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Atrazine

Atrazine is a widely used herbicide that has been a subject of extensive research.
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Most cited protocols related to «Atrazine»

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Publication 2015
Adult Atrazine Electric Conductivity Embryo Fishes Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees Larva Strains Zebrafish
Metribuzin and cyanazine were not detected in any samples. Bromoxynil and fenoxyprop ethyl were detected in < 5% of dust samples and were excluded from analyses. We grouped the remaining herbicides two ways for our analyses. First, we summed the concentrations of the six herbicides used almost exclusively in agriculture (acetochlor, alachlor, atrazine, bentazone, fluazifop-p-butyl, metolachlor; called here agricultural herbicides). Second, we evaluated the four detected herbicides that were used on ≥15% acres of corn and/or soybeans in Iowa in all three pesticide-use reporting years, 1985, 1990, and 1995 (atrazine, dicamba, metolachlor, trifluralin; called long-term–use herbicides). The herbicides accounting for the highest treated acreage of corn and soybeans, respectively, were atrazine (67% of corn acres treated in 1995) and trifluralin (30% of soybean acres treated in 1995). We also evaluated the concentration of individual herbicides that were detected in at least 5% of the samples (Table 1).
The descriptive statistics of the herbicide concentrations were based on the observed concentrations and the concentrations from one imputation, whereas the percent detections did not include any imputed values over the detection limit. We calculated percent detections and concentrations of the agricultural herbicide group separately for homes with and without an agricultural worker and by the location of residences within and outside of towns.
For each home, we determined the acreage of corn and soybeans within 750 m of the residence for each crop map year (1998–2000). We chose 750 m because primary pesticide drift from ground and aerial spraying—the most common methods of application of herbicides to corn and soybeans in Iowa—occurs within this distance (AgDRIFT Task Force 2002; Woods et al. 2001 (link)). We also determined the acres of corn and soybeans within “donut-shaped” buffer zones of < 100, 101–250, 251–500, and 501–750 m from homes. The acres of each crop type in the buffer zones changed little over the 3 years; therefore, we averaged the acreage across the 3 years. Because the average acreage of corn and soybean fields within each buffer zone was highly correlated [r ranged from 0.78 (100 m) to 0.90 (501–750 m)], we evaluated the summed acres of corn and soybeans in all analyses.
We conducted two main types of analyses. First, we used logistic regression to compute odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of detecting one or more herbicides in each herbicide group in relation to the crop acreage anywhere within 750 m of the home and in relation to acres of crops within each buffer zone. Second, we used linear regression to model the logarithm of the concentration in relation to crop acreage anywhere within 750 m of the home and in relation to acres within each buffer zone. Linear regression models were run for each of the five data sets that contained the measured and imputed concentrations. Final parameter estimates and CIs were determined using the SAS procedure MIANALYZE (version 8.02; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). We computed likelihood ratio tests comparing the significance of nested models using models based on one imputed value. All analyses were evaluated for confounding by the presence of a current or past farmer in the home and whether the home was inside or outside a town. The ORs for herbicide detections were adjusted for agricultural employment because adjustment resulted in a change of 10% or more.
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Publication 2006
acetochlor alachlor Atrazine bentazone bromoxynil Buffers Crop, Avian cyanazine Dicamba Farmers fluazifop-butyl Herbicides metolachlor metribuzin Pesticides Soybeans Trifluralin Zea mays
A model expanding on previous5 (link) and classic29 ,30 (link) work was used to investigate agrochemical effects—of atrazine, chlorpyrifos, and fertilizer—on human schistosomiasis transmission intensity. The model includes snail population dynamics of Bulinus truncatus, the intermediate host of Schistosoma haematobium, subject to logistic population growth and the influence of predation. We focus on S. haematobium for our modeling because it is the predominant schistosome species found in the village in Senegal where the epidemiological data used to parameterize our model were collected. The population dynamics of generalist predators (P) are included, subject to an agrochemical-sensitive mortality rate, μP,q, that reflects chlorpyrifos toxicity to the predator population as estimated by the mesocosm experiments and previous work35 (link). Because crayfish and prawns are generalist predators and will switch to other resources when snail densities are low, the model assumes that predator population dynamics are independent of snail density. Also included is a parameter representing agrochemical enhancement of the snail carrying capacity, φN,q, which models the snail population response to bottom-up effects caused by algal stimulation by atrazine and