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> Chemicals & Drugs > Hazardous or Poisonous Substance > Cadmium

Cadmium

Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal that can have adverse health effects on humans and animals.
It is a silvery-white, soft, malleable metal that is found naturally in the Earth's crust.
Cadmium is used in the production of batteries, pigments, metal coatings, and plastics.
Exposure to cadmium can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact, and can lead to kidney damage, lung disease, and bone fragility.
Resarch on the effects of cadmium exposure and methods for its detection and remidiation are important for public health and environmental protection.
The PubCompare.ai platform can help researchers optimize their cadmium-related studies by providing access to relevant protocols and facilitating comparisons between different approaches.

Most cited protocols related to «Cadmium»

1
Heavy Metal Exposure and Health Risks
Statistical analyses were performed using SAS version 9.3 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) and SUDAAN release 10.1 (Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA), a software package that incorporates sample weights and adjusts analyses for the complex sample design of the survey. Survey sample weights were used in all analyses to produce estimates that were representative of the non-institutionalized civilian Korean population.
The levels of lead, cadmium, and mercury in the blood were log-transformed because their distributions were positively skewed, and the un-weighted and weighted geometric means (GM) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated by gender using the Proc Descript function in SUDAAN.
Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CI for hypertension and prehypertension were calculated for log-transformed blood lead, cadmium, and mercury (base 2) levels as a continuous variable after covariate adjustment using Proc Rlogist with un-weighted and weighted statistical procedures. Covariates were gender, age, residence area, education level, smoking and drinking status, hemoglobin, body mass index, and serum creatinine.
Finally, the ORs and 95% CI values for osteoporosis were calculated for log-transformed blood lead, cadmium, and mercury (base 2) levels as continuous variables and quartiles of blood mercury in postmenopausal women after covariate adjustment using Proc Rlogist with un-weighted ordinary statistical data analyses and design-based weighted statistical procedures.
Kim Y., Park S., Kim N.S, & Lee B.K. (2013). Inappropriate Survey Design Analysis of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey May Produce Biased Results. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, 46(2), 96-104.
Publication 2013
BLOOD Cadmium Creatinine Hemoglobin High Blood Pressures Index, Body Mass Koreans Mercury Osteoporosis Prehypertension Serum Woman
2
Jamaican Autism Study on Environmental Exposures
The Jamaican Autism study is a NIH-supported age- and sex-matched case–control study that began enrollment of Jamaican children 2–8 years of age in December 2009, investigating whether environmental exposures to several heavy metals, including mercury, have a role in the onset of an ASD. Information regarding the recruitment and assessment of ASD cases and controls has been described previously (Rahbar etal. 2012 (link)). In short, we administered the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) (Lord et al. 2002 ) and the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) (Rutter et al. 2003 ) to confirm the diagnosis of an ASD in case children. As the ADOS and ADI-R assessments take a considerable amount of time (Dixon et al. 2009 ), and we wished to reduce any undue burden on potential control children and their parents, we instead administered the Lifetime form of the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) (Rutter et al. 2003 ) to the parents/guardians of control children to rule out symptoms of ASDs.
