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Phenacetin

Phenacetin is a mild analgesic and antipyretic drug.
It is used to relieve pain and reduce fever, though its use has declined due to concerns about potential side effects, including nephrotoxicity.
Researchers can optimize Phenacetin studies by using PubCompare.ai to enhance reproducibility and accuracy.
This tool helps locate relevant protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, and leverages AI-driven comparisons to identify the best protocols and products.
Imporve your Phenacetin research workflow with this powerful tool.

Most cited protocols related to «Phenacetin»

1
Cytochrome P450 Mediated Metabolism
Cited 18 times
Tolbutamide was purchased from Dr. Ehrenstorfer GmbH (Augsburg, Germany). 4-hydroxyTolbutamide and 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone were obtained from Toronto Research Chemicals Inc. (North York, Canada). Dextromethorphan, dextrorphan and chlorzoxazone were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St Louis, MO, USA). Testosterone was obtained from International Laboratory Limited (San Bruno, CA, USA). 6β-hydroxytestosterone was purchased from BD Biosciences Co. (Woburn, MA, USA). Phenacetin, cortisone acetate, EB and EE were from National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing, China). NADPH was obtained from Roche Diagnostics GmbH (Mannheim, Germany). All other reagents were of HPLC or analytical grade.
Guo S., Liu Y., Lin Z., Tai S., Yin S, & Liu G. (2014). Effects of Eleutheroside B and Eleutheroside E on activity of cytochrome P450 in rat liver microsomes. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 14, 1.
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Publication 2014
4'-hydroxytolbutamide 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone Biological Products Chlorzoxazone Cortisone Acetate Dextromethorphan Dextrorphan Diagnosis High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies NADP Pharmaceutical Preparations Phenacetin Testosterone Tolbutamide
2
In vitro CYP2C9 Enzyme Kinetics
Cited 13 times
The incubation system of CYP2C9 in vitro contained phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH7.4), liver microsomal protein (0.5 mg · mL-1), MgCl2 (10 mM), tolbutamide (90 μM) and eleutherosides in a final volume of 200 μL. Pre-incubated 5 min, the reaction was initiated by adding NADPH (1 mM concentration in incubation) and the incubation systems were incubated at 37°C for 60 min. After incubation, 50 μL ice-cold acetonitrile was added to terminate the reaction, and phenacetin of a final concentration 20 μM was added as internal standard. With 5 min suspension, the mixture was centrifuged for 30 min at 12000 r · min-1. The supernatant of 20 μL was analyzed by the Waters HPLC system 2010 (Waters, USA, with 600 pump, 996PAD UV detector and Millipore Systems). Tolbutamide, 4-hydroxytolbutamide and phenacetin were separated on a Diamonsil C18 reverse phase column (5 μm, 4.6 mm × 200 mm). The column temperature was set to 35°C. The mobile phase, at a flow rate of 1 mL · min-1, consisted of methanol and 0.1% acetic acid (55:45, v/v). UV detection was at wavelength of 229 nm. The organic solvent which is at low concentration (≤0.5%) in all incubation systems wouldn’t affect the activity of enzymes. The yield of corresponding metabolites was calculated by referring to a standard curve constructed based on known concentrations of the pure metabolites.
Guo S., Liu Y., Lin Z., Tai S., Yin S, & Liu G. (2014). Effects of Eleutheroside B and Eleutheroside E on activity of cytochrome P450 in rat liver microsomes. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 14, 1.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2014
4'-hydroxytolbutamide Acetic Acid acetonitrile Buffers Cold Temperature eleutherosides enzyme activity Exhaling High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies Magnesium Chloride Methanol Microsomes, Liver NADP Phenacetin Phosphates Proteins Solvents Tolbutamide
3
Evaluation of CYP Isoform Activity
Cited 7 times