fertilizer as estimated in the mesocosm experiments and other experiments examining the same agrochemicals and outcomes. Additional model state variables represent susceptible, exposed and infected snails (S, E, and I, respectively) and the mean worm burden in the human population (W). The number of mated female worms, M, is estimated assuming a 1:1 sex ratio and mating function, γ(W, k), as in ref.53 (link). The per capita snail predation rate by predators, modeled as a Holling type III functional response as in ref.54 (link), ψ, and the total snail population, N, are shown separately for clarity. Parameter values, definitions and reference literature are listed in Supplementary Table 9. dSdt=fN1-NφN*φN,qS+E-μNS-PψSn-βMS dEdt=βMS-μNE-PψEn-σE dIdt=σE-(μN+μI)I-PψIn dWdt=λI-μH+μWW dPdt=fP1-PφPP-(μP+μP,q)P M=0.5WHγ(W,k) ψ=α1+αThNn N=S+E+I
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Publication 2018
Agrochemicals Astacoidea Atrazine Bulinus Chlorpyrifos Females General Practitioners Head Helix (Snails) Helminths Homo sapiens Schistosoma Schistosoma haematobium Schistosomiasis Snails Transmission, Communicable Disease
Aliquots (2 ml) were transferred into 4 ml amber glass vials and spiked with a surrogate standard, d5-Atrazine (10 μg l-1). The final concentration of the surrogate standard was 5 μg l-1. The samples were stored at -20°C and filtered prior to analysis. After each experiment had ended, samples were run in sequential order. The herbicide and degradation product concentrations were determined by HPLC-MS/MS using an AB/Sciex API5500Q mass spectrometer (AB/Sciex, Concord, Ontario, Canada) equipped with an electrospray (TurboV) interface and coupled to a Shimadzu Prominence HPLC system (Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan). Column conditions were as follows: Phenomenex Synergi Fusion RP column (Phenomenex, Torrance, CA) 4 μm 50 x 2.0 mm, 45°C, with a flow rate of 0.4 ml min-1. The column was conditioned prior to use and for analyte separation required a linear gradient starting at 8% B for 0.5 min, ramped to 100% B in 8 min then held at 100% for 2.0 min followed by equilibration at 8% B for 2.5 min (A = 1% methanol in HPLC grade water, B = 95% methanol in HPLC grade water, both containing 0.1% acetic acid). The mass spectrometer was operated in the positive ion, multiple reaction-monitoring mode (MRM) using nitrogen as the collision gas. Analyte quantification and confirmation ions are listed in Supporting Information S1 Table.
Positive samples were confirmed by retention time and by comparing transition intensity ratios between the sample and an appropriate concentration standard from the same run. Sample were reported as positive if the two transitions were present, retention time was within 0.15 minutes of the standard and the relative intensity of the confirmation transition was within 20% of the expected value. The value reported was that for the quantitation transition. The limit of detection for this method was typically less than 0.1 μg l-1, yielding a reporting limit of 0.2 μg l-1. Response was linear to at least 20 μg l-1. Sample sequences were run with a standard calibration at beginning and end of sequence with additional mid-range standards run every 10 samples.
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Publication 2015
Acetic Acid Amber ARID1A protein, human Atrazine Herbicides High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies Ions Methanol Nitrogen Retention (Psychology) Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Nearshore coastal seawater was collected at the Australian Institute of Marine Science (19°16’ S, 147° 03’ E), Cape Cleveland, QLD under the permit G12/35236.1 issued by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority. The seawater was filtered to 0.45 μm to remove all particulates and added to individual 500 ml Erlenmeyer flasks (300 ml final volume). The sample treatments were spiked to a final concentration of ~10 μg l-1 for each herbicide (Table 2) and the flasks stoppered with autoclaved cotton bungs to allow for aerobic conditions. Herbicide standards (98.5–99.9%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, added to 2 ml of the carrier solvent ethanol (to assist in solubility), and made to 5 mg l-1 concentration with Milli-Q water. The same volume of ethanol (final less than 0.03% v/v) was added to all flasks, including controls for consistency between treatments. Triplicate flasks were shaken at 25°C and 100 rpm in the dark using an Innova 44, incubator shaker. One series of flasks contained a mixture of the six PSII herbicides (ametryn, atrazine, diuron, hexazinone, simazine, tebuthiuron) and the second series of flasks the same herbicide mixture with the addition of 45 mg l-1 mercuric chloride (MC) to eliminate microbial activity (Table 2) [28 ]. Sample treatment flasks were weighed before sampling to monitor evaporation losses for concentration adjustments. Flasks were topped up with fresh sterile water (Milli-Q) and any losses were compensated for during calculations. Experiment 1 (pilot) examined the degradation of six PSII herbicides over 60 d (Table 2). The 60 day experiment length was set as the maximum by following the OECD method. The purpose of this experiment was to test whether bacteria contributed to biodegradation of these herbicides. Microbial activity is eliminated in the presence of MC and to inform the second experiment which was to be conducted over a longer period.
