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Endotoxins

Endotoxins are complex lipopolysaccharide molecules found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria.
These potent biological substances can trigger a strong immune response, leading to fever, inflammation, and potentially life-threatening sepsis.
Endotoxin detection and quantification are critical in pharmaceutical, medical, and research settings to ensure product safety and quality.
Researchers can utilize the powerful AI-driven protocol comparison tool PubCompare.ai to easily locate, compare, and optimize endotoxin-related protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, helping them find the best methods and products for their endotoxin research needs.
Elevate your endotoxin studies with the intelligent, data-driven insights provided by PubCompar.ai.

Most cited protocols related to «Endotoxins»

1
Efficient Phage Purification and Endotoxin Removal
Cited 78 times
Notes:

The procedure for phage propagation is largely specific for each phage and bacterial host. Here we use propagation conditions for T4 phage and Escherichia coli B bacterial host. It is recommended to use appropriated growth and propagation conditions for your choice of phage and host.

Once a sufficiently high titer phage lysate is obtained please proceed to step 3.

It is recommended to only propagate and purify one phage at a time to prevent cross-contamination.

1| Phage plaque assay for determination of titer (Adams, 1959 )
2A| Phage isolation and propagation via plate lysate
2B| Phage propagation via liquid lysate
3| Phage cleanup (0.22 μm filtering and chloroform)
4| Phage concentration and wash via ultrafiltration
5| Endotoxin removal (Morrison & Leive, 1975 (link); Szermer-Olearnik & Boratyński, 2015 (link))
Notes:

This method is adapted from Szermer-Olearnik & Boratyński (2015) (link), which demonstrates the efficient removal of endotoxins from bacteriophage lysates using water immiscible solvents that are subsequently removed via dialysis. For detailed explanation of the methodology please see Morrison & Leive (1975) (link) and Szermer-Olearnik & Boratyński (2015) (link).

Our adapted method uses a speed vacuum to remove residual organic solvent from phage lysates, instead of the lengthy dialysis washes with similar efficiency.

This step is optional. If you do not require removal of bacterial endotoxins from your phage preparations please go to step 7.

6A| Dialysis removal of organic solvent (Szermer-Olearnik & Boratyński, 2015 (link))
Notes:

This method is adapted from Szermer-Olearnik & Boratyński (2015) (link) and describes the removal of residual organic solvents from phage lysates by dialysis.

Residual organic solvents disable downstream Pierce™ LAL Chromogenic Endotoxin Quantitation assays and must be removed in order to accurately quantify endotoxin concentrations.

Due to the ionic concentration of phage SM buffer used you may end up with greater than the starting volume.

6B| Speed vacuum removal of organic solvent
Notes:

This method is a faster alternative to the dialysis method for the removal of residual organic solvents from phage concentrates.

7| Phage bank storage
Bonilla N., Rojas M.I., Netto Flores Cruz G., Hung S.H., Rohwer F, & Barr J.J. (2016). Phage on tap–a quick and efficient protocol for the preparation of bacteriophage laboratory stocks. PeerJ, 4, e2261.
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Publication 2016
azo rubin S Bacteria Bacteriophage Plaque Assay Bacteriophages Bacteriophage T4 Biological Assay Buffers Chloroform Dialysis Endotoxins Escherichia coli Genetic Engineering Ions isolation Solvents Vacuum Vacuum Extraction, Obstetrical
2
Optimized mRNA Encapsulation and Lipid Nanoparticle Formulation
Cited 35 times

