ]. To improve pictures Zen 2011 (LSM 700 Zeiss software, Oberkochen, Germany, Europe) was used. Using Adobe Photoshop CC version 2019 (Adobe Systems, San Jose, CA, USA) the digital images were merged to a composite figure. The fluorescence intensity curves were then evaluated using Zen 2011 "Display profile" feature [58 (link)]. Details about antibodies are summarized in Table 2.Table 2

Antibodies data

Antibody	Supplier	Dilution	Animal source
CD14	Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Dallas, TX, USA	1:200	Mouse
TLR2	Active Motif, La Hulpe, Belgium, Europe	1:125	Rabbit
α-Tubulin	Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Dallas, TX, USA	1:500	Mouse
Alexa Fluor 488 Donkey anti-Mouse IgG FITC conjugated	Molecular Probes, Invitrogen	1:300	Donkey
Alexa Fluor 594 Donkey anti-Rabbit IgG TRITC conjugated	Molecular Probes, Invitrogen	1:300	Donkey

Alesci A., Capillo G., Fumia A., Albano M., Messina E., Spanò N., Pergolizzi S, & Lauriano E.R. (2023). Coelomocytes of the Oligochaeta earthworm Lumbricus terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758) as evolutionary key of defense: a morphological study. Zoological Letters, 9, 5.

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Publication 2023

alpha-Tubulin anti-IgG Antibodies Argon Equus asinus Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescence Helium Mice, House Microscopy, Confocal Neon Rabbits Serum Albumin, Bovine Skin sodium borohydride tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate TLR2 protein, human

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Neon electroporation system by Thermo Fisher Scientific

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More about "Neon"

Neon, the second-lightest noble gas, is a captivating element with a wide range of scientific and industrial applications.
Known for its bright, reddish-orange glow when excited by an electric current, neon is commonly used in eye-catching electric signs and displays.
Beyond its decorative uses, neon serves as a vital component in various technologies, including laser systems, cryogenic refrigeration, and tracer gas applications.
Researchers and scientists often utilize neon's unique properties to enhance their experiments and studies.
The Neon Transfection System and Neon electroporation system, for example, leverage the inert gas to facilitate efficient DNA and RNA delivery into cells, enabling researchers to explore gene expression and cellular function.
Complementing these neon-based tools, Lipofectamine 2000 and Lipofectamine 3000 are widely used transfection reagents that help scientists effectively introduce genetic material into a variety of cell types.
In cell culture environments, neon plays a crucial role alongside other essential elements like fetal bovine serum (FBS) and Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM).
The Neon system, a specialized electroporation device, allows for the gentle and effective transfection of cells, while the Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System provides a sensitive method for measuring gene expression and cellular activity.
As an important constituent of the Earth's atmosphere, neon's abundance and unique properties make it an invaluable resource for researchers and industries worldwide.
Whether utilized in the Neon electroporator, Buffer R, or other neon-based applications, this captivating element continues to inspire innovation and advancement in various scientific and technological fields.