We also administered a pre-tested questionnaire to the parents/guardians of both cases and controls to collect demographic and socioeconomic (SES) information (e.g., ownership of a car by the family), parental levels of education, medication and immunization history of children, and potential exposure to mercury through food, with a particular focus on the types and amount of seafood consumed by children. The types of seafood considered included salt water fish, fresh water fish (pond fish, tilapia), sardine or mackerel (canned fish), tuna (canned fish), salt fish (pickled mackerel), shellfish (lobsters, crabs), and shrimp. The frequency of seafood consumption by children was measured through the number of servings (number of meals) of seafood consumed per week. At the end of each interview, the UWI project coordinator, who has received phlebotomy training, collected about 2 mL of venous whole blood from each child using stainless steel needles into plastic tubes containing EDTA which were prescreened for mercury, cadmium, and lead. We also collected hair samples (only from children with long hair, at least 3 in). The blood samples were frozen and stored at −20 °C until they were transported to the Michigan Department of Community Health (MDCH) Trace Metals Lab at ambient temperature on ice packs for trace metal analyses, including mercury.
All participating parents provided written informed consent. In addition, this study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) and the University of the West Indies in Kingston, Jamaica. The data presented herein represent an analysis of 65 matched case–control pairs. As shown below, the available data provide sufficient power to detect meaningful effect sizes for continuous variables, such as blood mercury concentrations, between any two groups compared (e.g., ASD cases and controls or those who eat or do not eat seafood).
Rahbar M.H., Samms-Vaughan M., Loveland K.A., Ardjomand-Hessabi M., Chen Z., Bressler J., Shakespeare-Pellington S., Grove M.L., Bloom K., Pearson D.A., Lalor G.C, & Boerwinkle E. (2012). Seafood Consumption and Blood Mercury Concentrations in Jamaican Children With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorders. Neurotoxicity research, 23(1), 22-38.
Publication 2012
Autistic Disorder BLOOD Cadmium Child Croakers Diagnosis Edetic Acid Environmental Exposure Ethics Committees, Research Fishes Food Freezing Hair Immunization Legal Guardians Louses, Crab Mercury Metals Metals, Heavy Needles Only Child Parent Pharmaceutical Preparations Phlebotomy Salts Seafood Shellfish Specimen Collection Stainless Steel Tilapia Tuna Veins
3
Comprehensive Soil Physicochemical Analysis
Soil pH was determined using a fresh soil to water ratio of 1:5 using a pH monitor (Thermo 0rion-868, MA, USA). Soil moisture was measured gravimetrically after a 16-h desiccation at 105 °C. Soil samples for C and N analyses were air dried (2 mm mesh), handpicked to remove plant litter and fine roots, and ground. Total soil C and N content for each plot were determined by combustion (2400 II CHNS/0 Elemental l Analyzer, Perkin-Elmer, Boston, MA, USA). Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved total nitrogen (DTN) were extracted by adding 50 ml of 0.5 MK2SO4 to 10 g fresh soil, shaking for 1 h, and vacuum filtering through a G4 glass fiber filter with a pore space of 1.2 μm (Fisher). DOC and DTN were determined using a total organic carbon-total nitrogen (TOC-TN) analyzer (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). Ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3−) concentrations in extracts were assessed colorimetrically by automated segmented flow analysis (AAIII; Bran and Luebbe, Germany) using the salicylate/dichloroisocyanuric acid and cadmium column/sulfanilamide reduction methods, respectively. Through HF and HClO4 digestion, total potassium (TK) was determined by flame photometry (FP640, INASA, China), while total phosphorus (TP) was determined using the molybdenum blue method. Available potassium (AK) was determined in 1 M ammonium acetate extracts by flame photometry (FP640, INASA, China). Soil available phosphorus (AP) was extracted by 0.5 M NaHCO3 and determined using the molybdenum blue method. Organic carbon was determined according to potassium dichromate oxidation titration. Soil electric conductivity was determined by a conductivity monitor using a dry soil to water ratio of 1:5 (Thermo 0rion-868, MA, USA). Soil samples were air dried and homogenized by grinding in an agate mortar and then passed through a 0.149 mm sieve to analyze the elements. These samples (~ 0.4–0.5 ± 0.0001 g) were digested with nitric acid (HNO3), hydrofluoric acid (HF), and perchloric acid (HClO4) (5 mL: 10 mL: 5 mL) on a hot plate. Soil total Mg, Ca, K, and Fe were measured with an ICP-AES Optima 8000 (Perkin-Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA), while total Cd, chromium(Cr), Mn, copper(Cu), Zn, plumbum (Pb), and As were measured with an HPLC-ICP-MS (7700X, Agilent, USA). A certified soil reference material (GBW07408, National Research Center for Certified Reference Materaials, China) were used to ensure that the accuracy of the analytical data and the accuracy ranged from 93.9 to 107.4%. All soil variables are described in Additional file 2: Table S9.