Protocol full text hidden due to copyright restrictions

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Publication 2019
1-methylpseudouridine 3' Untranslated Regions Asian Americans bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase Buffers Cholesterol Dialysis Endotoxins Ethanol Exons Genes Homo sapiens Influenza Lipids Molar Nitrogen Poly(A) Tail RNA, Messenger Signal Peptides Sodium Acetate Sodium Citrate Strains Sucrose Transcription, Genetic Tromethamine Uridine Zika Virus
3
In Vitro mRNA Synthesis and LNP Formulation
Cited 28 times
mRNA was synthesized in vitro by T7 RNA polymerase–mediated transcription, using either uridine 5′-triphosphate or 100% substituted with 1mΨTP, from a linearized DNA template, which incorporates 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions and a polyadenosine tail. For process A, NTPs were included at equimolar concentrations, and the resulting mRNA was purified by 2′-deoxy-T20 oligo affinity chromatography. For process B, NTPs were included at custom molar ratios and purified by ion pair RP-HPLC. After purification, mRNA was buffer-exchanged into 2 mM sodium citrate (pH 6.5), passed through a 0.22-μm filter, and stored at −20°C until use.
LNP formulations were prepared as previously described (48 (link)). Briefly, lipids dissolved in ethanol at a molar ratio of 50:10:38.5:1.5 of ionizable:helper:structural:polyethylene glycol were mixed with acidified mRNA at a ratio of 3:1 mRNA:lipid. Formulations were dialyzed against PBS (pH 7.4) for at least 18 hours, concentrated using Amicon Ultra centrifugal filters (EMD Millipore Corp., Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), passed through a 0.22-μm filter, and stored at 4°C until use. Particle size was measured by dynamic light scattering and found to be <100 nm; encapsulation was >90%, as measured by the Quant-iT RiboGreen RNA quantitation kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific), and endotoxin was <10 endotoxin units (EU)/ml. mRNA was formulated with DOTAP (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) according to the manufacturer’s recommended protocol.
Nelson J., Sorensen E.W., Mintri S., Rabideau A.E., Zheng W., Besin G., Khatwani N., Su S.V., Miracco E.J., Issa W.J., Hoge S., Stanton M.G, & Joyal J.L. (2020). Impact of mRNA chemistry and manufacturing process on innate immune activation. Science Advances, 6(26), eaaz6893.
Publication 2020
1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase Buffers Chromatography, Affinity Endotoxins Ethanol High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies Lipids Molar Oligonucleotides oxytocin, 1-desamino-(O-Et-Tyr)(2)- polyadenosine Polyethylene Glycols RNA, Messenger Sodium Citrate Tail Transcription, Genetic Uridine Triphosphate
4
Transcriptional Profiling of Trauma Recovery
Cited 26 times
Trauma patients were divided into two groups to evaluate the impact of complications and expression differences associated with clinical recovery: (1) uncomplicated recovery in <5 d (n = 55) and (2) complicated recovery after 14 d, no recovery by 28 d, or death (n = 41; Fig. 1 B). Univariate analysis was performed to compare characteristics between groups using either the Student’s t test or Mann-Whitney signed rank test and Fisher’s exact test. Univariate analyses were conducted to examine the effect of blood transfusion, ISS, and base deficit on expression using a linear regression model. A propensity score for the effect of blood transfusion was developed from the confounding variables using logistic regression (D’Agostino, 1998 (link); Hayes and Groner, 2008 (link)).
Statistical analysis was performed to identify genes differentially expressed between injured patients and healthy subjects and between trauma patients with different clinical outcomes using the software program EDGE (Storey et al., 2005 (link)). A k-means clustering was then applied to visualize major temporal patterns of the resulting significant genes with at least a twofold change in expression over time (Tavazoie et al., 1999 (link); Calvano et al., 2005 (link)). Genes differentially expressed between patients and controls and between different clinical outcomes were then subjected to pathway analysis using Ingenuity Pathway Knowledge Base as previously described (Calvano et al., 2005 (link); Laudanski et al., 2006 (link)). The results were independently validated with blood leukocyte genomics obtained from 133 adult patients with burns >20% of the total body surface area and from 4 healthy humans after administration of low-dose bacterial endotoxin (Calvano et al., 2005 (link)).
Xiao W., Mindrinos M.N., Seok J., Cuschieri J., Cuenca A.G., Gao H., Hayden D.L., Hennessy L., Moore E.E., Minei J.P., Bankey P.E., Johnson J.L., Sperry J., Nathens A.B., Billiar T.R., West M.A., Brownstein B.H., Mason P.H., Baker H.V., Finnerty C.C., Jeschke M.G., López M.C., Klein M.B., Gamelli R.L., Gibran N.S., Arnoldo B., Xu W., Zhang Y., Calvano S.E., McDonald-Smith G.P., Schoenfeld D.A., Storey J.D., Cobb J.P., Warren H.S., Moldawer L.L., Herndon D.N., Lowry S.F., Maier R.V., Davis R.W, & Tompkins R.G. (2011). A genomic storm in critically injured humans. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 208(13), 2581-2590.
Publication 2011
Adult Aftercare BLOOD Blood Transfusion Body Surface Area Burns Endotoxins Genes Healthy Volunteers Homo sapiens Leukocytes Patients Student Wounds and Injuries
5
Recombinant Protein Purification and Analysis
Cited 25 times
Transduced 293-F cells (at least 1 week post-transduction) were seeded at 5 × 105 cells/ml in a 1-l vented shaker flask (Nalgene) in 100 ml of 293 Expression media (Gibco). Twenty-five milliliters of fresh media was added 2–3 days later, when cells reached densities of 2–3 × 106 cells/ml. The media was harvested after 5 days of total incubation after measuring final cell concentration and viability. Culture supernatants were harvested by low-speed centrifugation to remove cells and filtered through a 0.22-micron Centricon ultrafilter (Millipore). NaCl was added to a final concentration of 250 mM and the supernatants were concentrated to final volumes of ~5 ml using a Vivacell-100 centrifugal concentrator (Sartorius Stedim). Recombinant proteins were separated from media by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) on a Superdex 75 column (GE Healthsciences). Proteins were transferred to PVDF-FL (Millipore) membranes for western blot analysis with mouse anti-STREP primary (IBA) and an anti-mouse-Alexa 680 (Molecular Probes) secondary antibody, with results visualized using Li-COR fluorescent detection system (Odyssey). Endotoxin levels were measured by the Pyrogene endotoxin detection system (Lonza) following the manufacturer's protocols.
Bandaranayake A.D., Correnti C., Ryu B.Y., Brault M., Strong R.K, & Rawlings D.J. (2011). Daedalus: a robust, turnkey platform for rapid production of decigram quantities of active recombinant proteins in human cell lines using novel lentiviral vectors. Nucleic Acids Research, 39(21), e143.
Publication 2011
Cells Centrifugation Endotoxins Gel Chromatography Immunoglobulins Molecular Probes Mus polyvinylidene fluoride Proteins Recombinant Proteins Sodium Chloride Streptococcal Infections Tissue, Membrane Western Blot