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Publication 2015
ametryne Atrazine Bacteria Bacteria, Aerobic Diuron Environmental Biodegradation Ethanol Gossypium Herbicides hexazinone Marines Mercuric Chloride Simazine Solvents Specimen Handling Sterility, Reproductive tebuthiuron

Most recents protocols related to «Atrazine»

For identification of histone adducts with atrazine, the acquired UHPLC–Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS raw data files were converted to MGF files using Raw Converter software. LC–MS data was then preprocessed with the open-source software ProteinProspector to search for histone adducts with atrazine. Taking into consideration that under ESI ionization multicharged ions were obtained for peptides, only ions with charges of + 2 and + 3 were selected. The mass tolerance was set to 5 ppm for precursor and 10 ppm for fragment ions. Trypsin/Glu-C was specified as the cleavage enzyme and maximum missing cleavage was set at 1. Methionine oxidation was specified as variable modifications. In the “User Defined Variable Modifications” parameter, the elemental composition of C8H13N5 (179.1171 m/z) from atrazine was selected for potential adduct to amino acid residue of Cys.
For the time-dependent adduct formation study and the concentration-dependent adduct formation study, the acquired UHPLC–Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS raw data (in full-scan mode) was analyzed by TraceFinder 5.0 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Mississauga, ON, Canada). The potential atrazine-modified peptide and non-modified peptide ions were selected as target ions, and the peak areas in extracted chromatograms were compared.
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Publication 2023
Amino Acids Atrazine Cytokinesis Enzymes Histones Immune Tolerance Ions Methionine Peptides Radionuclide Imaging Trypsin
Calf thymus whole histones and human histone H3.3 (expressed in E. coli) were purchased from Millipore-Sigma (Oakville, ON, Canada). Sequencing-grade modified trypsin and Glu-C were purchased from Promega (Madison, WI, USA). Atrazine (analytical standard grade) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Oakville, ON, Canada). A concentration of 0.5 M phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH = 7.4) was purchased from Fisher Sci. (Ottawa, ON, Canada). HPLC-grade acetonitrile (ACN), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3), formic acid, and a BCA protein assay kit were from Millipore-Sigma. Water was purified on a Milli-Q system (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). Asn-Asn-Asn peptide (Asn3) was synthesized by Biomatik Corporation (Kitchener, ON, Canada).
Atrazine spike solution was prepared by dissolving an amount of Atrazine in DMSO and stored at 4 °C until further use. Calf thymus whole-histone solution was prepared freshly on the day of study by dissolving an amount of histone in 50 mM PBS (pH = 7.4).
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Publication 2023
acetonitrile ammonium bicarbonate Atrazine Biological Assay Escherichia coli formic acid High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies Histone H3.3 Histones Homo sapiens Peptides Phosphates Promega Proteins Saline Solution Sulfoxide, Dimethyl Thymus Plant Trypsin
Field experiments in 2020, 2021, and 2022 evaluated early-season corn growth impacted by various nutritional levels. The nutritional levels were induced by different nutrient application rates, which constituted the treatments (Table 1). Twelve treatments were assessed in 2021 and 2022, and eight treatments in 2020. Every year, Treatments T1 to T4 had similar N, P, and K (referred hereafter as primary nutrients) application rates, except that T2 received additional Mg, Ca, and S (referred hereafter as secondary nutrients), and T3 received additional B, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Mo (referred hereafter as micronutrients). Treatment T4 received both secondary and micronutrients. Treatments T5 to T8 received similar N, P, and K rates, but the rates were greater than those in treatments T1 to T4. Additionally, treatment T1 corresponded to T5, T2 to T6, T3 to T7, and T4 to T8 regarding secondary and micronutrient application rates. Treatment T10 received primary, secondary, and micronutrients at greater rates than T8, whereas treatment T12 was a control, receiving no nutrient application. Treatments T9 and T11 were not assessed in 2020 but varied in 2021 and 2022. Treatment T9 received all primary, secondary, and micronutrients in 2021 and only N and P in 2022. Treatment T11 received N, P, K, and S in 2021 and N, P, K, S, and Zn in 2022. Different nutrient rates were used yearly based on initial nutrient levels, previous crops, and observations of the results from preceding years. Fertilizers as the primary sources of the different nutrients are listed in Table 7.
