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DEET

DEET (N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide) is a widely used insect repellent that provides effective protection against a variety of biting arthropods, including mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas.
This versatile compound interferes with the olfactory senses of insects, deterring them from approaching and biting the treated skin or clothing.
DEET is known for its long-lasting efficacy and is commonly used in outdoor activities, military operations, and public health interventions to prevent insect-borne diseases.
Reserach into optimizing DEET protocols and products is an active field, as scientists continually work to enhance its safety, effectiveness, and user experience.
PubCompare.ai offers a cutting-edge AI platform to accelerate this research by identifying the best DEET protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, ensuring reproducibility and accuracy in your studies.

Most cited protocols related to «DEET»

Developmental Toxicity Screening in Rats

All experimental protocols for the procedures with rats were pre-approved by the Washington State University Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC approval # 02568-026). The University Department of Environmental Health and Safety approved all the protocols for the use of hazardous chemicals in this experiment. Sprague Dawley SD female and male rats of an outbred strain (Harlan) at about 70 and 100 days of age were maintained in ventilated (up to 50 air exchanges/hour) isolator cages (cages with dimensions of 10 ¾″ W×19 ¼″ D×10 ¾″ H, 143 square inch floor space, fitted in Micro-vent 36-cage rat racks; Allentown Inc., Allentown, NJ) containing Aspen Sani chips (pinewood shavings from Harlan) as bedding, and a 14 h light: 10 h dark regimen, at a temperature of 70 F and humidity of 25% to 35%. The mean light intensity in the animal rooms ranged from 22 to 26 ft-candles. Rats were fed ad lib with standard rat diet (8640 Teklad 22/5 Rodent Diet; Harlan) and ad lib tap water for drinking. During the procedures, rats were held in an animal transfer station (AniGard 6VF, The Baker Company, Sanford, ME) that provided an air velocity of about 0.5 inch.
At proestrus as determined by daily vaginal smears, the female rats, (90 days) were pair-mated with male rats (120 days). On the next day, the females were separated and their vaginal smears were examined microscopically and if they were sperm-positive (day 0) the rats were tentatively considered pregnant and then weighed with a digital animal weighing balance to monitor increases in body weight. Vaginal smears were continued for monitoring diestrus status in these rats until day 7. On embryonic day 7 (E-7) these females were weighed to determine if there was a significant increase in (greater than about 10 g) body weight, to confirm pregnancy in sperm-positive females. These pregnant rats were then given daily intraperitoneal injections of any one of the following single chemicals or mixtures with an equal volume of sesame oil (Sigma) on days E-8 through E-14 of gestation [43] (link). Treatment groups were Control, Pesticide (Permethrin+DEET), Plastics (Bisphenol-A, DBP and DEHP), Dioxin (TCDD), and Jet Fuel (JP8 hydrocarbon). The pregnant female rats treated with various mixtures were designated as the F0 generation. When there was a drop in the litter size and the sex ratio of pups in F1 generation of Plastics group, another treatment group was included with only half the dose of Bisphenol-A, DBP and DEHP and this group was designated ‘Low Dose Plastics’ group. Doses, percent of oral LD50, and sources of chemicals for the compounds are given in Table S1A.

Manikkam M., Guerrero-Bosagna C., Tracey R., Haque M.M, & Skinner M.K. (2012). Transgenerational Actions of Environmental Compounds on Reproductive Disease and Identification of Epigenetic Biomarkers of Ancestral Exposures. PLoS ONE, 7(2), e31901.

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Publication 2012

Animals ARID1A protein, human bisphenol A Body Weight DEET Diestrus Diet Diethylhexyl Phthalate DNA Chips Embryo Females Hazardous Chemicals Humidity Hydrocarbons Injections, Intraperitoneal Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees jet fuel A Light Males Permethrin Pesticides Pregnancy Pregnant Women Proestrus Rattus norvegicus Rodent Safety Sesame Oil Sperm Strains Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin Treatment Protocols Vaginal Smears