Most recents protocols related to «Endotoxins»

1
Endotoxin Testing of Copolyester Pellets
Not available on PMC !

Example 11

Polymer pellets of succinic acid-1,4-butanediol-malic acid copolyester were tested for endotoxin content using the Bacterial Endotoxin Test (BET) Gel Clot method per USP<85>. Before testing, the pellets were sterilized by exposure to ethylene oxide gas. The extraction was performed at a ratio of 1 gram of polymer in 10 mL of endotoxin-free water; then, a 1:8 dilution of the sample extract was prepared and tested by the gel clot method. The results yielded<2.5 EU/g of polymer.

US11878087B2. Oriented implants containing poly(butylene succinate) and copolymer, and methods of use thereof (2024-01-23). Tepha, Inc. [US]. Inventors: Simon F. Williams [US], Said Rizk [US], David P. Martin [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Butylene Glycols Clotrimazole Endotoxins malic acid Oxide, Ethylene Pellets, Drug Polymers Succinic Acid Technique, Dilution
2
Characterization of Pegylated Cysteinyl-succinyl Hemoglobin
Not available on PMC !

Example 10

The specifications of the pegylated cysteinyl-succinyl crosslinked hemoglobin used for the below safety, pharmacokinetics and tissue oxygenation studies, are shown in Table 12.