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Publication 2012
Acids Biological Assay Buffers Bupropion Cells Chlorzoxazone Culture Media CYP1A2 protein, human CYP2C19 protein, human Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Dextromethorphan Diagnosis Diclofenac Egtazic Acid Glycerin Hepatocyte HEPES Homo sapiens Liver Magnesium Chloride Mephenytoin Midazolam Pellets, Drug Phenacetin Phosphates Protease Inhibitors Proteins Saline Solution Sodium Chloride Tablet Triton X-100
4
Solubility and Calorimetric Measurements of Phenacetin
Cited 5 times
All solubility determination and calorimetric measurements were carried out using analytical grade chemicals. Phenacetin (CAS: 62-44-2) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Poznań, Poland). The solvents acetonitrile (CAS: 75-05-08), dimethylformamide (DMF, CAS: 68-12-2), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, CAS: 67-68-5), and methanol (CAS: 67-56-1) were provided by Avantor (Gliwice, Poland), while 1,4-dioxane (CAS: 123-91-1) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and salicylic acid used for heat capacity measurements validation were obtained from Avantor (Gliwice, Poland). The zinc melting standard (99.999%) used for the DSC calibration and the indium wire (99.999%) for calibration and heat capacity measurement validation were provided by the DSC device manufacturer (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA).
Przybyłek M., Kowalska A., Tymorek N., Dziaman T, & Cysewski P. (2021). Thermodynamic Characteristics of Phenacetin in Solid State and Saturated Solutions in Several Neat and Binary Solvents. Molecules, 26(13), 4078.
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Publication 2021
acetonitrile Calorimetry Dimethylformamide dioxane Indium Medical Devices Methanol Phenacetin Potassium Chloride Salicylic Acid Sodium Chloride Solvents Sulfoxide, Dimethyl Zinc
5
Chlorzoxazone Metabolism in Liver Microsomes
Cited 5 times
Each incubation mixture (200 μL) included liver microsomal protein (0.75 mg. mL-1), MgCl2 (10 mM) in 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH7.4) and 25 μM chlorzoxazone. With 5 min pre-incubation, all reactions were initiated by addition of NADPH (1 mM) and were carried out in 37°C water bath for 30 min, and then were stopped by addition of 150 μL ice-cold acetonitrile and internal standard (80 μM phenacetin). After centrifugation at 12000 r · min-1 for 30 min, 20 μL of the supernatant was injected into the HPLC system, and eluted with methanol–water (47:53) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL · min-1, UV absorbance was monitored at 287 nm.
Guo S., Liu Y., Lin Z., Tai S., Yin S, & Liu G. (2014). Effects of Eleutheroside B and Eleutheroside E on activity of cytochrome P450 in rat liver microsomes. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 14, 1.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2014
acetonitrile Bath Buffers Centrifugation Chlorzoxazone Cold Temperature High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies Magnesium Chloride Methanol Microsomes, Liver NADP Phenacetin Phosphates Proteins

Most recents protocols related to «Phenacetin»