Shi Y., Li Y., Xiang X., Sun R., Yang T., He D., Zhang K., Ni Y., Zhu Y.G., Adams J.M, & Chu H. (2018). Spatial scale affects the relative role of stochasticity versus determinism in soil bacterial communities in wheat fields across the North China Plain. Microbiome, 6, 27.
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Publication 2018
Ammonium ammonium acetate Bicarbonate, Sodium Cadmium Carbon Chromium Copper Digestion Dissolved Organic Carbon Electric Conductivity High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies Hydrofluoric acid molybdenum blue Nitrates Nitric acid Nitrogen Perchloric Acid Phosphorus Photometry Plant Roots Plants Potassium Potassium Dichromate Salicylate Strains Sulfanilamide Titrimetry troclosene Vacuum
4
Analysis of KNHANES Survey Data
The entire KNHANES program was designed to assess the health and nutritional status of adults and children in Korea. The KNHANES program began in 1998 and was conducted as a series of regular surveys in 2001 and 2005. In 2007, the survey became a continuous program that has focused on a variety of health and nutritional measurements to meet public need. The survey is conducted annually, using a rolling sampling design involving a complex, stratified, multistage, probability-cluster survey of a representative sample of the non-institutionalized civilian population in Korea.
Data analysis using the KNHANES requires special statistical analysis to handle the multistage complex sampling survey design, which yields data that differ from survey data collected using simple random sampling. Because of the inherent nature of the complex sampling survey design, the KNHANES provides specific guidelines for data analysis that should be incorporated into any survey design statistics developed using SAS or SPSS survey design programs, SUDAAN, and other relevant programs. This study analyzed the proportion of research papers that have used an appropriate statistical methodology since the KNHANES survey data became available for official public use. This study was restricted to the research papers cited in the PubMed online system from 2007 to 2012 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed). First, the research papers were classified into two groups: ordinary statistical data analysis papers treating the survey data as simple random sampling data; and design-based analysis papers that incorporated survey design into their analyses. Model-based analyses using multilevel or hierarchical data analysis were classified as special cases of sampling weighted data analysis papers incorporating survey design characteristics. To calculate the proportion of ordinary statistical data analyses and design-based analyses of the KNHANES, we searched the PubMed website for all available articles using the search terms "KNHANES or Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey." Once collected, all the available articles were reviewed and classified into two groups (ordinary statistical data analysis without sampling weight and design-based analysis with sampling weight).
We also compared differences in mean and regression estimates between the ordinary statistical data analyses and design-based data analyses using KNHANES 2008 to 2010, which represented the second and third years of KNHANES IV (2007 to 2009) and the first year of KNHANES V (2010 to 2012). Detailed information on the design of the survey has been provided elsewhere [12 (link),13 (link)]. Briefly, the survey consists of three components: a health interview survey, a health examination survey, and a nutrition survey. We used two different populations to compare differences in estimates based on ordinary statistical data analyses and design-based analyses. The first study population was restricted to female KNHANES 2008 to 2009 participants who completed the health examination survey, who had a bone mineral density measurement, and who were menopausal (including surgically-induced menopause) (n=567). The second study population was restricted to KNHANES 2008 to 2010 participants ≥20 years of age who had completed the health examination survey, including having their blood levels of lead, cadmium, and mercury measured (n=5919).
