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Hallucinogens

Hallucinogens are a class of psychoactive substances that can induce altered perceptions, emotions, and cognitive processes.
These drugs, which include LSD, psilocybin, and DMT, are known for their ability to produce vivid sensory experiences, changes in self-awareness, and altered states of consciousness.
Hallucinogens can have therapeutic potential, but their use also carries risks, including adverse psychological and physical effects.
Researchers studying the use of hallucinogens must carefully consider the ethical and safety implications of their work.
The PubCompare.ai platform can help optimize hallucinogens research by providing easy access to relevant protocols and enabling AI-driven comparisons to identify the most effective and reproducible approaches.

Most cited protocols related to «Hallucinogens»

1
Diagnostic Assessment of DSM-5 Disorders

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Publication 2014
Agoraphobia Alcohol Use Disorder Anxiety Disorders Cannabis Central Nervous System Stimulants Club Drugs Cocaine Conduct Disorder Diagnosis Disorder, Depressive Drug Use Disorders Dysthymic Disorder Hallucinogens Heroin Inhalation Drug Administration Manic Episode Mood Disorders Opioids Panic Disorder Pharmaceutical Preparations Phobia, Social Phobia, Specific Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Sedatives Solvents Tobacco Products Tobacco Use Disorder Tranquilizing Agents
2
Assessing Drug Use and Consequences
Interviews were conducted by trained research staff in a private setting and data were recorded anonymously, unaccompanied by any unique identifiers. Subjects were first asked the single screening question, “How many times in the past year have you used an illegal drug or used a prescription medication for non-medical reasons?” (where a response of ≥1 is considered positive). If asked to clarify the meaning of “non-medical reasons”, the research associate added "for instance because of the experience or feeling it caused”. After subjects responded to the single screening question, they were asked if they had ever experienced any of a list of problems related to drug use. For this we modified the previously described Short Inventory of Problems-Alcohol and Drug (SIP-AD) questionnaire, which asks about problems ever experienced in the subject’s lifetime related to alcohol or drug use8 (link). We modified this by eliminating the word alcohol from the questions, a modification we hereafter refer to as the Short Inventory of Problems- Drug Use (SIP-DU). In a separate analysis (but in these subjects) we determined the reliability and validity of the SIP-DU as a measure of drug use consequences 9 . The computerized version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) Substance Abuse Module was used for the assessment of current (12-month) drug use disorders 10 . This structured interview yields a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) diagnosis of drug abuse or dependence. In addition, as part of the CIDI, subjects were asked detailed questions about current (past year) use of illicit drugs (marijuana, cocaine, heroin, stimulants or hallucinogens) and non-medical use of prescription drugs. Following the interview subjects were asked to undergo oral fluid testing for the presence of common drugs of abuse (opiates, benzodiazepines, cocaine, methamphetamines, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Once collected, oral fluid was sent to an outside laboratory for analysis using methodology that yields results comparable to urine drug screening (Intercept™ immunoassay, OraSure Technologies, Bethlehem, PA)11 (link)–14 (link). In order to aid in the interpretation of drug test results subjects had been asked, as part of the interview, if they had recently been prescribed any drugs from a list of opiates or benzodiazepines. Because this question was added to the questionnaire during the study, responses were missing from 23 subjects who underwent oral fluid testing. Subjects were not told that they would be asked to undergo drug testing until the interview was complete. After completing the interview, they were compensated and thanked for their participation. They were then asked to undergo oral fluid testing and a second informed consent process was completed. Following the single drug screening question, but before the other assessments, the 10-item Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10) was administered for comparison 4 (link). As part of a parallel study on screening for unhealthy alcohol use, subjects were also asked a single alcohol screening question (preceding the drug screening question), two other brief alcohol screening questionnaires and a calendar based assessment of past-month alcohol consumption (all after the drug screen and prior to the CIDI) 7 (link).
Smith P.C., Schmidt S.M., Allensworth-Davies D, & Saitz R. (2010). A Single-Question Screening Test for Drug Use in Primary Care. Archives of internal medicine, 170(13), 1155-1160.
Publication 2010
Alcohol Problem Benzodiazepines Cannabis sativa Central Nervous System Stimulants Cocaine Diagnosis Dronabinol Drug Use Disorders Ethanol Hallucinogens Heroin Illicit Drugs Immunoassay Methamphetamine Opiate Alkaloids Pharmaceutical Preparations Substance Abuse Substance Abuse Detection Urine
3
Assessing Subjective Hallucinogenic Effects