Dosing Paradigm for Neurological Stress Study

The dosing paradigm is presented in Fig. 1. Mice were dosed once per day for 14 days with PB (2 mg/kg/day, s.c.) and DEET (30 mg/kg/day, s.c). On days 8–15, mice received CORT in the drinking water (200 mg/L in 1.2% ethanol, EtOH). This CORT regimen is known to be immunosuppressive as evidenced by decreased thymus weight (e.g., see O'Callaghan et al. 1991); thymus and spleen weights were confirmed to be decreased (> 20%) in all CORT (including PB/DEET+CORT) groups in this study. Control groups received saline injections and the 1.2% EtOH/water vehicle in the same paradigm and were controlled for the potential of handling stress. Finally, on day 15 mice were treated with a single injection of either DFP (4 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline (0.9%) (Fig. 1a). DFP causes behavioral seizures that abate over hours; DFP‐induced seizure activity was not affected by PB/DEET pre‐treatments and PB/DEET alone did not cause seizures. To compare the effects of handling, there was a non‐handled control group which did not receive 14 days of saline injections. However, there were no significant effects of handling for our outcome measures; therefore, the non‐handled group was not included in our final data analyses. For the MINO experiment, mice were dosed with MINO (100 mg/kg, s.c.) once per day for 15 days. On days 8–15 mice received CORT in the drinking water (200 mg/L in 1.2% EtOH). Control groups received saline injections and the 1.2% EtOH/water vehicle in the same paradigm. On day 15, mice were treated with a single injection of DFP (4 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline (0.9%) (Fig. 1b).

O'Callaghan J.P., Kelly K.A., Locker A.R., Miller D.B, & Lasley S.M. (2015). Corticosterone primes the neuroinflammatory response to DFP in mice: potential animal model of Gulf War Illness. Journal of Neurochemistry, 133(5), 708-721.

Publication 2015

Abate Cortisone DEET Ethanol Immunosuppressive Agents Mice, House Saline Solution Seizures Spleen Thymus Plant Treatment Protocols

Assessing Channel Sensitivities in Mutant Oocytes

Oocyte and larval physiology were performed largely as described15 (link),28 (link), with additional details provided in Methods. Chemical sensitivities of wild type and mutant (dTRPA1-2C) channels were assessed by normalizing all currents to currents observed at 1mM AITC. Chemically unrelated insect repellents like DEET, IR-3535, and deltamethrin failed to activate dTRPA1 (K.K. and P.G., unpublished).

Kang K., Pulver S.R., Panzano V.C., Chang E.C., Griffith L.C., Theobald D.L, & Garrity P.A. (2010). Analysis of Drosophila TRPA1 reveals an ancient origin for human chemical nociception. Nature, 464(7288), 597-600.

Publication 2010

2,3,4-tri-O-acetylarabinopyranosyl isothiocyanate decamethrin DEET Hypersensitivity Insect Repellents IR 3535 Larva Oocytes physiology

Assessing Channel Sensitivities in Mutant Oocytes

Publication 2010

2,3,4-tri-O-acetylarabinopyranosyl isothiocyanate decamethrin DEET Hypersensitivity Insect Repellents IR 3535 Larva Oocytes physiology

Comprehensive Exposure Assessment Study

The EARTH Study was designed to examine exposures across several windows: paternal and maternal preconception windows, and maternal periconception and prenatal windows. We obtain prospective repeated urine and blood samples at several times during these periods (Figure 1). There is also an optional voluntary hair sample collection. All samples were collected using methods to minimize exogenous contamination by known environmental chemicals (Calafat, et al., 2015 (link)). To date, we have collected 32,792 and 8,967 urine aliquots, and 8,156 and 3,875 blood aliquots from women and men, respectively. These have been archived and stored at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. The CDC has quantified urinary biomarkers of >40 chemicals, including: phthalates and diisononyl cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH) metabolites, phenols (e.g., bisphenol A, triclosan, parabens), and pesticides (metabolites of organophosphates, pyrethroids, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide). Organophosphate flame-retardants and polybrominated diphenyl ethers were measured at Duke University.
In whole blood, we have quantified heavy metals and metalloids (e.g., lead, cadmium, manganese) at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in a subgroup of 150 women. We have measured serum folate, vitamin B12, fatty acids, and vitamin D concentrations among 100 women. Among 558 women, we have also analyzed serum for thyroid hormones (thyroid stimulating hormone, free thyroxine 4 (T4), T4, free T3, T3, thyroglobulin, and thyroperoxidase antibodies). To date, we have quantified mercury in more than 1,200 hair samples. We have also analyzed more than 1200 semen samples for standard semen quality parameters. From participants undergoing oocyte retrieval, we have stored 6,041 follicular fluid aliquots and we have analyzed 147 of them from 143 women for phthalate metabolites and phenols. In small pilot studies, we have measured non-coding micro RNAs in semen, and obtained and archived amniotic fluid samples.