Information on age, education, smoking history, and alcohol intake was collected during the health interview. Height and weight were measured with the participants wearing light clothing and no shoes. The body mass index was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters. Residence area was categorized into urban areas (administrative divisions of a city) and rural areas (areas not classified as administrative divisions of a city). Detailed information on classification variables has been provided elsewhere [12 (link),13 (link)].
Kim Y., Park S., Kim N.S, & Lee B.K. (2013). Inappropriate Survey Design Analysis of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey May Produce Biased Results. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, 46(2), 96-104.
Publication 2013
Adult BLOOD Bone Density Cadmium Child Females Index, Body Mass Koreans Light Menopause Mercury Operative Surgical Procedures
5
Jamaican Autism Study: Environmental Exposures
The Jamaican Autism study is an NIH-supported age- and sex-matched case–control study that began enrollment in December 2009, investigating whether environmental exposures to mercury, lead, arsenic, manganese, and cadmium have a role in autism. Based on the available data, we investigated factors associated with ASD, including maternal and paternal age at the time of the children’s birth. Children listed in the University of the West Indies’ (UWI) Jamaica Autism Database, who were previously identified as having ASD based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) (American Psychiatric Association 2000 ) criteria, and the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) (Schopler et al. 1980 (link)), were invited to participate for reassessment of their ASD status. The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) (Lord et al. 2002 ) and the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) (Rutter et al. 2003b ) were administered by a trained clinician to these children and their parents/guardians, respectively, to confirm the diagnosis of an ASD for the purposes of this research. The inclusion criteria for all children in the study were that each child must be born in Jamaica and be between 2–8 years of age at the time of enrollment. For ascertainment of ASD status, we used standard algorithms developed for scoring ADOS (Lord et al. 2000 (link)) and ADI-R and established cutoff points (Lord et al. 1997 (link)). Each ASD case was confirmed based on both ADI-R and all three domains in ADOS. For each case, an age- and sex-matched control was identified from schools and well child clinics. The criteria for matching required that the age of control children be within 6 months of their matched cases. The Lifetime form of the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) (Rutter et al. 2003a ) was administered to the parents/guardians of control children to rule out symptoms of ASD. We set the criteria for including children in the control groups as having a SCQ score of 0–6. This cut-off point of 6 is one standard deviation above the mean SCQ score of typically developing school children (Mulligan et al. 2009 (link)).
We also administered a pre-tested questionnaire to the parents/guardians of both cases and controls to collect demographic and socioeconomic information including parental levels of education at the time of the children’s birth, pregnancy history of the mothers (e.g., parity and gestational age of the child), and potential exposure to heavy metals through food or occupation of the parents. At the end of each interview, we collected 5 mL of whole blood, 2 mL of saliva (parents and children), and hair samples (only from children) to be analyzed for a variety of environmental and genetic exposure variables. Results related to these biological samples will be reported separately at a later time. All participating parents provided written informed consent. In addition, this study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston and the University of the West Indies. The data presented here represent an interim analysis of 68 matched case–control pairs. As shown below, the available data provide sufficient power to detect meaningful effect sizes for continuous variables, such as parental age.
Rahbar M.H., Samms-Vaughan M., Loveland K.A., Pearson D.A., Bressler J., Chen Z., Ardjomand-Hessabi M., Shakespeare-Pellington S., Grove M.L., Beecher C., Bloom K, & Boerwinkle E. (2012). Maternal and Paternal Age are Jointly Associated with Childhood Autism in Jamaica. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 42(9), 10.1007/s10803-011-1438-z.
Publication 2012
Arsenic Autistic Disorder Biopharmaceuticals BLOOD Cadmium Child Childbirth Diagnosis Environmental Exposure Ethics Committees, Research Food Gestational Age Hair Legal Guardians Manganese Mercury Metals, Heavy Mothers Only Child Parent Saliva