The Hallucinogen Rating Scale (HRS; Strassman et al., 1994 ) is a 100-item questionnaire designed to assess subjective effects of hallucinogenic substances. The HRS includes a 4-item intensity scale. Three items from the intensity scale (intensity, a rush, and high) were rated on a 5-point rating scale (1=“not at all,” 2=“slightly,” 3=“moderately,” 4=“very much,” 5=“extremely”) and the fourth item (amount of time between when the drug was administered and feeling an effect) was rated on a 6-point rating scale (1=“not applicable, no effect”; 2=“0–15 minutes”; 3=“15–30 minutes”; 4=“30–60 minutes”; 5=“60–90 minutes”; and 6=“>90 minutes”). Intensity scale scores from the HRS were added to structural equation models of the effects of the MEQ30 on persisting effects attributed to psilocybin. Separate structural equation models were estimated using just the single rating of the intensity item from the HRS (item 99), as this item does not confound subjective strength of drug effects with any other dimensions (such as rush, high, and speed of onset). These variables were included in the structural equation models to rule out the plausible alternative hypothesis that persisting effects attributed to psilocybin are due to the strength of the overall drug effect rather than any attribution or dimension related to mystical experience.
Barrett F.S., Johnson M.W, & Griffiths R.R. (2015). Validation of the revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire in experimental sessions with psilocybin. Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England), 29(11), 1182-1190.
Publication 2015
Hallucinogens Pharmaceutical Preparations Psilocybin
4
Developing the Challenging Experiences Questionnaire
The SOCQ is a 100-item questionnaire that is rated on a 6 point scale [0 – “none; not at all”, 1 – “so slight cannot decide”, 2 – “slight”, 3 – “moderate”, 4 – “strong (equivalent in degree to any previous strong experience or expectation of this description)”, 5 – “extreme (more than ever before in my life and stronger than 4)”]. The SOCQ contains 43 items from the Mystical Experiences Questionnaire (MEQ43) (Griffiths et al., 2006 (link); Griffiths et al., 2011 (link); Pahnke, Kurland, Goodman, & Richards, 1969 (link); Richards, Rhead, DiLeo, Yensen, & Kurland, 1977 ), which was developed to assess several domains of mystical experience. The other 57 items of the SOCQ were based on a wide range of possible subjective effects of classic hallucinogens that were suggested by a sample of clinicians, but these items have not previously been analyzed, and they are typically treated as distractor items. Twenty-four of these distractor items were identified and retained for the initial item pool for the CEQ. These 24 distractor items assess potentially challenging aspects of experiences with classic hallucinogens (such as emotional, social, and physical discomfort, pain, and suffering, disorientation, ego loss, loss of perception of time, isolation, and confusion). No items from the MEQ43 were included in the present analysis. While these items have not been a part of an independently validated questionnaire, this does not undermine the use of these items to contribute to an initial item pool for development and validation of the CEQ.
Barrett F.S., Bradstreet M.P., Leoutsakos J.M., Johnson M.W, & Griffiths R.R. (2016). The Challenging Experience Questionnaire: Characterization of challenging experiences with psilocybin mushrooms. Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England), 30(12), 1279-1295.
Publication 2016
Emotions Hallucinogens isolation Pain Physical Examination Time Perception
5
Psilocybin Dose-Response Study
The study procedures followed recommendations provided for safe conduct of research administering high doses of a classic hallucinogen (Johnson et al. 2008 (link)). The study examined psilocybin (0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 mg/70 kg) using a double-blind, between-group, crossover design that involved five 8-hour drug sessions conducted at approximately 1-month intervals, and a 14-month follow-up. Eighteen volunteers were randomly assigned to receive the active psilocybin doses in either an ascending dose sequence or a descending sequence. Although each volunteer received the 0 mg/70 kg condition once, across the 9 volunteers in each of the ascending and descending sequences, the 0 mg/70kg condition occurred twice on sessions 1, 2, 4, and 5, and once on session 3. The purpose of this quasi-random scheduling of placebo was to obscure the dose sequence to the participants and monitors (see Instructions section below). Outcome measures obtained throughout the drug sessions included blood pressure and monitor ratings of participant mood and behavior. At about 7 hours after drug ingestion (when the primary drug effects had subsided), participants completed several questionnaires designed to assess various aspects of hallucinogen experience (described below). Various longitudinal and persisting effects measures were assessed at screening, 1 month after each drug session, and at 14 months after the last session.
Griffiths R.R., Johnson M.W., Richards W.A., Richards B.D., McCann U, & Jesse R. (2011). Psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences: Immediate and persisting dose-related effects. Psychopharmacology, 218(4), 649-665.
Publication 2011
Blood Pressure Hallucinogens Mood Pharmaceutical Preparations Placebos Psilocybin Voluntary Workers

