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Irritants

Irritants are substances or agents that can cause irritation or inflammation when in contact with the skin, eyes, respiratory system, or other tissues.
These substances may trigger reactions such as redness, swelling, itching, or burning sensation.
Exposure to irritants can occur through various routes, including inhalation, ingestion, or dermal contact.
Irritants can be found in a wide range of products, including household cleaners, cosmetics, industrial chemicals, and environmental pollutants.
Understanding the nature and effects of irritants is important for identifying and mitigating potential health hazards, as well as for developing effective treatments and preventive measures.
Reserach in this area aims to characterize the mechanisms of irritant-induced responses and develop strategies to minimize the impact of irritant exposure.

Most cited protocols related to «Irritants»

Triatomine Bug Surveillance and Control

Two-person teams searched domiciles and peridomiciles during one hour (30 minutes in each area) using a modification of the one-man-hour method previously described [6 (link),15 ]. Briefly, if no bugs were found after the initial 20-min search, the searches were continued for an additional 10 min with the use of 6% aqueous pyrethrin solution (PRENTOX, ExciteR, Prentiss Inc., Sandesville, GA, USA). This solution was hand-sprayed in cracks and crevices as an irritant to prompt the exit of triatomines and increase collection efficiency [16 (link)]. Collected triatomines were placed in individually labeled plastic containers and transported to either the field laboratory or the insectary of the Center for Infectious and Chronic Disease Research at Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador in Quito. Details of the insects’ place of capture (intra- or peridomicile and microhabitat), species, number of insects found dead or alive, and insects’ developmental stages were noted by each team in the field and corroborated by trained entomologists at the field laboratory [17 ], [18 ]. If live triatomines were found in or around the domicile, both environments were sprayed. Kitchen wares, food, bedding, clothes, and personal items were removed from infested domiciles before complete indoor and outdoor spraying of all surfaces of the dwellings and peridomestic structures. Spraying was done with 5% deltamethrin WP that was applied at 25 mg/m² by trained personnel from the National Chagas Control program using Hudson X-pert sprayers (H. D. Hudson Manufacturing Co., Houston, TX). We instructed inhabitants to leave bedding and clothes exposed to direct sunlight and not to enter the dwelling for at least one hour after the spraying. At the end of the day, each team stored the remaining insecticide and the water used to wash the spraying equipment in a plastic container for use the following day [15 ].

Grijalva M.J., Villacis A.G., Ocaña-Mayorga S., Yumiseva C.A., Moncayo A.L, & Baus E.G. (2015). Comprehensive Survey of Domiciliary Triatomine Species Capable of Transmitting Chagas Disease in Southern Ecuador. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 9(10), e0004142.

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Publication 2015

decamethrin Disease, Chronic Food Infection Insecta Insecticides Irritants Pyrethrins Roman Catholics Sunlight

Porcine Renovascular Hypertension Model

Pigs were anesthetized with intramuscular telazol (5 mg/kg) and xylazine (2 mg/kg), intubated, and anesthesia maintained with intravenous ketamine (0.2 mg/kg/min) and xylazine (0.03 mg/kg/min). The left femoral artery was catheterized, followed by a heparin bolus (5000U). Under fluoroscopic guidance, a 7mm balloon catheter wrapped with an irritant copper-coil was placed into the proximal-middle right renal artery of RAS pigs and inflated to high pressure. The balloon was then deflated and removed, leaving the coil embedded in the vessel wall, as previously shown^{11 (link)}. Normal animals underwent a sham procedure. A telemetry transducer (Data Sciences International, Arden Hills, MN) was implanted in the femoral artery to continuously measure mean arterial pressure (MAP) until study completion. Animals were then allowed to recover.

Eirin A., Ebrahimi B., Zhang X., Zhu X.Y., Tang H., Crane J.A., Lerman A., Textor S.C, & Lerman L.O. (2012). Changes in Glomerular Filtration Rate after Renal Revascularization Correlate with Microvascular Hemodynamics and Inflammation in Swine Renal Artery Stenosis. Circulation. Cardiovascular interventions, 5(5), 720-728.