Most recents protocols related to «Cadmium»

1
Heavy Metal Tolerance of B. licheniformis
Not available on PMC !

Example 2

This example illustrates the heavy metal acceptability of B. licheniformis strain ECOBIO_2.

The pure cultures of each isolates were grown in LB broth and the bacterial cell concentration was spectrophotometrically adjusted to have an OD of 1.0 at A600 nm. 1 ml of cells were inoculated to 100 ml of sterilize LB medium amended with either 1 mM Pb(C2H3O2)2, CdCl2, K2Cr2O7 or with 0.3 mM HgCl2 in individual culture flasks. Flasks were incubated at 37° C. and 150 rpm. The growth rate was measured by assessing the turbidity of the medium every 24 hours after initial incubation for 3 days.

Data obtained from three independent experiments performed to determine the heavy metal acceptability of strain ECOBIO_2. Results (shown in FIG. 3) demonstrated that B. licheniformis strain ECOBIO_2 could grow in the presence of lead similar to controls (LB alone). This signifies the noteworthy characteristics of bacteria towards tolerating Pb2+ toxicity. However, the growth of B. licheniformis strain ECOBIO_2 was significantly reduced in the presence of cadmium, chromium, and mercury with mercury being the most toxic metal among the tested heavy metals.

US11865597B2. Method for bioremediation of lead (2024-01-09). None [IN], None [US], None [JP], None [IN]. Inventors: Sunil Kumar Channarayapatna Ramesh [IN], Emmanuel Stephen Victor [US], Kishore Babu Naripogu [JP], Geetha Nagaraja [IN].
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Patent 2024
Bacteria Bioremediation Cadmium Cells Chloride, Cadmium Chromium Heavy Metal Poisonings Mercuric Chloride Mercury Metals, Heavy Potassium Dichromate Sterilization Strains
2
TEMPO-Oxidized Nanocellulose Production
Bleached eucalyptus kraft
pulp, unrefined (15 °SR), was provided by Ence (Navia, Spain).
2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxy radical (TEMPO), NaBr, NaOH, NaClO
(15%), copper(II) ethylenediamine, and DTZ (≥98%) were purchased
from Sigma-Aldrich (Schnelldorf, Germany). Glacial acetic acid was
purchased from Scharlab (Sentmenat, Barcelona, Spain). All organic
solvents (reagent grade) were received from Thermo Fisher Scientific
(Loughborough, U.K.). Preliminary results indicated that amylene-stabilized
chloroform is preferred over ethanol-stabilized chloroform.
Distilled water was used for nanocellulose production, but metal
salts were dissolved in Milli-Q water. These metal salts were lead(II)
nitrate, lead(II) chloride, cadmium(II) nitrate, cadmium(II) chloride,
copper(II) chloride, nickel(II) chloride, chromium(III) chloride,
chromium(III) nitrate, and magnesium chloride from Panreac Applichem
(Castellar del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain); potassium nitrate,
iron(III) chloride, and manganese(II) chloride from Scharlab; and
mercury(II) nitrate 1-hydrate, mercury(II) chloride, silver nitrate,
and zinc chloride from Sigma-Aldrich.
Aguado R.J., Mazega A., Fiol N., Tarrés Q., Mutjé P, & Delgado-Aguilar M. (2023). Durable Nanocellulose-Stabilized Emulsions of Dithizone/Chloroform in Water for Hg2+ Detection: A Novel Approach for a Classical Problem. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 15(9), 12580-12589.
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Publication 2023
Acetic Acid Cadmium Chlorides Chloroform Chromium Copper Ethanol Ethylenediamines Eucalyptus Iron Magnesium Chloride Manganese Mercury Metals Nickel Nitrates potassium nitrate Salts Silver Nitrate zinc chloride
3
Trace Element Analysis in Process Waters
Nutritional elements
(selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn),
chromium (Cr), Calcium (Ca), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), magnesium
(Mg), and sodium (Na)) and potentially toxic elements (arsenic (As),
nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and cadmium (Cd)) in the process
waters were measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry
(ICP-MS) (iCAP Q, Thermo Fisher, Germany) in KED mode (helium as cell
gas) following digestion of the samples with concentrated nitric acid
(SPS Science, France) using a microwave oven (Multiwave 3000, Anton
Paar, Graz, Austria). Quantification was done using external calibration
in which standard solutions were prepared from certified stock solutions
(SPS Science, France) and using rhodium as the internal standard (SPS
Science, France). A certified reference material TORT-3 (lobster hepatopancreas)
(NRCC, Ottawa, Canada) was also analyzed together with the samples
and the obtained values were in good agreement with the certified
reference values. The limit of detection (LOD) for each element is
as follows (mg/g): Se, 0.05; As, 0.01; Zn, 3.1; Cu, 0.70; Ni, 0.11;
Fe, 3.5; Mn, 0.03; Cr, 0.06; Pb, 0.03; Hg, 0.02; and Cd, 0.003.