Messerlian C., Williams P.L., Ford J.B., Chavarro J.E., Mínguez-Alarcón L., Dadd R., Braun J.M., Gaskins A.J., Meeker J.D., James-Todd T., Chiu Y.H., Nassan F.L., Souter I., Petrozza J., Keller M., Toth T.L., Calafat A.M, & Hauser R. (2018). The Environment and Reproductive Health (EARTH) Study: a prospective preconception cohort. Human Reproduction Open, 2018(2), hoy001.

Publication 2018

Acids Amniotic Fluid Biological Markers bisphenol A BLOOD Brominated Diphenyl Ethers Cadmium Cobalamins Cyclohexane DEET Environmental Pollution Ergocalciferol Fatty Acids Flame Retardants Folate Follicular Fluid Hair Manganese Mercury Metalloids Metals, Heavy Mothers Oocyte Retrieval Organophosphates Parabens Pesticides Phenols phthalate Plant Embryos Pyrethroids RNA, Untranslated Semen Quality Serum Specimen Collection Thyroglobulin Thyroid Hormones thyroid microsomal antibodies Thyrotropin Thyroxine Triclosan Urine Woman

Most recents protocols related to «DEET»

Repellency Evaluation of Oregano, Catnip, and Carvacrol Against Bed Bugs

To obtain the oregano dose response curve, oregano essential oil concentrations of 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10% (w/v) were prepared using reagent alcohol as a vehicle. Based on the results of this study, the dose of 2.5% was chosen for the following experiment as it was the minimum dose at which repellent effect was observed until 24 h. For the next experiment, the repellency of catnip and oregano essential oils, their mixtures and carvacrol were tested at a final concentration of 2.5% (w/v). Previously, the dose of 2.5% of catnip essential oil has also shown excellent repellency up to 24 h in bed bugs (data not shown). The mixtures were included to determine the combined repellent effect of two essential oils that have shown strong repellency against bed bugs previously. Carvacrol, the major constituent of oregano essential oil was also evaluated to determine the repellent effect of the oregano essential oil as whole along with its major compound. The 2.5% (w/v) of catnip and oregano essential oil solutions along with carvacrol (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) were prepared in reagent alcohol.
The mixtures of N. cataria cv. CR9 (NC) and O. vulgare cv. Pierre (OV) essential oils in three different ratios of 25:75 NC : OV, 50:50 NC : OV, 75:25 NC : OV were prepared using reagent alcohol as a vehicle. Mixtures of catnip and oregano essential oil as active ingredients in ratio of 25:75 NC : OV were prepared with 0.625% (w/v) of catnip and 1.875% (w/v) of oregano, mixture with equal parts (50:50 NC : OV) was prepared with 1.25% (w/v) of each essential oil and finally, the mixture of 75:25 NC : OV was prepared with 1.875% of catnip essential oil and 0.625% of oregano essential oil. Concentration-based repellent effects of catnip cv. CR9 have already been established (Reichert et al., 2019 (link); Shi et al., 2021 (link)) and as such a dose response curve of catnip essential oil was not evaluated in this study. A 2.5% solution of DEET (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide) (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), the positive control was also prepared using reagent alcohol which was used as negative control. The solutions were stored in clear, 30 mL plastic spray bottles.

Patel H.K., Gomes E.N., Wu Q., Patel N., Kobayashi D.Y., Wang C, & Simon J.E. (2023). Volatile metabolites from new cultivars of catnip and oregano as potential antibacterial and insect repellent agents. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 1124305.