1
Investigating BI 425809's CYP Inhibition
To investigate the potential of BI 425809 to reversibly inhibit the major human CYPs, CYP-selective substrates (phenacetin 60 μM [CYP1A2], bupropion 80 μM [CYP2B6], amodiaquine 2 μM [CYP2C8], diclofenac 5 μM [CYP2C9], S-mephenytoin 80 μM [CYP2C19], dextromethorphan 5 μM [CYP2D6], midazolam 2 μM, and testosterone 50 μM [CYP3A4/5]) were incubated with human liver microsomes and BI 425809 (0.015, 0.046, 0.137, 0.411, 1.23, 3.70, 11.1, 33.3, and 100 μM). For positive control reactions, BI 425809 was replaced with a CYP-selective inhibitor (α-naphthoflavone [CYP1A2], ticlopidine [CYP2B6], montelukast [CYP2C8], sulfaphenazole [CYP2C9], benzylnirvanol [CYP2C19], quinidine [CYP2D6], and itraconazole [CYP3A4/5]). Substrate metabolites were quantified with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry using gradient elution (mobile phase for amodiaquine metabolite—A, 5 mM ammonium formate in water/formic acid [100:0.1, v/v]; B, acetonitrile/formic acid [100:0.1, v/v]; mobile phase for all other substrate metabolites—A, water/formic acid [100:0.1, v/v]; B, acetonitrile/formic acid [100:0.1, v/v]) on a Synergi Hydro RP column (50 × 2.0 mm, 4 μm; Phenomenex) with positive electrospray ionization.
IC50 values were obtained using a 3-parameter dose-response, 4-parameter dose-response, or normalized dose-response model; model comparisons were performed in Prism 6 (GraphPad Inc) to determine the optimal model for each data set. A least-squares fitting approach was used, and the Hill slope was not constrained for the 4-parameter model.
Desch M., Schlecker C., Hohl K., Liesenfeld K.H., Chan T., Müller F., Wunderlich G., Keller S., Ishiguro N, & Wind S. (2023). Pharmacokinetic-Interactions of BI 425809, a Novel Glycine Transporter 1 Inhibitor, With Cytochrome P450 and P-Glycoprotein Substrates: Findings From In Vitro Analyses and an Open-Label, Single-Sequence Phase I Study. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 43(2), 113-121.
Publication 2023
acetonitrile Amodiaquine BI 425809 Bupropion Cardiac Arrest CYP1A2 protein, human CYP2C8 protein, human CYP2C19 protein, human Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Dextromethorphan Diclofenac formic acid formic acid, ammonium salt Homo sapiens Itraconazole Liquid Chromatography Mephenytoin Microsomes, Liver Midazolam montelukast Phenacetin prisma Quinidine Sulfaphenazole Tandem Mass Spectrometry Testosterone Ticlopidine
2
Characterization of Phytochemicals in SZ-A Extract
DNJ (purity >99.0%) and SZ-A extract (Lot No.: J202004007, containing 36.88% of DNJ, 8.78% of FA, and 5.83% of DAB; Lot No.: J202108007, containing 36.52% of DNJ, 9.60% of FA, and 7.62% of DAB) were provided by Beijing Wehand-bio Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China). The multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) chromatogram of SZ-A is shown in Supplementary Figure S1. Miglitol was obtained from TCI Shanghai Chemical Industrial Development Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). FA (purity >98.0%) was purchased from MedChemExpress (Monmouth Junction, NJ, United States ). DAB (purity >98.0%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States ). Human liver microsomes (HLMs) were purchased from Reid Liver Disease Research (Shanghai, China). Glucose-6-phosphate, oxidized coenzyme H (β-NADP), Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, midazolam, phenacetin, dextromethorphan, mephenytoin, chlorzoxazone, diclofenac sodium, 1-Hydroxy-midazolam, 4-hydroxy-mephenytoin, acetaminophen, 4-Hydroxy-diclofenac sodium, demethyldextromethorphan, 6-Hydroxy-chlorzoxazone, furaphylline, sulfafenpyrazole, quinidine, ketoconazole, and sodium diethyldithiacarbamate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States ). All other organic reagents were of analytical grade and purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent (Shanghai, China).
Liu Z., Feng Y., Zhao H., Hu J., Chen Y., Liu D., Wang H., Zhu X., Yang H., Shen Z., Xia X., Ye J, & Liu Y. (2023). Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of Ramulus Mori (Sangzhi) alkaloids in rats and its effects on liver enzyme activity. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 14, 1136772.
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Publication 2023
4'-hydroxydiclofenac Acetaminophen Chlorzoxazone Coenzymes Dextromethorphan Diclofenac Sodium Glucose-6-Phosphate Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Hepatobiliary Disorder Homo sapiens Ketoconazole Mephenytoin Microsomes, Liver Midazolam miglitol NADP Pharmaceutical Preparations Phenacetin Quinidine Sodium
3
In Vitro Cytochrome P450 Assay