Forghani B., Sørensen A.D., Sloth J.J, & Undeland I. (2023). Liquid Side Streams from Mussel and Herring Processing as Sources of Potential Income. ACS Omega, 8(9), 8355-8365.
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Publication 2023
Arsenic Cadmium Calcium, Dietary Chromium Copper Digestion Helium Hepatopancreas Iron Magnesium Manganese Mass Spectrometry Microwaves Nickel Nitric acid Phosphorus Plasma Potassium Rhodium Selenium Sodium Zinc
4
Fabrication and Sensing of Metal Ions
All reagents used for device fabrication and sensing were utilized without further pre-treatment. ARS, a commercially available river sample with trace elements in river water (Elevated Level, NMIJ CRM 7202-c, Supplementary Table S1), and iron(III) nitrate enneahydrate (Fe3+) were obtained from FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Co., Ltd. The target metal ions including cobalt(II) perchlorate hexahydrate (Co2+), calcium perchlorate tetrahydrate (Ca2+), lead(II) perchlorate trihydrate (Pb2+), cadmium perchlorate hydrate (Cd2+), nickel(II) perchlorate hexahydrate (Ni2+), copper(II) perchlorate hexahydrate (Cu2+), magnesium perchlorate hexahydrate (Mg2+), aluminum perchlorate non-ahydrate (Al3+), mercury(II) perchlorate hydrate (Hg2+), and zinc perchlorate hexahydrate (Zn2+) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The building blocks of the chemosensors purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. were 3-NPBA, BPR, PR, and PV. A buffer material purchased from DOJINDO was 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES). All aqueous solutions were prepared using Milli-Q water (18.2 Ω cm).
Sasaki Y., Lyu X, & Minami T. (2023). Printed colorimetric chemosensor array on a 96-microwell paper substrate for metal ions in river water. Frontiers in Chemistry, 11, 1134752.
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Publication 2023
Acids Aluminum Buffers Cadmium Calcium Cobalt Copper HEPES Ions Iron magnesium perchlorate Medical Devices Mercury Metals Nickel Nitrates perchlorate Rivers Trace Elements Zinc
5
Smoking, Cadmium Exposure, and Mortality
Continuous and categorical variables of demographic characteristics, underlying diseases, anthropometric index, and blood test results are presented using mean or frequency (%) according to smoking status, respectively. Independent t-tests and Pearson’s chi-squared tests were used to compare results. We also used sampling weights to account for multistage and stratified sampling. Multiple Cox regression analysis was utilized to assess the hazard ratio (HR) of smoking status with or without passive smoking and smoking pack years for all-cause and disease-specific mortality by adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, alcohol consumption, and comorbidities at baseline survey, such as cancer classification, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and previous CVD events according to smoking status. The follow-up duration was calculated as the time from the first anthropometric and clinical measurements to death or last follow-up (December 31, 2019).
We performed propensity score matching (PSM) with age, sex, race/ethnicity, current smoking status, and smoking pack-years, considering the heterogeneity of demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics according to passive smoking status. We utilized 1:1 matching according to passive smoking status by the nearest neighbor method with a caliber of 0.25 using the R package “MatchIt”37 . The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to investigate the correlation between (smoking pack years and cotinine) and cadmium concentrations before mediation analysis.
Using the R package “Regmedint”38 , we performed regression-based causal mediation analysis to examine the direct influence of smoking status and the indirect effect via cadmium exposure. This R package is equivalent to the SAS mediation macro39 (link),40 (link). The total natural indirect effect (TNIE), pure natural indirect effect, total natural direct effect (TNDE), pure natural direct effect, and cumulative effect of smoking exposure and smoking status on mortality were calculated. R version 3.1.0 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria; www.r-project.org) and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Statistics (version 24.0; IBM, Armonk, NY) were used for statistical analysis. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05.
Kim J., Song H., Lee J., Kim Y.J., Chung H.S., Yu J.M., Jang G., Park R., Chung W., Oh C.M, & Moon S. (2023). Smoking and passive smoking increases mortality through mediation effect of cadmium exposure in the United States. Scientific Reports, 13, 3878.
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Publication 2023
Cadmium Cotinine Diabetes Mellitus Ethnicity Genetic Heterogeneity Hematologic Tests High Blood Pressures Hyperlipidemia Malignant Neoplasms