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Publication 2023

Bedbugs carvacrol DEET Ethanol Nepeta Oils, Volatile Origanum vulgare

Synthesis of Shear-Thickening Fluid Microcapsules

As shown in Fig. 1, the preparation of the dual shell microcapsules includes three steps. Firstly, a micron-sized emulsion was firstly obtained after stirring the mixture of STF, liquid paraffin, and Span80 (as emulsifier) at a low rotation speed (Fig. 1(a)). Then, the polycondensation occurs between the PEG in the STF droplets and CD-MDI at the surface of the emulsion to form a preliminary polyurethane shell layer (Fig. 1(b)). Finally, the unreacted isocyanate on the surface of polyurethane shell layer reacts with DETA to form a dense polyurea shell layer (Fig. 1(c)). As a result, dual shell microcapsules are formed.
The dispersed particles adopted for the preparation of STF are solid silica microspheres with a particle size of about 150 nm, which plays a decisive role in the shear thickening performance of STF, as shown in Fig. 1(e). To investigate the shear thickening property of the STF, the rheological tests of STF with different silica concentrations are carried out (details in ESI†). As shown in Fig. 1(f), the viscosity of SiO₂/PEG200 fluids firstly decreases with the increase in the shear rate, then increases rapidly after a critical shear rate is reached. The higher the concentration of silica, the lower the critical shear rate and the faster the viscosity mutation. When the concentration of silica is 68.5%, after a critical shear rate at 60 s⁻¹ was reached, the viscosity increases rapidly and the value at the peak was 28 times larger than the initial value. To make sure that STF can be suspended in the solvent, the STF with lower concentration (62.0%) is chosen. Nevertheless, the consumption of PEG during the following reaction process will increase the concentration of silica, which ensures the good shear thickening performance (details in ESI†). This ingenious design not only ensures the dispersion of STF but also maintains good shear thickening performance.
The emulsification effect of STF in liquid paraffin was observed by optical microscopy and the prepared double-layered microcapsules, and the cross-sections of composites were observed by SEM, as shown in Fig. 2(a). It can be seen from Fig. 2(a1) and (a4) that STF emulsification in liquid paraffin is well dispersed. The average droplet diameter is 100 μm with an agitation rate of 800 rpm. As shown in Fig. 2(a2) and (a3), the spherical particle size and double layered microcapsule wall are 190 μm and 14.31 μm, respectively. The surface of the microcapsules has a certain roughness, which is believed to be caused by the uneven shrinkage of wall materials caused by the rapid evaporation of solvent in the drying process and the certain adhesion between microcapsules in the emulsion reaction. We also used drop addition to prepare STF capsules for comparison (details in ESI†).
To investigate the structure of the core material, pure wall material, and microcapsules, the FTIR test was carried out, and the results are shown in Fig. 2(b). The peak at 1082 cm⁻¹ corresponds to the asymmetric and symmetric vibrations of the Si–O–Si groups of the silica microspheres in the core material STF, which could also be observed in the spectra of the microcapsules. In the spectra of b2 and b3, the carbonyl peaks in the range of 1646–1543 cm⁻¹ and the peak of the stretching vibration of –NH at 3279 cm⁻¹ are observed. The same absorption peak also appears in the spectra of microcapsules, which confirms the formation of polyurea and polyurethane. By comparing the spectra of b3 and b4, the microcapsules and polyurea have the same characteristic absorption peaks at 2922 cm⁻¹ and 2854 cm⁻¹, which further indicates that the outermost layer of the microcapsules is the polyurea shell. According to the infrared spectrum, the absorption characteristic peaks of the STF and the polyurea-polyurethane shell can be observed, which confirms the successful encapsulation of STF within the microcapsules.
Besides, the thermogravimetric analysis of the double-layered microcapsules, pure core material, and pure wall material are shown in Fig. 2(c). According to Fig. 2(c1), the STF shows only one thermal degradation stage from 150 °C to 370 °C, which corresponds to the thermal decomposition process of the PEG contained in it. The weight of the pure core material (STF) decreases rapidly at 225 °C. In comparison, the microcapsule with STF as the core shows two weight loss stages (Fig. 2(c4)), indicating the successful encapsulation of STF in the PU/PUA shell. Moreover, the initial decomposition temperature of the microcapsule is quite close to that of the STF, which indicates that the weight loss of the first stage at 240 °C mainly arises from the volatilization and decomposition of the STF. By comparing Fig. 2(c2–c4), it clearly shows that the decomposition temperature of the polyurethane shell and polyurea shell is 320 °C, proving that the core material has a good coating effect under PU and PUA shell. Compared to Fig. 2(c1), the thermal weight loss temperature point of STF in microcapsule increases from 225 °C to 240 °C and the weight loss speed of STF slows down. This indicates that the polyurea polyurethane double-layered microcapsules have good thermal protection to the core material. The polyurea polyurethane shell can not only improve the service temperature of STF but also slows down the leakage of STF.