The treatments were laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replications, except for treatment T12 in 2020, which had only one replication embedded in the fourth replication. Each experimental plot was 9.1 m long and 5.5 m wide. Different research fields at the experimental site were used yearly; thus, treatment effects over the three years were not additive. The previous crop for the years 2020 and 2022 was peanut (Arachis hypogaea) and for the year 2021 it was cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). The field was prepared by harrowing, running a field cultivator, and making 20 cm deep furrows that were 91.4 cm apart. Pioneer hybrid P1870R was used every year and it was planted at 88,958 seeds ha−1 on 7 April, 12 April, and 25 March in 2020, 2021, and 2022, respectively. Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine], Atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethyl amino-6-isopropyl amino-s -triazine), and Prowl [N-(1-ethyl propyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine] were applied at manufacturer recommended rates to control weeds in the corn plots between the V3 and V4 growth stage. The plots were provided with supplemental water through overhead irrigation whenever the soil moisture reached 50% of the water-holding capacity of the soil.
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Publication 2023
Agricultural Crops Arachis hypogaea Atrazine Crop, Avian DNA Replication Glycine glyphosate Gossypium Hybrids Micronutrients Nutrients Plant Embryos Plant Weeds Prowl Triazines Zea mays
GST inhibition analysis was performed using the CDNB/GSH system, in the presence or absence of 25 μM pesticide diluted in acetone (fenvalerate, atrazine, carbaryl, malathion, alachlor, carbofuran, permethrin, pirimicarb, endosulfan, zoxium zoxamide, metalaxyl, ksesoxim-methyl, boscalid, iprodione, carbedazim, thiachloprid, picoxystrobin, clothianidin, chlorpyrifos). During the course of the assay (30–60 s), no measurable pesticide/GSH conjugation was observed. The IC50 values were determined by fitting the concentration-response data to Equation (4): % inhibition=1001+(IC50[I])
where [I] is the pesticide concentration. The IC50 values were determined using the program GraphPad Prism version 7.00.
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Publication 2023
Acetone alachlor Atrazine Biological Assay boscalid Carbaryl Carbofuran Chlorpyrifos clothianidin Endosulfan fenvalerate iprodione Malathion metalaxyl Permethrin Pesticides picoxystrobin pirimicarb prisma Psychological Inhibition zoxamide
Depletion of N in the low-N fields was carried out through continuous planting of maize and removal of the stover at every harvest for several years before the experiments commenced. Based on the soil-tests, NPK-fertilizer was formulated using urea, single superphosphate, and muriate-of-potash. The formulated fertilizer was applied immediately after thinning at 2 WAP to bring the levels of the total available basal N to 15 kg ha-1. The single superphosphate (P2O5) and the muriate of potash (K2O) fertilizers supplied 60 kg ha-1 P and K. An additional 15 kg ha–1 of urea was top-dressed at 4 WAP to bring the total available N to 30 kg ha–1. The fields were kept weed-free with the application of pre- and post-emergence herbicides (atrazine and gramozone, at the rate of 5 litres ha-1 each) and subsequently by manual weeding.
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Publication 2023
Atrazine Herbicides phosphoric anhydride potash Potassium Chloride Sodium Chloride superphosphate Urea Zea mays

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Atrazine is a laboratory chemical used as a standard and reference material in analytical procedures. It is a herbicide compound that can be utilized for various research and development applications. Atrazine serves as a tool for calibration, method validation, and quality control in laboratory settings.
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More about "Atrazine"

Atrazine is a widely used herbicide that has been extensively researched due to its environmental and health implications.
This broad-spectrum chlorotriazine compound is commonly employed in agriculture to control broadleaf and grassy weeds, particularly in corn, sorghum, and sugarcane crops.
Beyond Atrazine, other similar herbicides like Simazine and Bisphenol A have also been the subject of extensive study.
These compounds, along with pesticides such as Methyl parathion and Diazinon, have raised concerns over their potential impacts on ecosystems and human health.
Researchers can leverage tools like PubCompare.ai to optimize their Atrazine-related studies.
This AI-driven platform allows users to easily locate and compare the best protocols from scientific literature, preprints, and patents.
By leveraging intelligent comparisons, researchers can identify the optimal research methods for Atrazine, improving reproducibility and accuracy.
Atrazine research often involves the use of various analytical techniques, including chromatography (e.g., HPLC, GC-MS) and spectroscopy (e.g., UV-Vis, IR).
These methods can be used to detect and quantify Atrazine and its metabolites, such as Desethyl atrazine and Deisopropyl atrazine, in environmental samples (e.g., soil, water) and biological matrices (e.g., blood, urine).
Addiionally, Formic acid and Methanol may be utilized as solvents or extraction agents in Atrazine analysis, while Carbamazepine is sometimes used as an internal standard.
Understanding the chemical and physical properties of Atrazine, as well as its interactions with other compounds, is crucial for developing robust and reliable research protocols.
By optimizing Atrazine research using AI-driven tools like PubCompare.ai, scientists can streamline their work, obtain more reliable results, and contribute to the growing body of knowledge surrounding this widely used herbicide and its environmental and health impacts.