Most recents protocols related to «Hallucinogens»

1
Substance Use Risk Assessment in Ghana
Substance use risk levels were assessed using the ASSIST version 3.0, a tool to identify levels of risky substance use and related health risks [35 ]. The ASSIST consists of eight questions on lifetime and past three-month use of nine substances: tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, amphetamine-type stimulants, inhalants, sedatives, hallucinogens, and opioids. For each substance used in the last three months, further questions assess the following: 1) frequency of use, 2) urges to use, 3) health, social, legal, or financial problems, 4) and interference with role responsibilities. The ASSIST also queries failed attempts to reduce substance use and whether someone ever expressed concern about use; a follow-up question determines if this occurred in the past three months or more than three months ago [7 (link), 35 ].
A Specific Substance Involvement (SSI) score was calculated for each substance (range: 0–39, same for total scale) using standard ASSIST scoring procedures. Individual SSI scores were categorised into three risk levels: low, moderate, high (Table 1) [13 ]. An overall substance use risk variable was defined based on the highest risk level assigned for any substance.
The WHO-ASSIST has a test–retest reliability coefficient as high as 0.90 [36 (link)]. Although not used in any prior study in Ghana, the instrument has been used and validated with the sub-Saharan African countries like Nigeria, reporting internal correlation coefficients of greater than 0.7 [37 ].
Osei Asibey B., Marjadi B, & Conroy E. (2023). Alcohol, tobacco and drug use among adults experiencing homelessness in Accra, Ghana: A cross-sectional study of risk levels and associated factors. PLOS ONE, 18(3), e0281107.
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Publication 2023
Amphetamines Cannabis Central Nervous System Stimulants Cocaine Ethanol Hallucinogens Inhalation Drug Administration Opioids Sedatives Sub-Saharan African People Substance Use Tobacco Products
2
Subjective Effects Assessment of Psychoactive Substances
Subjective effects were assessed using visual analog scales (VAS), the short form of the Addiction Research Center Inventory (ARCI), the Evaluation of Subjective Effects of Substances with Abuse Potential questionnaire (VESSPA-SSE), the Sensitivity to Drug Reinforcement Questionnaire (SDRQ), and a pharmacological identification class questionnaire.
VAS allowed participants to rate several adjectives from “not at all” (0 mm) to “extremely” (100 mm) according to their sensations. This instrument contained 31 items, including intensity (any effect), stimulated, high, good effects, bad effects, liking, changes in distances, changes in colors, changes in shapes, changes in lights, hallucinations (seeing lights or spots), hallucinations (seeing things, animals, insects, or people), changes in hearing, hallucinations (hearing sounds or voices), drowsiness, concentration, dizziness, confusion, different or changed body feeling, unreal body feeling, different surroundings, unreal surroundings, open, trust, feeling close to others, I want to be with other people, I want to hug someone, sexual desire, and sexual arousal (Papaseit et al., 2016 (link); Kuypers et al., 2018 (link); Poyatos et al., 2021 (link)).
The ARCI 49-item short form is a validated inventory developed to evaluate the subjective effects of various substances, following five subscales: pentobarbital-chlorpromazine-alcohol group (PCAG) measures sedation, morphine-benzedrine group (MBG) measures euphoria, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) measures dysphoria and somatic symptoms, benzedrine (BG) measures intellectual efficiency and energy, and amphetamine (A) measures amphetamine-like effects (Lamas et al., 1994 (link); Papaseit et al., 2016 (link); Poyatos et al., 2021 (link)).