Chen W., Liang S., Peng Y., Wang Y, & Liu T. (2023). Preparation of STF-loaded micron scale polyurethane polyurea double layer microcapsules and study on the mechanical properties of composites. RSC Advances, 13(11), 7385-7391.

Publication 2023

Capsule DEET Emulsions Light Microscopy Microcapsules Microspheres Mutation Oil, Mineral polyurea polyurethane isocyanate Polyurethanes Silicon Dioxide Solvents Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Vibration Viscosity Vision Volatilization

Filter Paper Insect Repellent Assay

Whatman No. 1 filter papers were cut into rectangles of size 14.7 cm × 17.5 cm. Separate papers were treated with each binary mixture formulation using a calibrated micropipette delivering 2.8 mL of solution. Untreated control papers were treated with absolute ethanol only. DEET (2.5% v/v) was used as a gold-standard repellent. The treated papers were placed on a plastic sheet and air-dried at room temperature for at least 1 h before use. Multiple papers in each formulation were discarded after being used once [17 (link),21 (link)].

Panthawong A., Nararak J., Jhaiaun P., Sukkanon C, & Chareonviriyaphap T. (2023). Synergistic Behavioral Response Effect of Mixtures of Andrographis paniculata, Cananga odorata, and Vetiveria zizanioides against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Insects, 14(2), 155.

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Publication 2023

DEET Ethanol Gold

Optimality Conditions for Quantum Control

Let

L_{2}^{2} (0, T; C^{2})

be an Hilbert space of Lebesgue measurable vector functions

Ψ : (0, T) \to C^{2}

with inner product

\begin{matrix} 〈 Ψ_{1} | {Ψ_{2} 〉}_{L_{2}^{2} (0, T; C^{2})} = \int_{0}^{T} Ψ_{1}^{H} Ψ_{2} d t \end{matrix}

Let

Ψ_{N}^{l}, {(V_{N}^{l})}^{i} \in L_{2}^{2} (0, T; C^{2})

are defined as

\begin{matrix} Ψ_{N}^{l} : = (\begin{matrix} ψ_{3}^{l} (\cdot; v_{N - 1}) - ψ_{5}^{l} (\cdot; v_{N - 1}) \\ ψ_{4}^{l} (\cdot; v_{N - 1}) - ψ_{6}^{l} (\cdot; v_{N - 1}) \end{matrix}), {(V_{N}^{l})}^{i} : = \frac{\partial Ψ_{N}^{l}}{\partial v_{i}}, l = 1, \dots, s; i = 1, \dots, k, \end{matrix}

and

\begin{matrix} V_{N}^{l} : = \frac{\partial Ψ_{N}^{l}}{\partial v} \end{matrix}

is a corresponding 2×k sensitivity matrix with columns

{(V_{N}^{l})}^{i}

. With this notations, we can easily deduce that

\begin{matrix} \int_{0}^{T} {(U_{N}^{l})}^{H} P_{S} U_{N}^{l} d t = \frac{1}{2} \int_{0}^{T} {(V_{N}^{l})}^{H} V_{N}^{l} d t \end{matrix}

\begin{matrix} - \int_{0}^{T} {(U_{N}^{l})}^{H} P_{S} | ψ^{l} (t, v^{N - 1}) 〉 d t = - \frac{1}{2} \int_{0}^{T} {(V_{N}^{l})}^{H} | Ψ_{N}^{l} 〉 d t, \end{matrix}

where k × k matrix

\int_{0}^{T} {(V_{N}^{l})}^{H} V_{N}^{l} d t

is the Gram matrix of vectors

{(V_{N}^{l})}^{i}

, i = 1,…, k in

L_{2}^{2} (0, T; C^{2})