Potassium phosphate buffer (200 µl, 0.1 M, pH 7.4) containing 1 mM NADPH, 0.5 mg/mL human liver microsomes, and a cocktail assay of seven probe substrates (Phenacetin for CYP1A2, Paclitaxel for CYP2C8, Tolbutamide for CYP2C9, Omeprazole for CYP2C19, Dextromethorphan for CYP2D6, Chlorzoxazone for CYP2E1, Dextromethorphan and Testosterone for CYP3A) or a single substrate (≤Km) were incubated at 37°C for 15 min (Supplementary Table S1). The contents of organic solvent and DMSO in incubation mixture was under 1% (v/v) and 0.1% (v/v) respectively. Reactions were terminated by adding 200 µL of an ice-cold stop solution consisting of methanol containing Rutin (2 µg/ml) as internal standard. Samples were subsequently cooled in ice bath to precipitate proteins. Supernatants were collected into clean tubes after centrifugation at 12000 rpm at 4°C for 10 min prior to inject into LC-MS/MS.
Lin F., Lin X., Wang X., Mei G., Chen B., Yao H, & Huang L. (2023). Inhibitory effect of Selaginella doederleinii hieron on human cytochrome P450. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 14, 1108867.
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Publication 2023
Bath Biological Assay Buffers Centrifugation Chlorzoxazone Cold Temperature CYP1A2 protein, human CYP2C8 protein, human CYP2C19 protein, human Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 Dextromethorphan Homo sapiens Methanol Microsomes, Liver NADP Omeprazole Paclitaxel Phenacetin potassium phosphate Proteins Rutin Solvents Sulfoxide, Dimethyl Tandem Mass Spectrometry Testosterone Tolbutamide
4
CYP and AO-Mediated Metabolic Stability Assay
As previously described, the CYP-mediated metabolic stability was evaluated as test compounds (with a final concentration of 1 μM) incubated with pooled rat or human liver microsomes (0.2 mg/mL protein) in 100 mM of potassium phosphate buffer with 3 mM of MgCl2, at pH 7.4 [41 (link)]. After pre-incubating for 5 min at 37 °C, the reaction was initiated with NADPH (at a final concentration of 1 mM). Negative control without NADPH and positive control with cocktail probe compounds (phenacetin, diclofenac, S-mephenytoin, bupropion, amodiaquine, dextromethorphan, and midazolam) were conducted simultaneously. The AO-mediated metabolic stability was evaluated as test compounds (with a final concentration of 1 μM) incubated with 37 °C pre-incubated pooled human hepatocyte cytosol (0.5 mg/mL protein) in 100mM of potassium phosphate buffer at pH 7.4, with or without AO inhibitor raloxifene (with a final concentration of 5 μM) [42 (link)]. Aliquots from the incubations were removed at different time points in the duration of 60 min and added into 5×volume prechilled internal standard-acetonitrile solution to stop the reactions. In order to prepare the supernatant for LC-MS/MS analysis, the supernatant was centrifuged at 15,000× g for 10 min and stored at −20 °C.
Li X., Xu Y., Li W., Che J., Zhao X., Cao R., Li X, & Li S. (2023). Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Influenza Polymerase PB2 Inhibitors. Molecules, 28(4), 1849.
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Publication 2023
acetonitrile Amodiaquine Buffers Bupropion Cytosol Dextromethorphan Diclofenac Homo sapiens Magnesium Chloride Mephenytoin Microsomes, Liver Midazolam NADP NOS2A protein, human Phenacetin potassium phosphate Proteins Raloxifene Tandem Mass Spectrometry
5
Measuring CYP2E1 and CYP1A2 Activities in Mouse Hepatocytes
In order to measure the activities of CYP2E1 and CYP1A2 in isolated cells, primary mouse hepatocytes were incubated with 50 µM chlorzoxazone and phenacetin directly after isolation (fresh hepatocytes) or at different time intervals (0h, 2h, 4h, 1 day, 3 days and 7 days) after attachment of the cells. After 60 and 120 min of incubation, 50 µl of the cell culture supernatant was taken and the reaction was stopped by adding 5 µL of formic acid (250 mM). After mixing, the samples were stored at −20°C until analysis. After thawing samples were spiked with internal standard mixture and analyzed by LC-MS/MS as described previously (Feidt et al., 2010 (link)).
Dichamp J., Cellière G., Ghallab A., Hassan R., Boissier N., Hofmann U., Reinders J., Sezgin S., Zühlke S., Hengstler J.G, & Drasdo D. (2023). In vitro to in vivo acetaminophen hepatotoxicity extrapolation using classical schemes, pharmacodynamic models and a multiscale spatial-temporal liver twin. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 11, 1049564.
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Publication 2023
Cell-Matrix Junction Cell Culture Techniques Chlorzoxazone CYP1A2 protein, human Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 formic acid Hepatocyte isolation Mus Phenacetin Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Top products related to «Phenacetin»