TABLE 12
Physical Properties of Cysteinyl-succinyl Crosslinked
Hemoglobin Conjugate.
Pegylated Cysteinyl-
succinyl Crosslinked
Hb
tHb [g/dL]4.5-5.5
pH7.4-8.4
MetHb [%]≤8%
Endotoxin [EU/mL]≤0.25
Colloid Osmotic Pressure [mmHg]>73
Estimated PEG no./Hb12-14
Estimated MW [kDa]125-135
Average Hydrodynamic Size [nm]13.5-14.5
Free Dimer [%]0
Unpegylated Hemoglobin≤5%
Residual PEG [mg/mL]≤0.2

US11857605B2. Thiosuccinyl-crosslinked hemoglobin conjugates and methods of use and preparation thereof (2024-01-02). Billion King International Limited [CN]. Inventors: Kwok Chu Butt [CN], Norman Fung-Man Wai [CA], Hiu Chi Chong [CN], Wing Tat Choi [CN], Colin Pak Fai Yeh [CN], Benjamin Chi Yin Wai [CA].
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Patent 2024
4-methyl-5-ethoxalyl-1H-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzodiazepin-2-one Cell Respiration Colloids Drug Kinetics Endotoxins Hemoglobin Hydrodynamics Osmotic Pressure Physical Processes Safety Tissues
3
Synthesis of Chitosan-Modified Montmorillonite Composites
To prepare the H-Na-Mt, Na-Mt powder and a 3 mol/L H2SO4 solution were placed in a flat-bottomed flask and stirred at 80 °C for 4 h. After their reaction, each sample was centrifuged and washed with deionized water. After drying them at 80 °C for 12 h, the samples were ground and screened.
To obtain C-H-Na-Mt, firstly, 200 mg chitosan was dissolved with 40 mL of 5% acetic acid solution and stirred at 80 °C to obtain a 5 g/L chitosan stock solution. Secondly, 0.25 g of H-Na-Mt powder was placed in the plasma grafting reactor, and argon gas was injected into the reactor for 10 min at a pressure of 50 Pa with the power of 100 W. Thirdly, the treated H-Na-Mt was transferred to the prepared 80 mL 0.2 g/L chitosan solution (diluted from the 5 g/L chitosan stock solution) that was being heated at 80 °C, and continued to be heated and stirred at 80 °C for 24 h. C-H-Na-Mt composites were collected by centrifuging, washed several times with 5% acetic acid solution and endotoxin-free ultrapure water, and finally dried in a vacuum oven at room temperature. The MMt was synthesized via the hydrothermal method. To do this, 2.7 g of FeCl3·6H2O, 80 mL of ethylene glycol, 7.2 g of NaAC, and 2 g of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were added into the beaker and stirred magnetically for 0.5 h. Then 0.5 g of Mt was added and this stirred again for 0.5 h. The mixture was transferred to the PTFE inner tank for the hydrothermal reaction conducted at 180 °C for 10 h. Under the action of an external magnetic field, the solid and liquid are separated and the waste liquid from the upper layer is removed. The ensuing solids were transferred to a centrifugal tube, washed with ethanol and deionized water, and oven-dried at 60 °C.
Liu J., Yang S., Zhao L., Jiang F., Sun J., Peng S., Zhao R., Huang Y., Fu X., Luo R., Jiang Y., Li Z., Wang N., Fang T, & Zhang Z. (2023). ROS generation and p-38 activation contribute to montmorillonite-induced corneal toxicity in vitro and in vivo. Particle and Fibre Toxicology, 20, 8.
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Publication 2023
Acetic Acid Argon Chitosan Endotoxins Ethanol Glycol, Ethylene Magnetic Fields Plasma Polytetrafluoroethylene Powder Pressure Suby's G solution Sulfate, Sodium Dodecyl Vacuum
4
Wear Particle-Induced Osteolysis Model