, i.e.

\begin{matrix} \int_{0}^{T} {(V_{N}^{l})}^{H} V_{N}^{l} d t = {(a_{i j}^{l})}_{i, j = 1}^{k}, a_{i j}^{l} = {〈 (V_{N}^{l})}^{i} | {{(V_{N}^{l})}^{j} 〉}_{L_{2}^{2} (0, T; C^{2})}, \end{matrix}

\begin{matrix} \int_{0}^{T} {(V_{N}^{l})}^{H} | Ψ_{N}^{l} 〉 d t = {(p_{i}^{l})}_{i = 1}^{k}, p_{i}^{l} = 〈 {(V_{N}^{l})}^{i} | {Ψ_{N}^{l} 〉}_{L_{2}^{2} (0, T; C^{2})} . \end{matrix}

Hence, our optimality system is (19), with

\begin{matrix} A = \sum_{l = 1}^{s} \frac{1}{2} Re \int_{0}^{T} {(V_{N}^{l})}^{H} V_{N}^{l} d t, P = - \sum_{l = 1}^{s} \frac{1}{2} Re \int_{0}^{T} {(V_{N}^{l})}^{H} | Ψ_{N}^{l} 〉 d t \end{matrix}

To transform it further, introduce an Hilbert space

L_{2}^{4} (0, T; R^{4})

of Lebesgue measurable vector functions

Φ : (0, T) \to R^{4}

with inner product

\begin{matrix} 〈 Φ_{1} | {Φ_{2} 〉}_{L_{2}^{4} (0, T; R^{4})} = \int_{0}^{T} Φ_{1}^{T} Φ_{2} d t \end{matrix}

Let

Φ_{N}^{l}, {(W_{N}^{l})}^{i} \in L_{2}^{4} (0, T; R^{4})

are defined as

\begin{matrix} Φ_{N}^{l} : = (\begin{matrix} Re (ψ_{3}^{l} (\cdot; v_{N - 1}) - ψ_{5}^{l} (\cdot; v_{N - 1})) \\ Im (ψ_{3}^{l} (\cdot; v_{N - 1}) - ψ_{5}^{l} (\cdot; v_{N - 1})) \\ Re (ψ_{4}^{l} (\cdot; v_{N - 1}) - ψ_{6}^{l} (\cdot; v_{N - 1})) \\ Im (ψ_{4}^{l} (\cdot; v_{N - 1}) - ψ_{6}^{l} (\cdot; v_{N - 1})) \end{matrix}), {(W_{N}^{l})}^{i} : = \frac{\partial Φ_{N}^{l}}{\partial v_{i}}, i = 1, \dots, k \end{matrix}

and

\begin{matrix} W_{N}^{l} : = \frac{\partial Φ_{N}^{l}}{\partial v} \end{matrix}

is a corresponding 4 × k sensitivity matrix with columns

{(W_{N}^{l})}^{i}

. We now deduce that

\begin{matrix} Re \int_{0}^{T} {(U_{N}^{l})}^{H} P_{S} U_{N}^{l} d t = \frac{1}{2} Re \int_{0}^{T} {(V_{N}^{l})}^{H} V_{N}^{l} d t = \frac{1}{2} \int_{0}^{T} {(W_{N}^{l})}^{T} W_{N}^{l} d t \\ - Re \int_{0}^{T} {(U_{N}^{l})}^{H} P_{S} | ψ^{l} (t, v^{N - 1}) d t = - Re \frac{1}{2} \int_{0}^{T} {(V_{N}^{l})}^{H} | Ψ_{N}^{l} 〉 d t \\ = - \frac{1}{2} \int_{0}^{T} {(W_{N}^{l})}^{T} | Φ_{N}^{l} 〉 d t, \end{matrix}

where k × k matrix

\int_{0}^{T} {(W_{N}^{l})}^{T} W_{N}^{l} d t

is the Gram matrix of vectors

{(W_{N}^{l})}^{i}, i = 1, \dots, k

L_{2}^{4} (0, T; R^{4})

, i.e.