Top products related to «Cadmium»

1
Cadmium by Merck Group
Sourced in Germany, United States
Cadmium is a heavy metal element that is used in various industrial and laboratory applications. It has a silvery-white appearance and is known for its high electrical and thermal conductivity. Cadmium is commonly used in the production of batteries, pigments, coatings, and as a component in certain types of laboratory equipment.
2
Sodium hydroxide (naoh) by Merck Group
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Sodium hydroxide is a chemical compound with the formula NaOH. It is a white, odorless, crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water and is a strong base. It is commonly used in various laboratory applications as a reagent.
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Aanalyst 600 by PerkinElmer
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The AAnalyst 600 is a high-performance atomic absorption spectrometer designed for accurate and reliable elemental analysis. It provides precise measurements of trace elements in a wide range of sample types.
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Nitric acid by Merck Group
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Nitric acid is a highly corrosive, strong mineral acid used in various industrial and laboratory applications. It is a colorless to slightly yellow liquid with a pungent odor. Nitric acid is a powerful oxidizing agent and is commonly used in the production of fertilizers, explosives, and other chemical intermediates.
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Oleic acid is a long-chain monounsaturated fatty acid commonly used in various laboratory applications. It is a colorless to light-yellow liquid with a characteristic odor. Oleic acid is widely utilized as a component in various laboratory reagents and formulations, often serving as a surfactant or emulsifier.
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Hydrochloric acid (hcl) by Merck Group
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Hydrochloric acid is a commonly used laboratory reagent. It is a clear, colorless, and highly corrosive liquid with a pungent odor. Hydrochloric acid is an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride gas.
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Cdcl2 by Merck Group
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CdCl2 is a chemical compound that is commonly used in various laboratory applications. It is a white, crystalline solid that is soluble in water and various organic solvents. CdCl2 is primarily used as a precursor for the synthesis of other cadmium-containing compounds, as well as in thin-film deposition processes.
8
Icap q by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Denmark, France
The ICAP Q is an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) designed for high-throughput, multi-elemental analysis. It offers robust performance and reliable operation for a wide range of applications.
9
1 octadecene by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, China, Japan, Poland, Spain, Singapore, United Kingdom, Italy
1-octadecene is a linear alkene with the molecular formula C18H36. It is a colorless, oily liquid that is commonly used as a chemical intermediate in various industrial and laboratory applications.
10
Elan drc 2 by PerkinElmer
Sourced in United States, Canada, Japan
The ELAN DRC II is an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) instrument designed for elemental analysis. It provides accurate and precise measurements of trace elements in a wide range of sample types. The ELAN DRC II utilizes dynamic reaction cell technology to remove spectral interferences, enabling reliable results.

More about "Cadmium"

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal that can pose serious health risks to humans and animals.
This silvery-white, soft, and malleable element is naturally found in the Earth's crust.
Cadmium has a wide range of industrial applications, including the production of batteries, pigments, metal coatings, and plastics.
Exposure to cadmium can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact, and can lead to a variety of adverse health effects, such as kidney damage, lung disease, and bone fragility.
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and nitric acid (HNO3) are sometimes used in the detection and analysis of cadmium, while hydrochloric acid (HCl) and CdCl2 (cadmium chloride) may be involved in cadmium-related processes.
Researchers studying the effects of cadmium exposure and developing methods for its detection and remediation play a crucial role in protecting public health and the environment.
The PubCompare.ai platform can assist researchers in optimizing their cadmium-related studies by providing access to relevant protocols and facilitating comparisons between different approaches, such as those involving the AAnalyst 600 instrument or the ELAN DRC II mass spectrometer.
The use of oleic acid and 1-octadecene may also be relevant in certain cadmium-related studies or applications.
By utilizing the insights and tools offered by PubCompare.ai, researchers can enhance the reproducibility and accuracy of their cadmium research, ultimately contributing to a better understanding and mitigation of the risks associated with this toxic heavy metal.