Publication 2012

Anesthesia Animals Blood Vessel Catheters Copper Femoral Artery Fluoroscopy Heparin Irritants Ketamine Pressure Renal Artery Sus scrofa Telazol Telemetry Transducers Xylazine

In silico Drug-likeness and Toxicity Prediction

Drug-likeness is a prediction that determines whether a particular pharmacological agent has properties consistent with being an orally active drug.^{36 (link)} This prediction is based on an already established concept by Lipinski et al,³⁷ called Lipinski rule of five. The rule predicts that there is likely to be poor absorption or permeation when a compound possesses more than 5H-bond donors, 10H-bond acceptors, molecular weight greater than 500 and the calculated LogP (CLogP) greater than 5.³⁷ The selection of compounds as drug candidates is also determined by a parameter called drug score.³⁸ The higher the drug score value, the higher the chance of the compound being considered as a drug candidate.³⁸ The in silico drug-likeness and toxicity predictions of the designed ligands were carried out using OSIRIS Property Explorer^{39 (link)} and Swiss ADME predictor.^{40 (link),41} OSIRIS Property Explorer programme estimates the mutagenic, tumorigenic, irritant and reproductive risks, and also provides information on the compound’s hydrophilicity (LogP), solubility (LogS), molecular weight, drug-likeness and drug score.^{42 (link)} Meanwhile, SwissADME predictor provides information on the numbers of hydrogen donors, hydrogen acceptors and rotatable bonds, total polar surface area and the synthetic accessibility of the compounds. The ligands were also subjected to Lipinski et al,³⁷ Muegge et al,^{43 (link)} Ghose et al,^{44 (link)} Egan et al^{45 (link)} and Veber et al^{46 (link)} screenings using SwissADME predictor. The analyses of the compounds were compared with that of chloroquine, and only compounds without violation of any of the screenings were used for the molecular docking analysis.

Oduselu G.O., Ajani O.O., Ajamma Y.U., Brors B, & Adebiyi E. (2019). Homology Modelling and Molecular Docking Studies of Selected Substituted Benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)methyl)benzimidamide Scaffolds on Plasmodium falciparum Adenylosuccinate Lyase Receptor. Bioinformatics and Biology Insights, 13, 1177932219865533.

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Publication 2019

Chloroquine Cortodoxone Donors Hydrogen Irritants Ligands Mutagens Neoplastic Cell Transformation Pharmaceutical Preparations Reproduction Screening

Genetic Study of Podoconiosis in Ethiopia

Study participants were recruited from the Wolaita zone of southern Ethiopia from podoconiosis-affected families (DNA samples were collected from both parents and two affected siblings); unaffected persons were recruited to serve as controls. All participants were from the same broad geologic area covered by reddish-brown clay soils containing colloid-size particles derived from volcanic basalt rocks.¹³ The genomewide association study was conducted with the use of samples from one randomly selected affected sibling (of the two recruited) from each family and an unaffected, unrelated control for each case patient. The eligibility criteria for controls were the current absence of podoconiosis, the absence of a personal or family history of podoconiosis, age of at least 50 years (to minimize misclassification of potential case patients as controls), residence in the study area for at least 25 years, exposure to the same irritant clay soil as the case patients, and inconsistent use of shoes. Consequently, the controls were older than the case patients (average age, 62 years vs. 24 years). The family-based association test included the affected sibling who was not included in the genomewide association study as well as both parents from each family.

Ayele F.T., Adeyemo A., Finan C., Hailu E., Sinnott P., Burlinson N.D., Aseffa A., Rotimi C.N., Newport M.J, & Davey G. (2012). HLA Class II Locus and Susceptibility to Podoconiosis. The New England Journal of Medicine, 366(13), 1200-1208.