\begin{matrix} \int_{0}^{T} {(W_{N}^{l})}^{T} W_{N}^{l} d t = {(w_{i j}^{l})}_{i, j = 1}^{k}, w_{i j}^{l} = 〈 {(W_{N}^{l})}^{i} | {{(W_{N}^{l})}^{j} 〉}_{L_{2}^{4} (0, T; R^{4})}, \end{matrix}

\begin{matrix} P_{l} : = \int_{0}^{T} {(W_{N}^{l})}^{T} | Φ_{N}^{l} 〉 d t = {(f_{i}^{l})}_{i = 1}^{k}, f_{i}^{l} = 〈 {(W_{N}^{l})}^{i} | {Φ_{N}^{l} 〉}_{L_{2}^{4} (0, T; R^{4})} . \end{matrix}

Hence, our optimality system can be written as (19), with

\begin{matrix} A = \sum_{l = 1}^{s} A_{l}, P = \sum_{l = 1}^{s} P_{l}, \end{matrix}

where

\begin{matrix} A_{l} = \int_{0}^{T} {(W_{N}^{l})}^{T} W_{N}^{l} d t, P = - \int_{0}^{T} {(W_{N}^{l})}^{T} | Φ_{N}^{l} 〉 d t \end{matrix}

We have

\begin{matrix} d e t A_{l} = Γ ({(W_{N}^{l})}^{1}, \dots, {(W_{N}^{l})}^{k}) : = d e t \int_{0}^{T} {(W_{N}^{l})}^{T} W_{N}^{l} d t, \end{matrix}

where

Γ ({(W_{N}^{l})}^{1}, \dots, {(W_{N}^{l})}^{k})

is a Gram determinant of vectors

{{(W_{N}^{l})}^{i}, i = 1, \dots, k} \subset L_{2}^{4} (0, T; R^{4})

. It is well known [23 ] that

\begin{matrix} d e t A_{l} = Γ ({(W_{N}^{l})}^{1}, \dots, {(W_{N}^{l})}^{k}) \geq 0, \end{matrix}

and it is positive, that is to say, A_l is a non-singular matrix, if and only if the vectors

{(W_{N}^{l})}^{i}, i = 1, \dots, k

are linearly independent in

L_{2}^{4} (0, T; R^{4})

. Applying Minkowski’s Determinant Theorem [24 ], from (30) we deduce the low bound for detA:

\begin{matrix} d e t A \geq {[\sum_{l = 1}^{s} {(d e t A_{l})}^{\frac{1}{k}}]}^{k} \end{matrix}

The estimation (33) implies that the matrix A is non-singular, if detA_l > 0 for some l ∈ {1,…, s}. Hence, we established the following
Theorem 1Optimality system (19) has a unique solution, which is a unique global minimizer of the function (15) in

R^{k}

if the functions

{(W_{N}^{l})}^{i}, i = 1, \dots, k

are linearly independent in

L_{2}^{4} (0, T; R^{4})

for some singlet state

ψ_{S}^{l}, l \in {1, \dots, s}

Martino C.F., Jimenez P., Goldfarb M, & Abdulla U.G. (2023). Optimization of parameters in coherent spin dynamics of radical pairs in quantum biology. PLOS ONE, 18(2), e0273404.

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Publication 2023

Cloning Vectors DEET Hypersensitivity Maritally Unattached

Monitoring Nitric Oxide-Induced Bacterial Switch

SL. pNASR were treated with 100 μM DETA/NO and further cultured at 37 °C. Aliquots were collected after 0–8 h in culture, with the resulting bacterial pellets resuspended in PBS. Rluc8 activity was measured by determining bioluminescence intensities in the presence of coelenterazine, as described above. The switch events were also analyzed by PCR using fimS and rluc8 primers.

Qin Y., You S.H., Zhang Y., Venu A., Hong Y, & Min J.J. (2023). Genetic Programming by Nitric Oxide-Sensing Gene Switch System in Tumor-Targeting Bacteria. Biosensors, 13(2), 266.

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Publication 2023

Bacteria coelenterazine DEET Oligonucleotide Primers Pellets, Drug

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Ethanol is a clear, colorless liquid chemical compound commonly used in laboratory settings. It is a key component in various scientific applications, serving as a solvent, disinfectant, and fuel source. Ethanol has a molecular formula of C2H6O and a range of industrial and research uses.