The standardized VESSPA-SSE questionnaire was used to evaluate the subjective effects of stimulant drugs, such as MDMA. This questionnaire is divided into six subscales that assess sedation (S), psychosomatic anxiety (ANX), changes in perception (CP), pleasure and sociability (SOC), activity and energy (ACT), and psychotic symptoms (PS) (Poudevida et al., 2003 (link); Papaseit et al., 2016 (link); Poyatos et al., 2021 (link)).
In addition, participants completed the SDRQ (Kuypers et al., 2018 (link)), rating “How pleasant was the substance” (drug liking) and “How much you wanted to use it in that moment” (drug wanting) on a scale of 1–5.
In the pharmacological identification class questionnaire, participants were required to select which pharmacological class better described the administered substance. The options included placebo, benzodiazepines (such as diazepam), alcohol, stimulants (such as amphetamine), designer drugs (such as ecstasy), cocaine, hallucinogens (such as LSD), cannabinoids (such as cannabis), ketamine (special K), GHB (gamma-hydroxybutyric acid; liquid ecstasy), and others (Papaseit et al., 2016 (link)).
VAS (except sexual desire and sexual arousal) were performed at baseline and 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 24 h, but scales regarding intensity (any effect), stimulated, high, good effects, bad effects, and liking were also performed at 2.5 h. SDRQ and VAS regarding sexual desire and arousal were performed at baseline and 1 and 10 h. ARCI and VESSPA-SSE were performed at baseline and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 10 h. The pharmacological class identification questionnaire was performed at 8 h. Subjects were evaluated for psychiatric symptoms using the Young Mania Rating Scale at baseline, 0.5, 1, 4, 6, and 24 h after administration.
Poyatos L., Pérez-Mañá C., Hladun O., Núñez-Montero M., de la Rosa G., Martín S., Barriocanal A.M., Carabias L., Kelmendi B., Taoussi O., Busardò F.P., Fonseca F., Torrens M., Pichini S., Farré M, & Papaseit E. (2023). Pharmacological effects of methylone and MDMA in humans. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 14, 1122861.
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Publication 2023
4-hydroxybutyric acid Addictive Behavior Amphetamines Animals Anxiety Arousal Arousal, Sexual benzedrine Benzodiazepines Cannabinoids Cannabis Central Nervous System Stimulants Chlorpromazine Cocaine Designer Drugs Diazepam Drug Abuse Ethanol Euphoria Exanthema Hallucinations Hallucinations, Auditory Hallucinations, Visual Hallucinogens Human Body Hypersensitivity Insecta Ketamine Libido Light Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Mania MDMA Medically Unexplained Symptoms Mental Disorders Morphine Pentobarbital Pharmaceutical Preparations Placebos Pleasure Reinforcement, Psychological Sedatives Somnolence Visual Analog Pain Scale
3
Epidemiological Survey of Student Drug Use
It is a 37-item questionnaire created to aid in collecting epidemiological data on drug abuse among students and adolescents in many parts of the world.20 (link) It enquires about psychoactive substances: alcohol, tobacco, and other illicit substances such as cocaine, cannabis, hallucinogens, opioids, and sedatives. The questionnaire was slightly modified by adding specific examples of drugs pertinent to this setting to the drug classes, using common street names. For example, regarding amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS), different names like methylphenidate (Ritalin), khat, speed, and crystal meth were included. In addition, a fictitious drug was included in the list of substances to check participants’ responses regarding overreporting. Some of the information obtained included lifetime use, past 12 months, current use, type of substance, and age at onset.