Publication 2012

basalt Clay Colloids Eligibility Determination Genome-Wide Association Study Irritants Parent Patients Podoconiosis

CHILD Cohort Study: Comprehensive Environmental Exposures

Between 2008 and 2012, the CHILD study enrolled 3624 pregnant mothers from the general population in four major cities across Canada (Vancouver, Edmonton, Winnipeg and Toronto) and a small rural population (Morden and Winkler) outside Winnipeg.³ Inclusion criteria were age >18 years (>19 years in Vancouver), living in proximity (<50 Km) to a participating delivery hospital, able to read, write and speak English, willing to donate cord blood, planning to deliver at a designated recruitment center participating hospital, and infant born at or after 35 weeks. Exclusion criteria were major congenital abnormalities or respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), expectation of moving away from a recruitment center within 1 year of recruitment, children of multiple births or resulting from in vitro fertilization, and children not spending over 80% of time in the index home.
Recruitment strategies ranged from having staff meet mothers in ante-natal ultrasound clinics and physician offices to community “baby fairs” and included person-to-person referrals and social media advertising. A representative general population was sought, as the development of allergy and asthma in a non-high-risk population may more readily identify environmental risks as well as novel genes. Over 80% of Canadians live in urban centers, and the recruited population should be generally representative of the Canadian population. Representativeness and potential biases (e.g., in socioeconomic status, allergic diathesis) will be determined by comparison with data from the total Canadian population.
Specific exposures of interest and their assessment methods were refined over a 2-year period, using input from an international planning workshop,^{11 (link)} consultation with housing experts representing the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation and experience gained from a preliminary study in a small Vancouver population. Finally, these refined methods were piloted with a Vanguard Cohort of 220 mothers and babies recruited at all four CHILD study sites¹² before implementation in the main cohort.¹³ This process led to an approach by which individual exposures were assessed across 15 domains (Table 1) using multiple methods or tools (Table 2), with emphasis on the home environment. Time-activity inside and outside the home is also recorded, focusing on rooms where the baby spent most time, awake and asleep, and time spent in transit and daycare. A representative detailed environmental questionnaire administered in early childhood is available in the Supplementary Information 1.
Several of the exposures listed in Tables 1 and 2 are linked to inflammatory responses of the acquired and innate immune systems.^{14 (link), 15 (link)} Many irritant and oxidizing exposures associated with asthma trigger the innate response including effects of second-hand tobacco smoke, cleaning chemicals, TRAP (e.g., nitrogen dioxide (NO₂)), mold and moisture, and chemicals that may be emitted inside the home.^{16 (link), 17 (link), 18 (link), 19 (link), 20 (link), 21} Also included in the CHILD study are exposures to the classically associated biologic allergens.^{22 (link)}

Takaro T.K., Scott J.A., Allen R.W., Anand S.S., Becker A.B., Befus A.D., Brauer M., Duncan J., Lefebvre D.L., Lou W., Mandhane P.J., McLean K.E., Miller G., Sbihi H., Shu H., Subbarao P., Turvey S.E., Wheeler A.J., Zeng L., Sears M.R, & Brook J.R. (2015). The Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development (CHILD) birth cohort study: assessment of environmental exposures. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 25(6), 580-592.

Publication 2015

Allergens Asthma Biopharmaceuticals Child Childbirth Congenital Abnormality Day Care, Medical Fertilization in Vitro Fungus, Filamentous Genes Hypersensitivity Infant Inflammation Irritants Mothers Multiple Birth Offspring Nitrogen Dioxide Obstetric Delivery Population at Risk Precipitating Factors Respiratory Distress Syndrome Rural Population Susceptibility, Disease System, Immune Ultrasonography Umbilical Cord Blood

Most recents protocols related to «Irritants»

Itch Characteristics and Associated Factors

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Publication 2023

Abdomen Acids Allergens Asian Americans Axilla BAD protein, human Body Regions Buttocks Character Chest Chronic Urticaria Common Cold Contact Dermatitis Diagnosis Eczema Ethnicity Exanthema Face Food Foot Forearm Groin Head Hispanics Inflammation Irritants Lower Extremity Males Neck Pain Patients Prurigo Pruritus Psoriasis Salts Scalp Shoulder Skin Sweat Thigh Upper Extremity Woman