Acetone by Merck Group

Sourced in Germany, United States, United Kingdom, Italy, India, Spain, China, Poland, Switzerland, Australia, France, Canada, Sweden, Japan, Ireland, Brazil, Chile, Macao, Belgium, Sao Tome and Principe, Czechia, Malaysia, Denmark, Portugal, Argentina, Singapore, Israel, Netherlands, Mexico, Pakistan, Finland

Acetone is a colorless, volatile, and flammable liquid. It is a common solvent used in various industrial and laboratory applications. Acetone has a high solvency power, making it useful for dissolving a wide range of organic compounds.

Diethylenetriamine by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Israel, Germany, Spain

Diethylenetriamine is a colorless, viscous liquid chemical compound used as a raw material and intermediate in the production of various chemical products. It serves as a building block for the synthesis of other compounds and has applications in the fields of pharmaceuticals, polymers, and specialty chemicals. The core function of diethylenetriamine is to provide a versatile chemical structure that can be further modified and incorporated into larger molecules or formulations.

Pyridostigmine bromide by Merck Group

Sourced in United States

Pyridostigmine bromide is a chemical compound used in laboratory settings. It functions as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, which means it helps maintain the levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the body. This compound is commonly used in research and analytical applications where the regulation of acetylcholine levels is of interest.

Mithras lb 940 by Berthold Technologies

Sourced in Germany, United States, France, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Japan

The Mithras LB 940 is a multi-mode microplate reader designed for a wide range of applications. It features a flexible optical system with multiple detection modes, including absorbance, fluorescence, and luminescence. The instrument is capable of performing a variety of assays, such as cell-based, enzymatic, and biochemical analyses.

T2904 by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in United States

The T2904 is a laboratory centrifuge designed for general-purpose applications. It features programmable speed and time controls, as well as a digital display to monitor the run status. The centrifuge can accommodate a variety of sample tubes and microplates. Its basic functionality is to separate components of a sample based on density differences through the application of centrifugal force.

Paraffin oil by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Japan, France

Paraffin oil is a clear, odorless, and colorless liquid derived from petroleum. It is commonly used in various laboratory applications as a lubricant, sealant, and heat transfer medium.

Pdc 32g by Harrick

Sourced in United States

The PDC-32G is a compact and versatile gas chromatograph designed for laboratory applications. It features a thermal conductivity detector (TCD) and is capable of analyzing a wide range of gas samples. The PDC-32G provides reliable performance and is intended for use in various analytical settings.

Hydrochloric acid (hcl) by Sinopharm

Sourced in China, United States, Argentina

Hydrochloric acid is a chemical compound with the formula HCl. It is a colorless, corrosive liquid that can be used in various industrial processes.

More about "DEET"

N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) is a widely used insect repellent that provides efective protection against a variety of biting arthropods, including mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas.
This versatile compound interferes with the olfactory senses of insects, deterring them from approaching and biting the treated skin or clothing.
DEET is known for its long-lasting efficacy and is commonly used in outdoor activities, military operations, and public health interventions to prevent insect-borne diseases.
Research into optimizing DEET protocols and products is an active field, as scientists continually work to enhance its safety, effectiveness, and user experience.
Cutting-edge AI platforms like PubCompare.ai can accelerate this research by identifying the best DEET protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, ensuring reproducibility and accuracy in your studies.
DEET can be used in conjunction with other compounds like DETA/NO, Ethanol, Acetone, Diethylenetriamine, Pyridostigmine bromide, Mithras LB 940, T2904, Paraffin oil, PDC-32G, and Hydrochloric acid to optimize its performance and address specific research needs.
By leveraging the power of these related terms and subtopics, researchers can gain a deeper understanding of DEET and develop innovative solutions to enhance its efficacy and safety in a wide range of applications.
Whether you're working on military operations, public health interventions, or outdoor activities, DEET remains a crucial tool in the fight against insect-borne diseases.
With the help of advanced AI platforms and a holistic understanding of DEET and its related compounds, you can unlock new possibilities and drive breakthroughs in this important field of research.