Olashore A.A., Paruk S., Brooks M, & Chiliza B. (2023). Psychoactive Substance Use Disorder in HIV-Infected Adolescents in Botswana: A Comparison Between the Congenitally Infected and Behaviorally Infected Adolescents. Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment, 17, 11782218231152818.
Publication 2023
Adolescent Amphetamines Cannabis Catha edulis Central Nervous System Stimulants Cocaine Drug Abuse Ethanol Hallucinogens Methamphetamine Methylphenidate Opioids Pharmaceutical Preparations Ritalin Sedatives Student Tobacco Products
4
Economic Evaluation of Substance Use Disorders
This economic evaluation did not require evaluation by an institutional review board or patient informed consent because all data were publicly available and no human participants were involved (45 CFR part 46). This study followed Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) reporting guidelines for economic evaluations.6 (link) Merative MarketScan 2018 Commercial Claims and Encounters Databases were weighted to represent the non–Medicare eligible (aged <65 years) US ESI population (active employees, early retirees, and COBRA continuees plus dependents; Medicare supplemental plans not included). The databases report expenditures for inpatient services, outpatient services, and outpatient drugs from approximately 350 health insurance payers (large employers, health plans, and government and public organizations). Race and ethnicity are not reported in this database. By comparing total annual medical expenditures among similar enrollees with and without SUD diagnoses (referred to as control participants), this analysis aimed to estimate the cost that could be eliminated through prevention or successful treatment of SUD (referred to as the attributable cost). The main outcome measure was the annual attributable SUD medical cost in the ESI population overall and by substance type (eg, alcohol). The number of enrollees with an SUD diagnosis in the ESI population and the annual mean attributable cost of SUD diagnosis (any and by substance type) per affected enrollee are also reported. SUD diagnosis was defined by International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) according to Clinical Classifications Software categories (alcohol-, cannabis-, hallucinogen-, inhalant-, opioid-, sedative-, stimulant-, and other substance-related disorders) on an inpatient or outpatient claim record (Table 1). Costs are reported in 2018 US dollars (unadjusted from data source); cost discounting was not applicable due to the 1-year analytic time horizon, which was selected to facilitate reporting in terms of annual cost, and the cost perspective was the health care payer.
Li M., Peterson C., Xu L., Mikosz C.A, & Luo F. (2023). Medical Costs of Substance Use Disorders in the US Employer-Sponsored Insurance Population. JAMA Network Open, 6(1), e2252378.
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Publication 2023
Cannabis Cobra Diagnosis Ethanol Ethics Committees, Research Ethnicity Hallucinogens Health Insurance Health Planning Health Services, Outpatient Homo sapiens Infantile Neuroaxonal Dystrophy Inhalation Drug Administration Inpatient Opioids Outpatients Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Sedatives Substance-Related Disorders
5
Mental Health Assessment in Brazilians with DM1
An online questionnaire was used, consisting of questions developed by the study researchers, and belonging to the DSM-5 Level 1 Cross-sectional Symptom Scale [24 ]. The questionnaire contained 14 multiple-choice questions and a simple subjective question, referring to the age of the participants. The first two questions referred to accepting to participate in the research and being an adult with DM1; the other questions in the questionnaire were divided into three axes, namely:

Sociodemographic: questions related to age, gender and region of Brazil in which they resided;

Mental health: the DSM-5 Level 1 Cross-sectional Symptom Scale [24 ] was used, adapted to assess only questions from the psychiatric domains related to anxiety, anger, depression, sleep disorders and substance use (considering only the medication use). In the question regarding the use of medications, the use of any of the following medications on their own was considered; that is, without a medical prescription, in larger amounts or for a longer period than prescribed (e.g., analgesics (such as paracetamol, codeine), high-stimulants (such as methylphenidate or amphetamines), sedatives or tranquilizers (such as sleeping pills or diazepam) or drugs such as marijuana, cocaine or crack, synthetic drugs (such as ecstasy), hallucinogens (such as LSD), heroin, inhalants or solvents (such as cola) or methamphetamine (or other stimulants)). The scale score ranged from zero to four, with zero corresponding to mild and four corresponding to severe;

Physical activity: questions regarding the practice of physical activity assessed the occurrence of physical activity before and during social isolation.

Uliana G.C., Gomes D.L., Galvão O.F, & Paracampo C.C. (2023). Changes in Physical Activity Associated with Mental Health in People with Type 1 Diabetes during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(4), 3081.
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Publication 2023
Acetaminophen Adult Amphetamines Analgesics Anger Anxiety Cannabis sativa Central Nervous System Stimulants Cocaine Codeine Cola Diazepam Epistropheus Gender Hallucinogens Heroin Inhalation Drug Administration MDMA Mental Health Methamphetamine Methylphenidate Pharmaceutical Preparations Sedatives Sleep Disorders Sleeping Pills Solvents Substance Use Synthetic Drugs Tranquilizing Agents

Top products related to «Hallucinogens»

1
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Psilocybin by Merck Group
Psilocybin is a chemical compound found in certain species of mushrooms. It is a naturally occurring psychoactive substance that has been used for centuries in various cultural and religious contexts. Psilocybin is considered a valuable tool for scientific research in areas such as psychology, neuroscience, and medicine.
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More about "Hallucinogens"

Hallucinogens, also known as psychedelics or psychotomimetics, are a class of psychoactive substances that can induce altered perceptions, emotions, and cognitive processes.
These mind-altering drugs, which include LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide), psilocybin, and DMT (Dimethyltryptamine), are renowned for their ability to produce vivid sensory experiences, changes in self-awareness, and altered states of consciousness.
Researchers studying the use of hallucinogens must carefully consider the ethical and safety implications of their work.
The therapeutic potential of these substances is an area of active investigation, but their use also carries significant risks, including adverse psychological and physical effects.
The HRRT (High-Resolution Research Tomograph) scanner is a powerful neuroimaging tool that has been utilized in hallucinogens research to better understand the neural mechanisms underlying the effects of these substances.
Psilocybin, the active ingredient in certain species of mushrooms, has shown promise in the treatment of conditions like depression and addiction.
Cobas Amplicor, a molecular diagnostic tool, can be employed to detect the presence of hallucinogens or their metabolites in biological samples.
Medications like SB242084 (a 5-HT2C receptor antagonist) and Ketanserin (a 5-HT2A receptor antagonist) have been studied for their potential to modulate the effects of hallucinogens.
Animal models, such as the 129S6/SvEv mice, have been used to investigate the neurobiological mechanisms and behavioral effects of hallucinogens like Phencyclidine hydrochloride (PCP) and 25CN-NBOH.
Statistical software like Stata/SE 17.0 and SPSS® Statistics software, version 20, are often employed in the analysis of data from hallucinogens research, enabling researchers to identify patterns, trends, and statistical significance in their findings.
The PubCompare.ai platform can be a valuable tool in optimizing hallucinogens research by providing easy access to relevant protocols and enabling AI-driven comparisons to identify the most effective and reproducible approaches, thereby enhancing the quality and reproducibility of this important area of study.