Ocular Irritancy Assessment of Thermosensitive Gel

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Publication 2023

Albinism Epiphora Erythema Irritants Oryctolagus cuniculus Pharmaceutical Preparations Safety

Assessing Physical Work Demands and Hazards

Physical work characteristics were assessed with two scales: physically demanding work tasks and physically hazardous work environment. Both scales had response alternatives 1) “not at all”, 2) “a little, perhaps 1/10 of the time”, 3) “about ¼ of the time”, 4) “about half of the time”, 5) “about ¾ of the time”, or, 6) “almost all the time”. Physical demands were assessed with a three-item scale (physical labour, heavy lifting, and awkward working positions) (Åkerstedt et al., 2015 (link)). Cronbach's alpha was 0.84. A sum-index was estimated with score range 3–18. Physical demands were dichotomized into a binary indicator according to the median value: 0 “light physical demands” (53.4%; score range 3–9) or 1 “heavy physical demands” (46.6%; value range 10–18). Physical hazards were assessed with six items that focused on whether the individual was exposed to any of the following at work: 1. noise, 2. poor or excessively bright light, 3. excessive heat, cold or draught, 4. vibrations that make your whole body shake and vibrate, 5. toxins or irritants, and, 6. tangible risk of injury (Swedish Work Environment Authority, 2016 , p. 2). Cronbach's alpha was 0.78. First, each of the item scores was dichotomized: 0 not or little exposed (score 1–2) versus 1 exposed (score range 3–6). Thereafter, a sum-index was estimated with value range 0–6 indicators. Finally, the scale was dichotomized into a binary indicator according to the median value: 0 “low physical hazards” (53.8%; 0–1 indicators) or 1 “high physical hazards” (46.2%; 2–6 indicators).

Stengård J., Leineweber C, & Wang H.X. (2023). Prolonging working life among blue-collar workers: The buffering effect of psychosocial job resources on the association between physically demanding and hazardous work and retirement timing. SSM - Population Health, 22, 101372.

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Publication 2023

Cold Temperature Human Body Injuries Irritants Light Physical Examination Toxins, Biological Tremor Vibration

Receptor Activation Assay for TRPM8 and TRPA1

Buffer ONP extracts (diluted 1X-100X) were tested for activity on the human cold/menthol receptor, TRPM8, and the menthol irritant receptor, TRPA1, by intracellular calcium microfluorimetry in HEK-293t cells (RRID:CVCL1926) as described.^{7 (link),8 (link)} Responses to maximally activating L-menthol (1 mM), WS-3 (100 μM), cinnamaldehyde (1 mM), and a nicotine dilution series (1X: 6 mg/10mL, 1X-100X)) were measured for comparison.

Jabba S.V., Erythropel H.C., Woodrow J.G., Anastas P.T., O’Malley S.S., Krishnan-Sarin S., Zimmerman J.B, & Jordt S.E. (2023). Synthetic Cooling Agent in Oral Nicotine Pouch Products Marketed as “Flavor-Ban Approved”. bioRxiv.

Publication Preprint 2023

Buffers Calcium cinnamic aldehyde Cold Temperature HEK293 Cells Homo sapiens Irritants Menthol Nicotine Protoplasm Technique, Dilution

In Vivo Skin Irritation Test of EG-DMF0.5

An in vivo irritation test was performed to evaluate the effect of EG-DMF_0.5 applied in single dose on the intact human skin. The occlusive patch test was conducted at the Cosmetology Center of the University of Ferrara, following the basic criteria of the protocols for the skin compatibility testing of potentially cutaneous irritant cosmetic ingredients on human volunteers (SCCNFP/0245/99). The protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Ferrara, Italy (study number: 170583). The test was run on 20 healthy volunteers of both sexes, which gave a written consent to the experimentation. Subjects affected by dermatitis; with history of allergic skin reaction or under anti-inflammatory drug therapy (either steroidal or non-steroidal) were excluded. Ten milligrams of EG-DMF_0.5, were posed into aluminum Finn chambers (Bracco, Milan, Italy), and applied onto the skin of the forearm or the back protected by self–sticking tape. Particularly samples were directly applied into the Finn chamber by an insulin syringe, left in contact with the skin surface for 48 h. Skin irritative reactions (erythematous and/or edematous) were evaluated 15 min and 24 h after removing the patch and cleaning the skin from sample residual. Erythematous reactions have been sorted out into three groups, according to the reaction degree: light, clearly visible and moderate/serious erythema. The average irritation index was calculated as the sum of erythema and edema scores and expressed according to a scale considering 0.5 as the threshold above which the product is to be classified as slightly irritating, 2.5–5 as moderately irritating and 5–8 as highly irritating.