Protocol full text hidden due to copyright restrictions

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Publication 2023
Endotoxins Limulus Osteolysis Sterilization Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase Titanium
5
Recombinant Protein Production in CHOZN Cells
CHOZN GS−/− cells (Merck) were maintained in suspension cultures in serum-free media (EX-CELL CHO CD Fusion, Merck) supplemented with 4 mM L-glutamine, as previously described (Tian et al., 2019 (link)). An expression construct containing the entire coding sequence of human AGA was synthesized by Genewiz, United States. Full-length cDNA of human GUSB, TPP1, and GAA were purchased from Horizon Discovery, United Kingdom, while human IDS cDNA was purchased from Sino Biological. C-terminal His-tagged CTSD was produced as previously reported (Marques et al., 2020 (link)). All reporter constructs were cloned into pCGS3 (Merck). Cells were seeded at a density of 0.5 × 106 cells/mL in T25 flasks (NUNC) 24 h prior to transfection. Approximately 2 × 106 cells were transfected with 8 μg endotoxin-free plasmids using Amaxa kit V and program U24 with Amaxa Nucleofector 2B (Lonza). 72 h post-transfection, cells were plated at 500–1,000 cells/well in 96-wells in 200 μL Minipool Plating Medium containing 80% EX-CELL® CHO Cloning Medium (Merck) and 20% EX-CELL CD CHO Fusion media without glutamine for selection. Screening of high expression minipools were performed by determining enzyme activity in spent media for AGA, GUSB, GAA and IDS, by SDS-PAGE for TPP1 and CTSD. Selected minipools were further single cell sorted by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) (Sony) and expanded in 50 mL TPP TubeSpin® shaking Bioreactors (180 rpm, 37°C and 5% CO2).
Chen Y.H., Tian W., Yasuda M., Ye Z., Song M., Mandel U., Kristensen C., Povolo L., Marques A.R., Čaval T., Heck A.J., Sampaio J.L., Johannes L., Tsukimura T., Desnick R., Vakhrushev S.Y., Yang Z, & Clausen H. (2023). A universal GlycoDesign for lysosomal replacement enzymes to improve circulation time and biodistribution. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 11, 1128371.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
Biopharmaceuticals Bioreactors Cells CHO Cells CTSD protein, human Culture Media, Serum-Free DNA, Complementary Endotoxins enzyme activity Fusions, Cell Glutamine Homo sapiens isononanoyl oxybenzene sulfonate Open Reading Frames Plasmids SDS-PAGE Transfection

Top products related to «Endotoxins»