1
Phenacetin by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, China, Germany, United Kingdom, Poland
Phenacetin is a chemical compound used in the manufacturing of various pharmaceutical and laboratory products. It serves as a key ingredient in the production process. Phenacetin has specific functional properties that make it a valuable component in relevant applications, but a detailed description of its core function is beyond the scope of this response.
2
Dextromethorphan by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, Sao Tome and Principe
Dextromethorphan is a laboratory chemical compound used as a research tool. It is a dissociative anesthetic and cough suppressant. Dextromethorphan is commonly used in scientific research, but its specific applications and intended uses should not be extrapolated or interpreted beyond its core function as a laboratory product.
3
Chlorzoxazone by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, China, Germany, United Kingdom, Czechia
Chlorzoxazone is a laboratory chemical used as a reference standard. It is a crystalline solid with a molecular formula of C7H5ClNO. Chlorzoxazone is primarily used for analytical purposes and quality control in various industries.
4
Acetaminophen by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, China, United Kingdom, Canada, Italy, Japan, Switzerland, France
Acetaminophen is a chemical compound used in the production of various pharmaceutical and laboratory products. It is a white, crystalline solid that is soluble in water and alcohol. Acetaminophen is a common active ingredient in over-the-counter pain and fever-reducing medications.
5
Midazolam by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, China, Germany, United Kingdom, Australia
Midazolam is a benzodiazepine drug used as a sedative and hypnotic. It has a short half-life and is primarily used for the induction of anesthesia, procedural sedation, and the treatment of seizures.
6
Diclofenac by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, France, Italy, Switzerland, Czechia, Sweden, Mexico
Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is used as a pain reliever and anti-inflammatory agent. It is a commonly used pharmaceutical ingredient in various lab equipment and medical products.
7
Quinidine by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, China, Japan, France
Quinidine is a pharmaceutical compound used as a laboratory reagent. It is a diastereomer of the alkaloid quinine and has a chemical structure that allows it to be used in various biochemical and analytical applications.
8
Coumarin by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, China, Italy, Sao Tome and Principe, France, Czechia, India
Coumarin is a laboratory chemical compound used as a fluorescent probe and analytical reagent. It is a naturally occurring organic compound that exhibits strong blue fluorescence. Coumarin and its derivatives have various applications in research and analytical chemistry, but no further details on intended use can be provided in an unbiased and factual manner.
9
Tolbutamide by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom
Tolbutamide is a pharmaceutical compound used as a laboratory reagent. It is a sulfonylurea drug that acts as an antidiabetic agent by stimulating insulin secretion from the pancreas. Tolbutamide is commonly used in research and development settings to study glucose homeostasis and insulin regulation.
10
Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, China, Canada, Macao, Australia, Sao Tome and Principe
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to 6-phosphoglucono-δ-lactone, the first step of the pentose phosphate pathway. This enzyme plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular redox balance and generating NADPH, which is essential for various cellular processes.

More about "Phenacetin"

Phenacetin is a mild analgesic and antipyretic drug that has been used to relieve pain and reduce fever.
However, its use has declined due to concerns about potential side effects, including nephrotoxicity.
Phenacetin is related to other drugs like Dextromethorphan, Chlorzoxazone, Acetaminophen, Midazolam, Diclofenac, Quinidine, Coumarin, and Tolbutamide.
Researchers can optimize Phenacetin studies by using PubCompare.ai, a powerful tool that enhances reproducibility and accuracy.
PubCompare.ai helps researchers locate relevant protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, and leverages AI-driven comparisons to identify the best protocols and products.
This can improve the workflow for Phenacetin research, as well as studies involving related compounds like Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.
PubCompare.ai is a valuable resource for researchers looking to enhance their Phenacetin studies.
By using this tool, they can improve the reproducibility and accuracy of their findings, leading to more reliable and impactful research in this field.