Sicurella M., Pula W., Musiał K., Cieślik-Boczula K., Sguizzato M., Bondi A., Drechsler M., Montesi L., Esposito E, & Marconi P. (2023). Ethosomal Gel for Topical Administration of Dimethyl Fumarate in the Treatment of HSV-1 Infections. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(4), 4133.

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Publication 2023

Allergic Reaction Aluminum Anti-Inflammatory Agents Dermatitis Edema Erythema Ethics Committees Forearm Gender Healthy Volunteers Homo sapiens Human Volunteers Insulin Irritants Light Patch Tests Skin Steroids Syringes Therapeutics

Top products related to «Irritants»

Discovery studio 4 by Dassault Systèmes

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Physiotel telemetry system by Data Sciences International

Sourced in Sao Tome and Principe

The PhysioTel® telemetry system is a wireless data acquisition system designed for monitoring physiological parameters in animal research. It enables continuous and remote collection of data from animals during normal activities without the need for physical connections. The system allows for the transmission of data from implanted or externally mounted sensors to a receiver for further analysis.

Telazol by Zoetis

Sourced in United States

Telazol is a sterile, injectable anesthetic agent composed of equal parts of the active ingredients tiletamine hydrochloride and zolazepam hydrochloride. It is intended for use in veterinary medicine as a general anesthetic and for the chemical restraint of animals.

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Discovery Studio 3.5 is a comprehensive software suite for 3D modeling, analysis, and visualization of biological macromolecules. It provides tools for protein structure prediction, ligand docking, and molecular dynamics simulations.

Tegaderm by 3M

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Tegaderm is a transparent wound dressing made by 3M. It is a sterile, semi-permeable film that allows for the passage of water vapor and oxygen while preventing the entry of microorganisms. Tegaderm serves as a protective barrier for wounds and incisions.

Discovery studio by Dassault Systèmes

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Rotary tool by Dremel

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3d cell culture model of human keratinocytes by MatTek

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More about "Irritants"

Irritants are substances or agents that can cause irritation, inflammation, or adverse reactions when in contact with the skin, eyes, respiratory system, or other tissues.
These irritating compounds may trigger various physiological responses, such as redness, swelling, itching, or a burning sensation.
Exposure to irritants can occur through different routes, including inhalation, ingestion, or dermal contact.
Irritants can be found in a wide range of products, such as household cleaners, cosmetics, industrial chemicals, and environmental pollutants.
Understanding the nature and effects of irritants is crucial for identifying and mitigating potential health hazards, as well as for developing effective treatments and preventive measures.
Research in this area aims to characterize the mechanisms of irritant-induced responses and explore strategies to minimize the impact of irritant exposure.
Innovative technologies like the Discovery Studio 4.5 platform and the PhysioTel® telemetry system can be utilized to study the effects of irritants on biological systems.
Telazol, a dissociative anesthetic, may also play a role in irritant research.
Discovery Studio 3.5 and Tegaderm, a transparent wound dressing, can be employed to analyze and manage irritant-related skin conditions. 3D cell culture models of human keratinocytes, which are the predominant cells in the outermost layer of the skin, can provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of irritant-induced responses.
Additionally, tools like No. 1 filter, Rotary tool, and Petri dish may be utilized in the laboratory setting to support research on irritants and their effects.
By leveraging these advancements and techniques, researchers can enhance the understanding of irritants, develop more effective treatments, and ultimately improve the well-being of individuals exposed to these potentially harmful substances.