1
Pierce lal chromogenic endotoxin quantitation kit by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Austria
The Pierce LAL Chromogenic Endotoxin Quantitation Kit is a laboratory tool used to quantify endotoxin levels in various sample types. It employs a colorimetric method based on the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) reaction to detect and measure endotoxin concentrations.
2
Toxinsensor chromogenic lal endotoxin assay kit by GenScript
Sourced in United States, China
The ToxinSensor™ Chromogenic LAL Endotoxin Assay Kit is a laboratory assay designed to detect and quantify endotoxin levels. It utilizes a Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) reaction to produce a chromogenic signal in the presence of endotoxin.
3
Fetal bovine serum (fbs) by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, China, United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, Japan, Canada, Italy, France, Switzerland, New Zealand, Brazil, Belgium, India, Spain, Israel, Austria, Poland, Ireland, Sweden, Macao, Netherlands, Denmark, Cameroon, Singapore, Portugal, Argentina, Holy See (Vatican City State), Morocco, Uruguay, Mexico, Thailand, Sao Tome and Principe, Hungary, Panama, Hong Kong, Norway, United Arab Emirates, Czechia, Russian Federation, Chile, Moldova, Republic of, Gabon, Palestine, State of, Saudi Arabia, Senegal
Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.
4
Penicillin streptomycin by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, China, Canada, France, Japan, Australia, Switzerland, Israel, Italy, Belgium, Austria, Spain, Gabon, Ireland, New Zealand, Sweden, Netherlands, Denmark, Brazil, Macao, India, Singapore, Poland, Argentina, Cameroon, Uruguay, Morocco, Panama, Colombia, Holy See (Vatican City State), Hungary, Norway, Portugal, Mexico, Thailand, Palestine, State of, Finland, Moldova, Republic of, Jamaica, Czechia
Penicillin/streptomycin is a commonly used antibiotic solution for cell culture applications. It contains a combination of penicillin and streptomycin, which are broad-spectrum antibiotics that inhibit the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
5
Pierce chromogenic endotoxin quant kit by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, Germany, Spain
The Pierce Chromogenic Endotoxin Quant Kit is a laboratory test kit designed to quantify the presence of endotoxins in samples. It utilizes a colorimetric assay to detect and measure endotoxin levels accurately.
6
Lipopolysaccharides (lps) by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, China, United Kingdom, Sao Tome and Principe, Macao, Italy, Japan, Canada, France, Switzerland, Israel, Australia, Spain, India, Ireland, Brazil, Poland, Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, Hungary, Austria, Mongolia
The LPS laboratory equipment is a high-precision device used for various applications in scientific research and laboratory settings. It is designed to accurately measure and monitor specific parameters essential for various experimental procedures. The core function of the LPS is to provide reliable and consistent data collection, ensuring the integrity of research results. No further details or interpretations can be provided while maintaining an unbiased and factual approach.
7
Limulus amebocyte lysate assay by Lonza
Sourced in United States, Switzerland
The Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay is a widely used laboratory test that detects and measures the presence of bacterial endotoxins, also known as lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The assay utilizes the blood cells (amebocytes) of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, to identify the presence of endotoxins in a sample. This test is a sensitive and reliable method for monitoring the levels of endotoxins in a variety of applications, including pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturing.
8
Rpmi 1640 by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, China, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Canada, Japan, Australia, Italy, Switzerland, Belgium, New Zealand, Austria, Netherlands, Israel, Sweden, Denmark, India, Ireland, Spain, Brazil, Norway, Argentina, Macao, Poland, Holy See (Vatican City State), Mexico, Hong Kong, Portugal, Cameroon
RPMI 1640 is a common cell culture medium used for the in vitro cultivation of a variety of cells, including human and animal cells. It provides a balanced salt solution and a source of essential nutrients and growth factors to support cell growth and proliferation.
9
Penicillin by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, China, France, Canada, Japan, Australia, Switzerland, Italy, Israel, Belgium, Austria, Spain, Brazil, Netherlands, Gabon, Denmark, Poland, Ireland, New Zealand, Sweden, Argentina, India, Macao, Uruguay, Portugal, Holy See (Vatican City State), Czechia, Singapore, Panama, Thailand, Moldova, Republic of, Finland, Morocco
Penicillin is a type of antibiotic used in laboratory settings. It is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent effective against a variety of bacteria. Penicillin functions by disrupting the bacterial cell wall, leading to cell death.
10
Streptomycin by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, China, France, Canada, Australia, Japan, Switzerland, Italy, Belgium, Israel, Austria, Spain, Netherlands, Poland, Brazil, Denmark, Argentina, Sweden, New Zealand, Ireland, India, Gabon, Macao, Portugal, Czechia, Singapore, Norway, Thailand, Uruguay, Moldova, Republic of, Finland, Panama
Streptomycin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used in laboratory settings. It functions as a protein synthesis inhibitor, targeting the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, which plays a crucial role in the translation of genetic information into proteins. Streptomycin is commonly used in microbiological research and applications that require selective inhibition of bacterial growth.

More about "Endotoxins"

Endotoxins are complex lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria.
These potent biological substances can trigger a strong immune response, leading to fever, inflammation, and potentially life-threatening sepsis.
Endotoxin detection and quantification are critical in pharmaceutical, medical, and research settings to ensure product safety and quality.
Researchers can utilize the powerful AI-driven protocol comparison tool PubCompare.ai to easily locate, compare, and optimize endotoxin-related protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, helping them find the best methods and products for their endotoxin research needs.
This includes leveraging tools like the Pierce LAL Chromogenic Endotoxin Quantitation Kit, ToxinSensor™ Chromogenic LAL Endotoxin Assay Kit, and the Pierce Chromogenic Endotoxin Quant Kit to accurately measure and quantify endotoxin levels.
In addition to these specialized kits, researchers may also use cell culture media like RPMI 1640 supplemented with FBS and Penicillin/streptomycin to support their endotoxin studies.
The Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay is a common method used to detect and quantify endotoxin levels in various samples.
Elevate your endotoxin studies with the intelligent, data-driven insights provided by PubCompare.ai.
Discover the power of this tool in optimizing your research and finding the best protocols and products for your needs.